CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

4) wall belonged to the early period, and that this early period was before the time of Claudius 2nd. (15) Frank found two worms under flat tile lying on one of the [illeg] walls, on black mould among gigantic flints of which the wall was built. The top flint would be very easily removed, it looked as if the wall had been built with black mould instead of mortar; Mr. Joyce said that wall were sometimes built of mud in the later times. (16) There were hypocaust in course of being uncovered now

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

July 16th 1880 Worms First Pot (sand) (3) saw worms in both pots at night (moves in day) drawing leaves of cabbage raspberry towards holes — Ant. extremity in contact seem always truncated, when they let hold could not drag the object further, I saw that bits of the leaf had been drawn into hollow cone at extremity. As they become attached to a leaf, the anterior part swelled, probably due to pharynx advancing. A very slight cap to pot is transmitted through the earth causes them to withdraw

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Sep 15/80 Worms Lime leaf from worms burrow — The guard cells of the stomata at the base of the leaf (which is green) are all full of starch — Those of the apex of leaf contain undoubtedly much less starch than those at the base. Those of the extra ragged bit at the apex contained no starch Many stomata are seen with starch gone only out of one guard cell. The nucleus is still present in the cells at the base but has disappeared at the apex. Laburnum — Transverse sections 1st apex no starch

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

March 20/81/ (1) Several narrow broad which had been drawn by base into burrow, had whole base or one corner much bent — Then were left for some hours in with then repeatedly shaken beneath the wetter, by the few worms not thus attracted when dried were strongly bent, though not so much as at first — Even passing them repeatedly with some force between 2 fingers under water did not straighten them, except in one when the flower had been at first very slight — The dirt, owing to slime from

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Nov 21/71/ There were not so much reiterated casting up of the same earth as I thought, for though worms must surface perhaps through the earth beneath to surface a while, but lately passed through their intestines, they were the same passage or high round from below for some time thus make larger heaps of castings on same spots brought up from some considerable depth [CUL-DAR64.2.16

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Nov 14th [annotation by Darwin:] Chedworth? Barton Pavement Floor below level of ground [Nov] 17} in two places The floor was damp no worms It was arched in places, by the swelling of the vegetable fibre between terrace I suppose On the top of the mortar between the terrace, a little sand in a few places evidently brought up by something from below the floor was very wavery [CUL-DAR64.2.54-57_002

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

[in margin:] (Worms) Proctor — Pleasant Ways in Science. 1879 p. 379 on accumulation of Dust, I must discuss — enormously exaggerated. Began with St Jago, then go on to Pampas. Finally tilled fields — bare mountains arid countries give rise to mush dust. I must allow [more] to dust, then I have. (old Ruin wd catch dust) — Also on Larvae of insects as well as ants. [CUL-DAR63.64

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Mental Qualities— perhaps they have some social feeling that sometime lie in contact are not at all afraid of other worms crawling over their bodies Hoffmeister (?) But Hensen has never seen seven says that they lie up in winter rolled together into a ball. Aug 28 put 1/2 dead worm on surface of both pots both were dragged to holes — Probably cannibal. [CUL-DAR65.7_002

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

[November 1880] Worms from further end of K Garden omitting Pot IV in which tips had cut off [kitchen garden] Drawn in by base 1 [+] 2 [+] 2 [+] 1 [+] 1 [+] 2 [=] 9 Drawn in by tip 1 [+] 1 [+] 1 [+] 3 [+] 1 [=] 7 Pot IV with tips cut off By base 8 [+] 2 [+] 1 [+] 1 [+] 2 [+] 2 [+] 1 [=] 17 [+] 9 [=] 26 By tips 2 [+] 2 [+] 2 [+] 1 [+] 1 [+] 1 [=] 9 [+] 7 [=] 16 (Several drag in only little way) [CUL-DAR65.27-28_001

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

* footnote p. 47 This fact probably explains why common vegetable mould, which has all passed through the bodies of worms is not commonly acid, as far as I have observed. But in one part of my lawn, which part is not well drained when moss daisies chiefly grow, the mould was distinctly acid. I presume that the decomposition of the humus acids had been here checked by air not having had free access [CUL-DAR65.45

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Aug. 22d 3) (next day) Worms — Abinger Many worms came out during night from bottom of trench outside wall which was 43 beneath level of field. I found 3 or 4 holes going right under foundation of old wall — See diagram. A worm found at 48 1/2 inch beneath surface. A worm hole at 51 1.2 — another hole 57 1/2 — another hole lined with black mould at 65 1/2 — This was a small hole, beneath this though careful search was made no holes nor worms were found. The hole was rare beneath 43 inches. (I

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Oct 2d 80/ Examined specimens of Brick-castings sent yesterday by Farrer — Those on surface of road are almost or quite as well rounded as those [taken] out of castings, but many of them only have passed through intestine of worms during last 5 or 6 years — I suppose that particles in a moss crushed by wheels c c have angles broken off, then a little rolling wd round them. The comparison was made with the castings on border of road, now covered with a little mould turf — see I of Farmers'

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

outwards from 14 to 16 inches, so a good deal of earth must have been removed. The margin was considerably higher along the southern than along the northern margin. Earth beneath the stone as in last case — in most part fine, as worms had first to fill up cavities — quite damp. — but it is a stronger fact that in digging beneath the stone that a depth of 18 inches only 2 worms were seen, very few burrows, there was however one at the depth of 18 inches, — Beneath both these stones there were

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Jan 29/72/ The great majority of castings on Lawn are dark but occasionally angular a yellow casting cast up just wetter few last days many yellow have been cast up, so I had hole dug found the yellow clay only 5 inches from surface Have worms work chiefly under the surface, then again with the hole in field, which had been filled up with red clay yet turf have been covered with dark castings — (It is [illeg] the worm carry from depth many deposit some castings in old disused holes. [CUL-DAR64

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Knole Oct 22. 1872 Worms After several wet days much rain last night, almost all the recent castings have subsided; those on the steep slopes even where covered with coarse grass, have manifestly flowed a little downwards. This was manifest from the shape of the smooth, flattened, conical heap, was proved in some cases in which I found the orifice. These castings had a larger diameter down the slope than transversely. Mem. dry pellet during dry seasons, wind, insects, birds c. There must be

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

24th [August 1877] [in margin:] Abinger What I found yesterday was bits of earth concrete [trodded] firmly down were slightly cracked rancid on picking off the earth — I found worm-holes — So that it is certain that the concrete tiles were penetrated by at least 25 holes, but there were only a few castings I now suspect that after the surface earth was removed, the day being hot, the air in the holes expanded [3 words illeg] with crust not as I had imagined that the worms had [illeg] the crust

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

[21 June-11.August 1880] 5) Smell Tried breathing gently on worms with mans breath with cotton wool with mille-fleur perfume, little acetic acid tobacco chewed in my mouth; but it was the smaller worm not so sensitive timid as the older one. Jul 21 — I tried holding with pincers dab of cotton wool soaked with saliva afterwards with mille-fleur near them, but produced no effect. Current of air So might it certainly seemed that removing glass-plate suddenly, though without any jar caused them to

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Sep 24th /80/ I judge that worms fear from comparison with higher animals; as a friend remarked who saw their manner of retract when they felt a vibration — They dash into their holes just like rabbits — It is an argument that this retract is not a simple reflex action, that when eating they either do not perceive light, or pleasure in eating overcome their fear. In either cases we have I think some evidence of consciousness. — Sexual passion will also keep them out of their holes, Mr

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Oct 24/80 Folding of drawn in Leaves Looked under Limes drew out few tufts found from 2 to 9 leaves drawn in. The central leaves are usually the most crumpled, as if the exterior ones had subsequently have drawn in had passed crumpled the more central ones. But the exterior ones are often crumpled. When a large heap has been drawn in, the worms often make fresh superficial burrow close to main one draw in leaves, so as to add to the Heap. [CUL-DAR65.26

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

March 26th Summary about the reading of basal angles of Triangles. narrow triangles Not bent nor dirtied not bent but dirty Bent, generally more or less dirty narrow triangle 41 8 5 Broad Triangles 18 4 2 59 [+] 12 [=] 71 12 7 41 [+] 8 [+] 5 [=] 54 (19) [+] 59 [=] 78 I may say out of 78 triangles drawn in by apex 71 had not base at all bent, (that in base of 12 were somewhat dirtied) only 7 have had base at all bent as if worm had first tried to draw in by base. This is conclusion that worms

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

15 Sept. Mild damp weather. 44 freshly made holes — ground raised largely — not above 5 actual castings. Some of the holes in wall. I defaced all. holes castings. The holes and castings when defaced — are made again in the same places. 16 17 away 18. Cool with North East wind. 43 freshly made holes. 8 distinct castings. 2 worms visible — They do not get through the solid concrete but they do get through the wall. I defaced the castings -not the holes. (Worms are now fully at work on the lawn

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Dec 6 80 It is impossible to doubt that the bits of brick or tiles from the Abinger Roman villa have been greatly rounded. The bits from over hole in field over all more or less rounded- It is scarcely credible that there shd have been such rounding by accident before the brick rubbish was laid on ground. (On the other Hand (Six bits of Verandah tiles from gizzard intestine of seven worms in 2 Pots with Earth no leaves — show very little attrition — perhaps some of the smaller ones show more

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

layers no doubt are 2 of the lamellæ of Claparède; thus structure more more the same as in Post. glands — lamellæ must be included when many small concretions unite with one.) Nov 23d (Frank has seen 2 or 3 other worms with no calc. matter in glands, so that almost invisible; Nov. 25, 2 more worms for Pot III with no visible calc. glands (over) [CUL-DAR64.1.65-70_011

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Feb 18 1881. (3) Muddy walk of field 6 broad triangles by apex 2 do by base 2 doubled, drawn by middle 18 Orchard some drawn in during this damp cloudy day! 1 narrow paper by tip 2 broad paper by tip 1 broad by base One feather by shaft (State about paper gnawed —The doubled ones are seldom drawn in deep; but these others drawn by base it shows that worms can draw them from any points of seizing.) They prefer to draw by apex (As far as I can remember when the broad triangles have been drawn in

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

) (1) total length down slope 2.25 inches angle of slope 7° (2) Length 2.35 ∠ = 8° 30' (3) Length 2.10 ∠ 6° 30' One disc, much subsided, apparently originally from 2 worms all found together was 4 1/2 inches in length down slope. The weight of above all 3 very damp castings above Hole 447 grams The weight of do beneath Hole grain 916 gram (without bags) (Bag. 53 gram) [CUL-DAR64.1.2