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CUL-DAR209.7.76
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[1878].12.28--[1878].12.31
Passiflora gracilis / Draft of Forms of flowers.
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50B Chapter II. Hybrid Primulas The Oxlip a hybrid naturally produced between the Primula veris vulgaris ─ The differences in structures function between these two parent species ─ The Effects of crossing the two forms of 10 oxlips into 10 with the two forms of the parent species ─ Characters of the offspring from oxlips artificially self-fertilised cross-fertilised in a state of nature─ Primula elator shown to be a distinct species ─ Hybrids from other heterostyled species of Primula
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F1280
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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forms of the common oxlip. Illegitimate union. Legitimate union. Illegitimate union. Legitimate union. Short-styled oxlip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 20 flowers fertilised, did not produce one capsule. Short-styled oxlip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 10 flowers fertilised, did not produce one capsule. Long-styled oxlip, by its own pollen: 24 flowers fertilised, produced five capsules, containing 6, 10, 20, 8, and 14 seeds. Average 11 6. Long-styled oxlip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced not one capsule. Long-styled cowslip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced one capsule, containing 26 seeds. Long-styled cowslip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced three capsules, containing 5, 6, and 14 seeds. Average 8 3. Short-styled cowslip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced eight capsules, containing 58, 38, 31, 44, 23, 26, 37, and 66 seeds
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F1280
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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We see in these five tables the number of capsules and of seeds produced, by crossing both forms of the oxlip in a legitimate and illegitimate manner with one another, and with the two forms of the primrose and cowslip. I may premise that the pollen of two of the short-styled oxlips consisted of nothing but minute aborted whitish cells; but in the third short-styled plant about one-fifth of the grains appeared in a sound condition. Hence it is not surprising that neither the short-styled nor
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F1280
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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hereafter see good reason to believe. The case of the oxlip is interesting; for hardly any other instance is known of a hybrid spontaneously arising in such large numbers over so wide an extent of country. The common oxlip (not the P. elatior of Jacq.) is found almost everywhere throughout England, where both cowslips and primroses grow. In some districts, as I have seen near Hartfield in Sussex and in parts of Surrey, specimens may be found on the borders of almost every field and small wood
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F1280
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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PDF
where. Owing to the frequency of this intermediate hybrid form, and to the existence of the Bardfield oxlip (P. elatior), which resembles to a certain extent the common oxlip, the claim of the three forms to rank as distinct species has been discussed oftener and at greater length than that of almost any other plant. Linn us considered P. veris, vulgaris and elatior to be varieties of the same species, as do some distinguished botanists at the present day; whilst others who have carefully
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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somewhat smaller and more deeply coloured than those of the common primrose. From what I have myself observed with oxlips, I cannot doubt that this plant was an oxlip in a highly variable condition, almost like that of the famous Cytisus adami. This presumed oxlip was propagated by offsets, which were planted in different parts of the garden; and if Prof. Henslow took by mistake seeds from one of these plants, especially if it had been crossed by a primrose, the result would be quite intelligible
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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species exist or have recently existed; and this holds good, as far as I can discover, with the oxlip; but the P. elatior of Jacq., which, as we shall presently see, constitutes a distinct species, must not be confounded with the common oxlip. Secondly, by the supposed hybrid plant being nearly intermediate in character between the two parent-species, and especially by its resembling hybrids artificially made between the same two species. Now the oxlip is intermediate in character, and
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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illegitimately fertilising, pure cowslips and primroses. The four corresponding legitimate unions, however, were moderately fertile, and one (viz. that between a short-styled cowslip and the long-styled oxlip in Table 17) was nearly as fertile as if both parents had been pure. A short-styled primrose legitimately fertilised by the long-styled oxlip (Table 18) also yielded a moderately good average, namely 48 7 seeds; but if this short-styled primrose had been fertilised by a long-styled
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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oxlip is a hybrid between the primrose and cowslip, it is not surprising that eight long-styled flowers of the primrose, fertilised by pollen from the long-styled common oxlip, produced eight capsules (Table 18), containing, however, only a low average of seeds; whilst the same number of flowers of the primrose, similarly fertilised by the long-styled Bardfield oxlip, produced only a single capsule; this latter plant being an altogether distinct species from the primrose. Plants of P. elatior
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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Primula elatior, Jacq., or the Bardfield Oxlip, is found in England only in two or three of the eastern counties. On the Continent it has a somewhat different range from that of the cowslip and primrose; and it inhabits some districts where neither of these species live.* In general appearance it differs so much from the common oxlip, that no one accustomed to see both forms in the living state could afterwards confound them; but there is scarcely more than a single character by which they can
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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CHAPTER II. HYBRID PRIMULAS. The Oxlip a hybrid naturally produced between Primula veris and vulgaris The differences in structure and function between the two parent-species Effects of crossing long-styled and short-styled Oxlips with one another and with the two forms of both parent-species Character of the offspring from Oxlips artificially self-fertilised and cross-fertilised in a state of nature Primula elatior shown to be a distinct species Hybrids between other heterostyled species of
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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CONTENTS. PREFACE Page v.-xxi INTRODUCTION 1 13 CHAPTER I. HETEROSTYLED DIMORPHIC PLANTS: PRIMULACE . Primula veris or the Cowslip Differences in structure between the two forms Their degrees of fertility when legitimately and illegitimately united P. elatior, vulgaris, Sinensis, auricula c. Summary on the fertility of the heterostyled species of Primula Homostyled species of Primula Hottonia palustris Androsace Vitalliana 14 54 CHAPTER II. HYBRID PRIMULAS. The oxlip a hybrid naturally
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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heterostyled dimorphic and trimorphic plants illegitimately fertilised with their own-form pollen, I shall have occasion to show that with the present species and several others, equal-styled varieties sometimes appear. PRIMULA ELATIOR, Jacq. Bardfield Oxlip of English Authors. This plant, as well as the last or Cowslip (P. veris, vel officinalis), and the Primrose (P. vulgaris, vel acaulis) have been considered by some botanists as varieties of the same species. But they are all three undoubtedly
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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other species of the genus. For instance, I raised a red primrose from seed from a protected plant, and the flowers, though still resembling those of the primrose, were borne during one season in umbels on a long foot-stalk like that of a cowslip. With regard to the second class of facts in support of the cowslip and primrose being ranked as mere varieties, namely, the well-ascertained existence in a state of nature of numerous linking forms*: If it can be shown that the common wild oxlip, which is
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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smaller flowers, of a paler colour, almost like those of the primrose; the scapes were at first single-flowered, but later in the season a tall thick scape, bearing many flowers, like that of the parent oxlip, was thrown up. The third plant likewise produced at first only single-flowered scapes, with the flowers rather small and of a darker yellow; but it perished early. The second plant also died in September; and the first plant, though all three grew under very favourable conditions, looked
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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7 inches in height, which bore umbels of flowers of the same character as before. This fact led me to examine the other plants after they had flowered and were dug up; and I found that the flower-peduncles of all sprung from an extremely short common scape, of which no trace can be found in the pure primrose. Hence these plants are beautifully intermediate between the oxlip and the primrose, inclining rather towards the latter; and we may safely conclude that the parent oxlips had been
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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per capsule. So that out of the eight possible unions between the two forms of these two species, six were utterly barren, and two fairly fertile. We have seen also the same sort of extraordinary irregularity in the results of my twenty different crosses (Tables 14 to 18), between the two forms of the oxlip, primrose, and cowslip. Mr. Scott remarks, with respect to the results of his trials, that they are very surprising, as they show us that the sexual forms of a species manifest in their
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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one sex of a di cious plant, under similar circumstances, being crossed by the opposite sex of an allied and neighbouring species. Mr. H. C. Watson, a critical and most careful observer, made many experiments by sowing the seeds of cowslips and of various kinds of oxlips, and arrived at the following conclusion, namely, that seeds of the cowslip can produce cowslips and oxlips, and that seeds of an oxlip can produce cowslips, oxlips, and primroses. This conclusion harmonises perfectly with the
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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extremely small. As these hybrids varied so much, an almost perfectly graduated series of forms, connecting together the two widely distinct parent-species, could easily have been selected. This case, like that of the common oxlip, shows that botanists ought to be * 'The Effects of Cross and Self-fertilisation,' 1876, p. 89. [page] 8
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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state of nature; and this is the only instance of such an occurrence known to me, with the exception of some wild plants of the Oxlip a hybrid between P. veris and vulgaris which were equal-styled. Herr Breitenbach's case is remarkable in another way; for equal-styled flowers were found in two instances on plants which bore both long-styled and short-styled flowers. In every other instance these two forms and the equal-styled variety have been produced by distinct plants. PRIMULA VULGARIS, Brit
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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Trimorphic Plants. Ibid. vol. x. 1868, p. 393. On the Specific Differences between Primula veris, Brit Fl. (var. officinalis, Linn.), P. Vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var, acaulis, Linn.), and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the Common Oxlip. With Supplementary Remarks on Naturally Produced Hybrids in the Genus Verbascum. Ibid. vol. x. 1868, p. 437. * The term heterostyled does not express all the differences between the forms: but this is a failure common in many cases. As the term has
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Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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colorata, 330 Ononis column , 325 minutissima, 326, 341 parviflora, 326 Origanum vulgare, 298 Oxalis acetosella, 181, 182: pistil of, 261; cleistogamic flowers, 321; pollen-grains, 338 Bowii, 179 compressa, 179 corniculata, 181 Deppei, 179 hedysaroides, 213 homostyled species, 181 incarnata, 322 Regnelli, 173 175, 212 rosea, 178, 213 (Biophytum) sensitiva, 181, 322; stigma, 253 speciosa, 169, 175, 212 stricta, 181, 182 trop oloides, 182 Valdiviana, 170 172, 211, 212 Oxlip, the Bardwell, 32, 72
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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forms of the common oxlip. Illegitimate union. Legitimate union. Illegitimate union. Legitimate union. Short-styled oxlip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 20 flowers fertilised, did not produce one capsule. Short-styled oxlip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 10 flowers fertilised, did not produce one capsule. Long-styled oxlip, by its own pollen: 24 flowers fertilised, produced five capsules, containing 6, 10, 20, 8, and 14 seeds. Average 11 6. Long-styled oxlip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced not one capsule. Long-styled cowslip, by pollen of short-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced one capsule, containing 26 seeds. Long-styled cowslip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced three capsules, containing 5, 6, and 14 seeds. Average 8 3. Short-styled cowslip, by pollen of long-styled oxlip: 8 flowers fertilised, produced eight capsules, containing 58, 38, 31, 44, 23, 26, 37, and 66 seeds
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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We see in these five tables the number of capsules and of seeds produced, by crossing both forms of the oxlip in a legitimate and illegitimate manner with one another, and with the two forms of the primrose and cowslip. I may premise that the pollen of two of the short-styled oxlips consisted of nothing but minute aborted whitish cells; but in the third short-styled plant about one-fifth of the grains appeared in a sound condition. Hence it is not surprising that neither the short-styled nor
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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hereafter see good reason to believe. The case of the oxlip is interesting; for hardly any other instance is known of a hybrid spontaneously arising in such large numbers over so wide an extent of country. The common oxlip (not the P. elatior of Jacq.) is found almost everywhere throughout England, where both cowslips and primroses grow. In some districts, as I have seen near Hartfield in Sussex and in parts of Surrey, specimens may be found on the borders of almost every field and small wood
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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where. Owing to the frequency of this intermediate hybrid form, and to the existence of the Bardfield oxlip (P. elatior), which resembles to a certain extent the common oxlip, the claim of the three forms to rank as distinct species has been discussed oftener and at greater length than that of almost any other plant. Linn us considered P. veris, vulgaris and elatior to be varieties of the same species, as do some distinguished botanists at the present day; whilst others who have carefully
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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somewhat smaller and more deeply coloured than those of the common primrose. From what I have myself observed with oxlips, I cannot doubt that this plant was an oxlip in a highly variable condition, almost like that of the famous Cytisus adami. This presumed oxlip was propagated by offsets, which were planted in different parts of the garden; and if Prof. Henslow took by mistake seeds from one of these plants, especially if it had been crossed by a primrose, the result would be quite intelligible
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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species exist or have recently existed; and this holds good, as far as I can discover, with the oxlip; but the P. elatior of Jacq., which, as we shall presently see, constitutes a distinct species, must not be confounded with the common oxlip. Secondly, by the supposed hybrid plant being nearly intermediate in character between the two parent-species, and especially by its resembling hybrids artificially made between the same two species. Now the oxlip is intermediate in character, and
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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illegitimately fertilising, pure cowslips and primroses. The four corresponding legitimate unions, however, were moderately fertile, and one (viz. that between a short-styled cowslip and the long-styled oxlip in Table 17) was nearly as fertile as if both parents had been pure. A short-styled primrose legitimately fertilised by the long-styled oxlip (Table 18) also yielded a moderately good average, namely 48 7 seeds; but if this short-styled primrose had been fertilised by a long-styled
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F1281
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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oxlip is a hybrid between the primrose and cowslip, it is not surprising that eight long-styled flowers of the primrose, fertilised by pollen from the long-styled common oxlip, produced eight capsules (Table 18), containing, however, only a low average of seeds; whilst the same number of flowers of the primrose, similarly fertilised by the long-styled Bardfield oxlip, produced only a single capsule; this latter plant being an altogether distinct species from the primrose. Plants of P. elatior
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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Primula elatior, Jacq., or the Bardfield Oxlip, is found in England only in two or three of the eastern counties. On the Continent it has a somewhat different range from that of the cowslip and primrose; and it inhabits some districts where neither of these species live.* In general appearance it differs so much from the common oxlip, that no one accustomed to see both forms in the living state could afterwards confound them; but there is scarcely more than a single character by which they can
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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CHAPTER II. HYBRID PRIMULAS. The Oxlip a hybrid naturally produced between Primula veris and vulgaris The differences in structure and function between the two parent-species Effects of crossing long-styled and short-styled Oxlips with one another and with the two forms of both parent-species Character of the offspring from Oxlips artificially self-fertilised and cross-fertilised in a state of nature Primula elatior shown to be a distinct species Hybrids between other heterostyled species of
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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CONTENTS. PREFACE TO REPRINT OF 1884 Page v PREFACE xiii INTRODUCTION 1 13 CHAPTER I. HETEROSTYLED DIMORPHIC PLANTS: PRIMULACE . Primula veris or the Cowslip Differences in structure between the two forms Their degrees of fertility when legitimately and illegitimately united P. elatior, vulgaris, Sinensis, auricula c. Summary on the fertility of the heterostyled species of Primula Homostyled species of Primula Hottonia palustris Androsace Vitalliana 14 54 CHAPTER II. HYBRID PRIMULAS. The oxlip
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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heterostyled dimorphic and trimorphic plants illegitimately fertilised with their own-form pollen, I shall have occasion to show that with the present species and several others, equal-styled varieties sometimes appear. PRIMULA ELATIOR, Jacq. Bardfield Oxlip of English Authors. This plant, as well as the last or Cowslip (P. veris, vel officinalis), and the Primrose (P. vulgaris, vel acaulis) have been considered by some botanists as varieties of the same species. But they are all three undoubtedly
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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other species of the genus. For instance, I raised a red primrose from seed from a protected plant, and the flowers, though still resembling those of the primrose, were borne during one season in umbels on a long foot-stalk like that of a cowslip. With regard to the second class of facts in support of the cowslip and primrose being ranked as mere varieties, namely, the well-ascertained existence in a state of nature of numerous linking forms*: If it can be shown that the common wild oxlip, which is
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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smaller flowers, of a paler colour, almost like those of the primrose; the scapes were at first single-flowered, but later in the season a tall thick scape, bearing many flowers, like that of the parent oxlip, was thrown up. The third plant likewise produced at first only single-flowered scapes, with the flowers rather small and of a darker yellow; but it perished early. The second plant also died in September; and the first plant, though all three grew under very favourable conditions, looked
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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7 inches in height, which bore umbels of flowers of the same character as before. This fact led me to examine the other plants after they had flowered and were dug up; and I found that the flower-peduncles of all sprung from an extremely short common scape, of which no trace can be found in the pure primrose. Hence these plants are beautifully intermediate between the oxlip and the primrose, inclining rather towards the latter; and we may safely conclude that the parent oxlips had been
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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per capsule. So that out of the eight possible unions between the two forms of these two species, six were utterly barren, and two fairly fertile. We have seen also the same sort of extraordinary irregularity in the results of my twenty different crosses (Tables 14 to 18), between the two forms of the oxlip, primrose, and cowslip. Mr. Scott remarks, with respect to the results of his trials, that they are very surprising, as they show us that the sexual forms of a species manifest in their
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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one sex of a di cious plant, under similar circumstances, being crossed by the opposite sex of an allied and neighbouring species. Mr. H. C. Watson, a critical and most careful observer, made many experiments by sowing the seeds of cowslips and of various kinds of oxlips, and arrived at the following conclusion, namely, that seeds of the cowslip can produce cowslips and oxlips, and that seeds of an oxlip can produce cowslips, oxlips, and primroses. This conclusion harmonises perfectly with the
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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extremely small. As these hybrids varied so much, an almost perfectly graduated series of forms, connecting together the two widely distinct parent-species, could easily have been selected. This case, like that of the common oxlip, shows that botanists ought to be * 'The Effects of Cross and Self-fertilisation,' 1876, p. 89. [page] 8
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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state of nature; and this is the only instance of such an occurrence known to me, with the exception of some wild plants of the Oxlip a hybrid between P. veris and vulgaris which were equal-styled. Herr Breitenbach's case is remarkable in another way; for equal-styled flowers were found in two instances on plants which bore both long-styled and short-styled flowers. In every other instance these two forms and the equal-styled variety have been produced by distinct plants. PRIMULA VULGARIS, Brit
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Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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Trimorphic Plants. Ibid. vol. x. 1868, p. 393. On the Specific Differences between Primula veris, Brit Fl. (var. officinalis, Linn.), P. Vulgaris, Brit. Fl. (var, acaulis, Linn.), and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the Common Oxlip. With Supplementary Remarks on Naturally Produced Hybrids in the Genus Verbascum. Ibid. vol. x. 1868, p. 437. * The term heterostyled does not express all the differences between the forms: but this is a failure common in many cases. As the term has
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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colorata, 330 Ononis column , 325 minutissima, 326, 341 parviflora, 326 Origanum vulgare, 298 Oxalis acetosella, 181, 182: pistil of, 261; cleistogamic flowers, 321; pollen-grains, 338 Bowii, 179 compressa, 179 corniculata, 181 Deppei, 179 hedysaroides, 213 homostyled species, 181 incarnata, 322 Regnelli, 173 175, 212 rosea, 178, 213 (Biophytum) sensitiva, 181, 322; stigma, 253 speciosa, 169, 175, 212 stricta, 181, 182 trop oloides, 182 Valdiviana, 170 172, 211, 212 Oxlip, the Bardwell, 32, 72
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A501.1
Book:
Krause, Ernst. 1885. Charles Darwin und sein Verhältnis zu Deutschland. Leipzig: E. Günther.
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tiefgelben Prtmula veri, und der blassen stengellosen Primula acauto vorkommende hochstenglige Zwischenform (0,HP der Engländer), die man mit der ähniichen Primula e/aho~ (Barl field-Oxlip der Engländer) verwecbselt(und daram alle vier Formen als durch Übergänge verbundene Varietâten einer und derselben Art angesehen) hatte, vielmehr ein von der letzteren Art durchaus verschiedener Bastard zwischen den ungleichgriffligen Formen ) 0 the s^al relations of ,1, three for , o/ Lytlrr^ Salicari . A. a
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Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the Common Oxlip. With Supplementary Remarks on Naturally Produced Hybrids in the Genus Verbascum. Ibid. 1869. The following letter shows that he began the work on heterostyled plants with an erroneous view as to the meaning of the facts.] C. Darwin to J. D. Hooker. Down, May 7 [1860]. . . . . I have this morning been looking at my experimental cowslips, and I find some plants have all flowers with long stamens and short pistils, which I will call male plants
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Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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pamphlet from Germany, with the complimentary title of Darwinische Arten-Enstehung-Humbug ! Farewell, my best of old friends, C. DARWIN. C. Darwin to Asa Gray. September 10, [1867?] . . . . The only point which I have made out this summer, which could possibly interest you, is that the common Oxlip found everywhere, more or less commonly in England, is certainly a hybrid between the primrose and cowslip; whilst the P. elatior (Jacq.), found only in the Eastern Counties, is a perfectly distinct and
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Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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from the common oxlip, except by the length of the seed-capsule relatively to the calyx. This seems to me rather a horrid fact for all systematic botanists. . . . . C. Darwin to F. Hildebrand. Down, November 16, 1868. MY DEAR SIR, I wrote my last note in such a hurry from London, that I quite forgot what I chiefly wished to say, namely to thank you for your excellent notices in the 'Bot. Zeitung' of my paper on the offspring of dimorphic plants. The subject is so obscure that I did not expect
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Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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. acaulis, Linn.), and P. elatior, Jacq.; and on the Hybrid Nature of the common Oxlip. With Supplementary Remarks on naturally-produced Hybrids in the genus Verbascum. [1868:] Linn. Soc. Journ. x. 1869 (Botany), pp. 437 454. Note on the Habits of the Pampas Woodpecker (Colaptes campestris). Zool. Soc. Proc. Nov. 1, 1870, pp. 705 706. Fertilisation of Leschenaultia. Gardeners' Chronicle, p. 1166, 1871. The Fertilisation of Winter-flowering Plants. 'Nature,' Nov. 18, 1869, vol. i. p. 85. Pangenesis
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