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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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COLOUR.—Much as in the T. scabripinnis. The same silver band, only more brilliant; also the same humeral spot, and the spot at the base of the caudal extending along the middle rays. Habitat, Rio de Janeiro. The above description is that of two small specimens, similar to each other, obtained by Mr. Darwin in a running brook at Socego, in the province of Rio de Janeiro. They are probably not full grown; but so evidently distinct from either of the last two species, the characters of which are
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A38
Periodical contribution:
Babington, C. C. [1842]. Dytiscidae Darwinianae; or, Descriptions of the Species of Dytiscidae collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A. Sec. G. S. &c., in South America and Australia during his Voyage in H.M.S. Beagle. [Read 4 June 1838] Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 3: 1-17.
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second about half as long, and the other alternate ones not exceeding three-fourths of the length of the elytra. Body beneath and legs fuscous red. Hab. Rio de Janeiro. HYDATICUS, Leach. 1. (15.) H. Havanicasis, Laporte. Obovatus, testaceus, thorace antice posticeque nigro, elytris nigro-irroratis macul dorsali transvers nigr lateribus testaceis, subtus niger, antennis pedibusque 4 anticis testaceis, femoribus posticis testaceis macul intern basali nigr ; tibiis nigro-fuscis, tarsis fuscis. (L
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A38
Periodical contribution:
Babington, C. C. [1842]. Dytiscidae Darwinianae; or, Descriptions of the Species of Dytiscidae collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A. Sec. G. S. &c., in South America and Australia during his Voyage in H.M.S. Beagle. [Read 4 June 1838] Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 3: 1-17.
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behind. Scutellum wanting. Elytra broad, flat, with numerous lines of very coarse punctures; the suture slightly elevated, and an elevated costa on the disk, in continuity with the tubercle on the thorax; fuscous, with the external margin, two transverse patches, and the apex, yellow. Body beneath fuscous, very coarsely punctured, gibbous. Legs and antenn yellow. Hab. Rio de Janeiro. DESMOPACHRIA, Bab.* Carpus subglobosum. Caput fronte antice carin semicirculari terminat , oculis parum
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F271
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1842. The structure and distribution of coral reefs. Being the first part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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remained amidst coral reefs without having become coated. The anchor of the Beagle, in 1832, after having been down exactly one month at Rio de Janeiro, was so thickly coated by two species of Tubularia, that large spaces of the iron were entirely concealed; the tufts of this horny zoophyte were between two and three inches in length. It has been attempted to compute, but I believe erroneously, the rate of growth of a reef, from the fact mentioned by Capt. Beechey of the Chama gigas being embedded
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A38
Periodical contribution:
Babington, C. C. [1842]. Dytiscidae Darwinianae; or, Descriptions of the Species of Dytiscidae collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A. Sec. G. S. &c., in South America and Australia during his Voyage in H.M.S. Beagle. [Read 4 June 1838] Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 3: 1-17.
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yellow, the posterior fuscous. This beautiful insect approaches in its appearance to Hydaticus, but agrees with the present group in its structure. It may be distinguished by the curious dorsal patch, and the bright red transverse line at the base of the elytra. In one of our specimens this line is divided into four distinct sports. It is a native of Rio de Janeiro. COLYMBETES (ILYBIUS), Steph. Ill. (M) 5, 394. ILYBIUS, Erichs. Dylis. 34. 10. (11.) C. Saulcyii, Dufour MSS. in Collect. Dom. Hope
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A38
Periodical contribution:
Babington, C. C. [1842]. Dytiscidae Darwinianae; or, Descriptions of the Species of Dytiscidae collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A. Sec. G. S. &c., in South America and Australia during his Voyage in H.M.S. Beagle. [Read 4 June 1838] Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 3: 1-17.
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on the inner side, extending from the base to three-fourths of their lenght; tibi black or dark fuscous, tarsi fuscous. This beautiful insect is a native of Rio de Janeiro, and Laporte has described it from specimens obtained in the island of Cuba. HYPHIDRUS, Ill. Steph. 1. (16.) H. maculatus, Bab. Ovatus, brevis, gibbus, fuscus, capite, thoracis lateribus elytrorumque maculis testaceis, subtus fuscus, antennis testaceis, pedibus fuscis. (L. c. 2; lat. 1 lin.) Short, ovate, gibbous, the whole
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A38
Periodical contribution:
Babington, C. C. [1842]. Dytiscidae Darwinianae; or, Descriptions of the Species of Dytiscidae collected by Charles Darwin, Esq., M.A. Sec. G. S. &c., in South America and Australia during his Voyage in H.M.S. Beagle. [Read 4 June 1838] Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 3: 1-17.
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. Body beneath, legs and antenn , dull rufous. Hab. Rio de Janeiro. ANODOCHEILUS, Bab. Corpus ovatum, depressum. Caput fronte antice carin trans * [It appears to me that the tarsi of this genus are 5-jointed, a minute nodose joint being placed at the base of the long terminal joint. J. O. W.] Derivatio nominis, non, dens, margo. [page] 1
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F8.17
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 no. 4 of The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. By Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. Dorsal rather dusky at the base, and with the upper portion also dusky between the rays: a dusky spot on the anterior part of the adipose. Habitat, Rio de Janeiro. This species was taken by Mr. Darwin in a running brook at Rio de Janiero. It approaches on the whole so nearly the P. gracilis of D'Orbigny, that I can hardly suppose it to be distinct. Yet there are some slight differences observable in this specimen. It has more anal rays; the adipose appears shorter; and the upper lobe of the caudal
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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. Dorsal rather dusky at the base, and with the upper portion also dusky between the rays: a dusky spot on the anterior part of the adipose. Habitat, Rio de Janeiro. This species was taken by Mr. Darwin in a running brook at Rio de Janiero. It approaches on the whole so nearly the P. gracilis of D'Orbigny, that I can hardly suppose it to be distinct. Yet there are some slight differences observable in this specimen. It has more anal rays; the adipose appears shorter; and the upper lobe of the caudal
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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. Aprion of those authors, which is closely allied to the G. Gula, and is found on the same coasts, since its teeth are so very much finer: the caudal also is not scaled. It is small, but Cuvier and Valenciennes state that none of their specimens of the G. Gula exceed five inches. Mr. Darwin took it in a salt-water lake, Lagoa de Boacica, at Rio de Janeiro. 2. GERRES OYENA. Cuv. et Val. ? Gerres Oyena, Cuv. et Val. Hist. des Poiss. tom. vi. p. 355. Smaris Oyena, Rüppell, Atlas zu der Reise im Nörd
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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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. 9/10; A. 3/7; C. 17, c.; P. 14; V. 1/5. Length 3 inc. 6 lines. COLOUR.—Not noticed in the recent state. In spirits, it appears of a uniform silvery, with the back and upper part of the sides inclining to dusky olive: no bands or any particular markings: fins pale. Habitat, Rio de Janeiro. [page] 59 FISH
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F9.4
Book:
Darwin, C. R. ed. 1842. Fish Part 4 of The zoology of the voyage of HMS Beagle. by Leonard Jenyns. Edited and superintended by Charles Darwin. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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This species is said by Cuvier and Valenciennes to be common all along the Brazilian coast as far as the mouth of the Plata. Mr. Darwin's specimen was taken swimming on the surface in the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, and agrees well with the description by those authors. When first taken made a croaking noise. —D. 2. PRIONOTUS MILES. Jen. PLATE VI. P. splendidè rubro variatus; rostro emarginato, utrinque distinctè denticulato; buccis levissimè granulosis; fossulâ dorsali lateribus inermibus; squamis
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F272
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1844. Geological observations on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices of the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. Being the second part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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deposited, and before being worn away by the currents. Each patch of the shale shows, also, how slowly many of the successive layers of sandstone were deposited. These pseudo-fragments of shale will perhaps explain in some cases, the origin of apparently extraneous fragments in crystalline metamorphic rocks. I mention this, because I found near Rio de Janeiro a well-defined angular fragment, seven yards long by two yards in breadth, of gneiss containing garnets and mica in layers, enclosed in the
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F272
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1844. Geological observations on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices of the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. Being the second part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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constituent minerals sometimes obscurely arranged in straight or curved lamin . In these cases, the rock would be called by Humboldt, gneiss-granite, and it is remarkable that the form of the bare conical hills, appearing to be composed of great folding layers, strikingly resembles, on a small scale, those composed of gneiss-granite at Rio de Janeiro, and those described by Humboldt at Venezuela. These plutonic rocks are, in many places, intersected by trappeandikes: in one place, I found ten
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F272
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1844. Geological observations on the volcanic islands visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, together with some brief notices of the geology of Australia and the Cape of Good Hope. Being the second part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Prevost, M. C., on rarity of great dislocations in volcanic islands, 78 Producta, 158 Prosperous Hill, St. Helena, 79 Pumice, absent at the Galapagos Archipelago, 114 laminated, 65, 66, 68 Puy de D me, trachyte of, 44 Quail Island, St, Jago, 3, 8, 10 Quartz, crystals of, in beds alternating with obsidian, 55 crystallized in sandstone, 132 fusibility of, 122 rock, mottled from metamorphic action with earthy matter, 5 Red Hill, 9, 10 Resin-like altered scori , 7 Rio de Janeiro, gneiss of, 132
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F1669
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1844. Brief descriptions of several terrestrial planariƦ, and of some remarkable marine species, with an account of their habits. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 14 (October): 241-251, 1 plate.
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coloured dirty orpiment orange* ; above, with two stripes on each side of pale primrose-yellow, edged externally with black; on centre of the back a stripe of glossy black; these stripes become narrow towards both extremities. Length when fully extended 2 3/10ths of an inch; breadth in broadest part 13/100ths of an inch. Hab. Under the bark of a decayed tree in the forest: Rio de Janeiro (June). 2. Planaria elegans. Position of the orifices as in P. vaginuloides. Anterior part of the body little
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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CHAPTER II. Rio de Janeiro Excursion north of Cape Frio Great Evaporation Slavery Botofogo Bay Terrestrial Planari Clouds on the Corcovado Heavy Rain Musical Frogs Phosphorescent Insects Elater, springing powers of Blue Haze Noise made by a Butterfly Entomology Ants Wasp killing a Spider Parasitical Spider Artifices of an Epeira Gregarious Spider Spider with an unsymmetrical Web. RIO DE JANEIRO. April 4th to July 5th, 1832. A few days after our arrival I became acquainted with an Englishman
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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pitiable moans, and could not but suspect that some poor slave was being tortured, yet knew that I was as powerless as a child even to remonstrate. I suspected that these moans were from a tortured slave, for I was told that this was the case in another instance. Near Rio de Janeiro I lived opposite to an old lady, who kept screws to crush the fingers of her female slaves. I have staid in a house where a young household mulatto, daily and hourly, was reviled, beaten, and persecuted enough to
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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rocks, 251 , on frozen soil, 88, 248 , on eating fat, 117 Richardson, Dr., on geographical distribution, 131 Rimsky atoll, 466 Rio de Janeiro, 19 Plata, 39 Negro, 63, 149 Colorado, 70 S. Cruz, 177 Sauce, 106 Salado, 118 Rivers, power of, in wearing channels, 180, 320 River-bed, arched, 358 River-courses dry in America, 107 Rocks burnished with ferruginous matter, 12 Rodents, number of in America, 49, 179 , fossil species of, 82 Rosas, General, 71, 103, 140 Ruins of Callao, 369 of Indian
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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CHAPTER III. Monte Video Maldonado Excursion to R. Polanco Lazo and Bolas Partridges Absence of Trees Deer Capybara, or River Hog Tucutuco Molothrus, cuckoo-like habits Tyrant-flycatcher Mocking-bird Carrion Hawks Tubes formed by Lightning House struck. MALDONADO. July 5th, 1832. IN the morning we got under way, and stood out of the splendid harbour of Rio de Janeiro. In our passage to the Plata, we saw nothing particular, excepting on one day a great shoal of porpoises, many hundreds in
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Porto Praya Ribeira Grande Atmospheric Dust with Infusoria Habits of a Sea-slug and Cuttle-fish St. Paul's Rocks, non-volcanic Singular incrustations Insects the first Colonists of Islands Fernando Noronha Bahia Burnished Rocks Habits of a Diodon Pelagic Conferv and Infusoria Causes of discoloured Sea..........Page 1 CHAPTER II. Rio de Janeiro Excursion north of Cape Frio Great Evaporation Slavery Botofogo Bay Terrestrial Planari Clouds on the Corcovado Heavy Rain Musical
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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treme heat, was sufficient to awake all orders of animated beings. This shows how nicely the stimulus required to arouse hybernating animals is governed by the usual climate of the district, and not by the absolute heat. It is well known that within the tropics, the hybernation, or more properly stivation, of animals is determined not by the temperature, but by the times of drought. Near Rio de Janeiro, I was at first surprised to observe, that, a few days after some little depressions had
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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serable, degraded savages whom we first met here. Lastly, Fuegia Basket was a nice, modest, reserved young girl, with a rather pleasing but sometimes sullen expression, and very quick in learning anything, especially languages. This she showed in picking up some Portuguese and Spanish, when left on shore for only a short time at Rio de Janeiro and Monte Video, and in her knowledge of English. York Minster was very jealous of any attention paid to her; for it was clear he determined to marry
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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covering of forest even on the almost precipitous flanks. The next day a harbour was discovered, which on this dangerous coast might be of great service to a distressed vessel. It can easily be recognised by a hill 1600 feet high, which is even more perfectly conical than the famous sugar-loaf at Rio de Janeiro. The next day, after anchoring, I succeeded in reaching the summit of this hill. It was a laborious undertaking, for the sides were so steep that in some parts it was necessary to use the
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F14
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1845. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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earthquakes and rain, 351 on miasma, 366, 435 Humming-birds of Rio de Janeiro, 32 of Chile, 271 Hybernation of animals, 98 Hydroch rus capybara, 49 Hydrophobia, 353 Hyla, 29 Hymenophallus, 32 Jackson, Col., on frozen snow, 325 Jaguar, habits of, 135 Jajuel, mines of, 259 James Island, Galapagos Archipelago, 376 Juan Fernandez, volcano of, 310 , flora of, 392 Ibis melanops, 165 Ice, prismatic structure of, 325 Icebergs, 187, 224, 246 to 251 Incas' bridge, 334, 356 Incrustations on coast rocks, 9, 12
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Santos (latitude 24° S.) oyster-shells, apparently recent, some miles from the shore, and quite above the tidal action. Westward of Rio de Janeiro, Capt. Elliot is asserted (see Harlan, Med. and Phys. Res., p. 35, and Dr. Meigs, in Trans. Amer. Phil.. Soc.) to have found human bones, encrusted with sea-shells, between fifteen and twenty feet above the level of the sea. Between Rio de Janeiro and Cape Frio, I crossed sandy tracts abounding with sea-shells, at the distance of a league from the
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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of, 214 Clay-shale of Los Hornos, 209 Clayslate, formation of, T. del Fuego, 151 of Concepcion, 160 felspathic, of T. del Fuego, 153 Clayslate, felspathic, of Chile, 169, 172, 177 felspathic, in Cumbre Pass, 190, 194 felspathic, of Uspallata range, 196, 198 black siliceous, band of, in porphyritic formation of Chile, 173 Claystone-porphyry, formation of, in Chile, 170 origin of, 173 eruptive sources of, 232 Cleavage, definition of, 141 at Bahia, 141 Rio de Janeiro, 142 Maldonado, 144 Monte
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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CHAPTER VI. PLUTONIC AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS: — CLEAVAGE AND FOLIATION. Brazil, Bahia, gneiss with disjointed metamorphosed dikes — Strike of foliation — Rio de Janeiro, gneiss-granite, embedded fragment in, decomposition of — La Plata, metamorphic and old volcanic rocks of — S. Ventana — Claystone porphyry formation of Patagonia; singular metamorphic rocks; pseudo-dikes — Falkland Islands, palæozoic fossils of — Tierra del Fuego, clayslate formation, cretaceous fossils of; cleavage and foliation
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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CHAPTER VI. PLUTONIC AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS:—CLEAVAGE AND FOLIATION. Brazil, Bahia, gneiss with disjointed metamorphosed dikes — Strike of foliation — Rio de Janeiro, gneiss-granite, embedded fragment in, decomposition of — La Plata, metamorphic and old volcanic rocks of — S. Ventana — Claystone porphyry formation of Patagonia; singular metamorphic rocks; speudo-dikes — Falkland Islands, palæozoic fossils of — Tierra del Fuego, clay-slate formation, cretaceous fossils of; cleavage and foliation
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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repay careful examination by an able mineralogist. The Northern Provinces of La Plata. — According to some observations communicated to me by Mr. Fox, the coast from Rio de Janeiro to the mouth of the Plata seems everywhere to be granitic, with a few trappean dikes. At Port Alegre, near the boundary of Brazil, there are porphyries and diorites.* At the mouth of the Plata, I examined the country for twenty-five miles west, and for about seventy miles north of Maldonado: near this town, there is some
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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of, in Cordillera, 64 Devonshire, bent cleavage in, 161 Dikes in gneiss of Brazil, 140, 144 near Rio de Janeiro, 142 pseudo, at Port Desire, 150 in T. del Fuego, 152 Dikes in Chonos Arch. containing quartz, 159 near Concepcion, with quartz, 161 granitic-porphyritic, at Valparaiso, 162 rarely vesicular in Cordillera, 175 absent in the central ridges of the Portillo pass, 180 of the Portillo range, with grains of quartz, 184 intersecting each other often, 194 numerous at Copiapo, 227 Domeyko, M. on
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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an earthquake-wave, 51 Gillies, Dr. on heights in the Cordillera, 176 on extension of the Portillo range, 186 Glen Roy, parallel roads of, 44 sloping terraces of, 65 Gneiss near Bahia, 140 of Rio de Janeiro, 142 decomposition of, 143 Gold, distribution of, 235 Gorodona, formations near, 87 Granite, axis of, oblique to foliation, 158 andesitic, 174 of Portillo range, 183 veins of, quartzose, 158, 204 pebble of, in porphyritic conglomerate, 222 conglomerate of, 227 Grauwacke of Uspallata range, 196
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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affecting the crystalline and concretionary processes. One of the varieties of rock thus produced at Ascension, at first sight, singularly resembles a fine-grained gneiss; it consists of quite straight and parallel zones, of excessive tenuity, of more and less coloured crystallized feldspar, of distinct crystals of quartz, diopside, and oxide of iron. * As remarked in a former part of this chapter, I suspect that the boldly conical mountains of gneiss-granite, near Rio de Janeiro, in which the
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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albite, 174 in porphyries, in the Cumbre Pass, 195 Feuillée on sea-level at Coquimbo, 39 Fissures, relations of, to concretions, 123 upfilled, at Port Desire, 150 in clayslate, 199 Fitton, Dr. on the geology of T. del Fuego, 154 Fitz-Roy, Capt. on the elevation of the Falkland Islands, 13 on the elevation of Concepcion, 29 Foliation, definition of, 141 of rocks at Bahia, 141 Rio de Janeiro, 142 Maldonado, 144 Monte Video, 146 S. Guitru-gueyu, 147 Falkland I., 151 T. del Fuego, 154 Chonos Arch
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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, 183 viscidity of, 204 veins of near M. Video, 146 veins of, in dike of greenstone, 152 grains of, in dikes, 159, 161 veins of, in mica-slate, 157 veins of, relations to cleavage, 164 Quillota, C. of, 169 Quintero, elevation of, 35 Quiriquina, elevation of, 30 deposits of, 125 Rancagua, plain of, 59 Rapel, R. elevation near, 31 Reeks, Mr. T. analysis of decomposed shells, 52 analysis of salts, 69 Remains, human, 49 Rio de Janeiro, elevation near, 3 crystalline rocks of, 142 Rivers, small power
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F273
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1846. Geological observations on South America. Being the third part of the geology of the voyage of the Beagle, under the command of Capt. FitzRoy, R.N. during the years 1832 to 1836. London: Smith Elder and Co.
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Rio de Janeiro. — This whole district is almost exclusively formed of gneiss, abounding with garnets, and porphyritic with large crystals, even three and four inches in length, of orthoclase feldspar: in these crystals, mica and garnets are often enclosed. At the western base of the Corcovado, there is some ferruginous carious quartz-rock; and in the Tijeuka range, much fine-grained granite. I observed boulders of greenstone in several places; and on the islet of Villegagnon, and likewise on
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classification and geographical distribution of the Mammalia, being the lecture delivered before the University of Cambridge May 10, 1859. To which is added an appendix. (Part A: 'On the extinction of species'; Part B: 'On the orang, chimpanzee, and gorilla. With reference to the transmutation of species'.) London. Saint-Hilaire, Augustin François César Prouvençal (Auguste de). 1830. Voyage dans les provinces de Rio de Janeiro et de Minas Geraes. 2 vols, in 1. Pt 1 of Voyage dans l'intérieur du
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A532.2
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Busk, G. 1854. Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British Museum, Part II. Cheilostomata (part). London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).
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, carinate in front. Flustra Rozieri, Audouin, Savigny, Egypt. pl. 8. fig. 9. Hab. Rio de Janeiro, Darwin. On fucus. Notwithstanding the above habitat, from which only have I seen a specimen, collected by Mr. Darwin, there can be no doubt of the identity of the form with that so beautifully figured by Savigny. 8. MEMBRANIPORA ROSSELII. Pl. C. fig. 2. Front of cells oval, wide, or elongated; the lower half of the area filled in by a calcareous granulated expansion; margin finely beaded. Ovicell flattened
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F1583
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Stauffer, R. C. ed. 1975. Charles Darwin's Natural Selection; being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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foreign plants near Rio de Janeiro, the native ants found them out, used them, as European ants do their Aphides. /89 v/Ants guard their Aphides like we do our cattle; they confine the root-feeding species within their formicaries; still more wonderful, they take great care of the eggs of the Aphides, in order that they may be hatched soon, carry them about as Kirby witnessed, so as to be in the warmest places. Hence we see that man is not the only animal which keeps domesticated animals. (See
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botanica. Stockholm. [2d ed. (1783) in Darwin Library in CUL] Lisle, Edward. 1757. Observations in husbandry. [ed. by Thomas Lisle.] London. [2d ed. (1757) in Darwin Library in CUL] Lisyansky, Yury Fedorovich. 1814. A voyage round the world, in the years 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806, performed by order of his Majesty Alexander the First in the ship Neva. London. Luccock, John. 1820. Notes on Rio de Janeiro, and the southern parts of Brazil: taken during a residence of ten years in that country, from 1808
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Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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animals is invariably found in a certain part of the Arctic Sea. [page] 19 RIO DE JANEIRO. 1832
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Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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CHAPTER II. Rio de Janeiro Excursion north of Cape Frio Great Evaporation Slavery Botofogo Bay Terrestrial Planari Clouds on the Corcovado Heavy Rain Musical Frogs Phosphorescent Insects Elater, springing powers of Blue Haze Noise made by a Butterfly Entomology Ants Wasp killing a Spider Parasitical Spider Artifices of an Epeira Gregarious Spider Spider with an unsymmetrical Web. RIO DE JANEIRO. April 4th to July 5th, 1832. A few days after our arrival I became acquainted with an Englishman
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Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Porto Praya Ribeira Grande Atmospheric Dust with Infusoria Habits of a Sea-slug and Cuttle-fish St. Paul's Rocks, non-volcanic Singular Incrustations Insects the first Colonists of Islands Fernando Noronha Bahia Burnished Rocks Habits of a Diodon Pelagic Conferv and Infusoria Causes of discoloured Sea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 1 CHAPTER II. Rio de Janeiro Excursion north of Cape Frio Great Evaporation Slavery Botofogo Bay Terrestrial Planari Clouds on the Corcovado
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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pitiable moans, and could not but suspect that some poor slave was being tortured, yet knew that I was as powerless as a child even to remonstrate. I suspected that these moans were from a tortured slave, for I was told that this was the case in another instance. Near Rio de Janeiro I lived opposite to an old lady, who kept screws to crush the fingers of her female slaves. I have staid in a house where a young household mulatto, daily and hourly, was reviled, beaten, and persecuted enough to
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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rocks, 251 , on frozen soil, 88, 248 , on eating fat, 117 Richardson, Dr., on geographical distribution, 131 Rimsky atoll, 466 Rio de Janeiro, 19 Plata, 39 Negro, 63, 149 Colorado, 70 S. Cruz, 177 Sauce, 106 Salado, 118 Rivers, power of, in wearing channels, 180, 320 River-bed, arched, 358 River-courses dry in America, 107 Rocks burnished with ferruginous matter, 12 Rodents, number of in America, 49, 179 , fossil species of, 82 Rosas, General, 71, 103, 140 Ruins of Callao, 369 of Indian buildings
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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CHAPTER III. Monte Video Maldonado Excursion to R. Polanco Lazo and Bolas Partridges Absence of Trees Deer Capybara, or River Hog Tucutuco Molothrus, cuckoo-like habits Tyrant-flycatcher Mocking-bird Carrion Hawks Tubes formed by Lightning House struck. MALDONADO. July 5th, 1832. IN the morning we got under way, and stood out of the splendid harbour of Rio de Janeiro. In our passage to the Plata, we saw nothing particular, excepting on one day a great shoal of porpoises, many hundreds in
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Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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that the sea enters once a year, and sometimes oftener, and makes the water quite salt. I have no doubt many interesting facts, in relation to marine and fresh water animals, might be observed in this chain of lagoons, which skirt the coast of Brazil. M. Gay* has stated that he found in the neighbourhood of Rio, * Annales des Sciences Naturelles for 1833. [page] 22 RIO DE JANEIRO. [CHAP. II
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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rolled down a little slope, but had still strength sufficient to crawl into a thick tuft of grass. The wasp soon returned, and seemed sur * In a MS. in the British Museum by Mr. Abbott, who made his observations in Georgia; see Mr. A. White's paper in the 'Annals of Nat. Hist.,' vol. vii. p. 472. Lieut. Hutton has described a sphex with similar habits in India, in the 'Journal of the Asiatic Society,' vol. i., p. 555. D 2 [page] 36 RIO DE JANEIRO. [CHAP. II
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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every opportunity. As long as the idea of slavery could be banished, there was something exceedingly fascinating in this simple and patriarchal style of living: it was such a perfect retirement and independence from the rest of the world. As soon as any stranger is seen arriving, a large bell is set tolling, and generally some small cannon are fired. The event is thus announced to the rocks and woods, but to nothing else. One morning I walked out an hour before day [page] 24 RIO DE JANEIRO. [CHAP
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Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1860. Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy R.N. London: John Murray. Tenth thousand. Final text.
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presented a very curious appearance from the tresses of a liana hanging from their boughs, and resembling bundles of hay. If the eye was turned from the world of foliage above, to the ground beneath, it was attracted by the extreme elegance of the leaves of the ferns and mimos . The latter, in some parts, covered the surface with a brushwood only a few inches high. In walking across these thick beds of mimo s, a broad track [page] 26 RIO DE JANEIRO. [CHAP. II
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