CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

time, another layer; I have dug a trench here found many cinders at the depth of 7 5 1/2 in. from surface where the chalk was the thickness of vegetable mould was 9 1/4 in. beneath this many flints; I feel sure this was all earth thrown up by the worms because close above one of the large flints there was a small pebble of flint. The field had been evidently laid down in grass several years before 1842, but it was poor pasture. If we assume that it had been laid down about 30 yrs then the

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

of floor that the many stones rubbish was accumulated thus worms filled up intestines after which I imagine which subsided but subside unequally, so that stones get separated by fine earth, some stones sinking more than others We now [find] that the concrete was covered with very small square tiles 5/8 of an inch thick (over) [CUL-DAR64.2.43-44-003

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Nov. 10th 1877 Worms After very violent rain strong wind, the castings on lawn seemed blown over to leeward, but Horace suggests that part of appearance may be due to the windward side having been washed down. He suggests splashes with mud wd be carried to leeward, bits have soil I think too adhesive. On steep bank below Terrace walk the castings have I think certainly slided much down hill. Horace asks what wd be effects of subsidence of solid mass of larger of mould on hill side as holes

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

The 2 Lime leaves have been left in water since 5˚ P.m. July 16th to see about rotting Aug. 3d 8˚ a.m I think the 2 lime leaves are more rotted when they had been moistened by worms; but I can perceive no other difference in them in damp air. Aug 29th — I can perceive no difference in the rotting of the Lime leaves; nor in the Oak leaves — If there is any difference it must be quite insignificant — Sept 9th no difference, threw away. (My pots covered with glass-Plates, so air beneath damp

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

of the lower side of leaf which had been pulled out of a worm's burrow were put in Iodine solution it was found that the guard cells were almost emptied of their contents contained no starch, whereas those near the base of the lead has starch in plenty. (The unimmersed brown parts of the elm [CUL-DAR64.1.28-33_003

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

[Notes by Francis Darwin] Sep 9th. 1880 Macugnaga Worms. Macugnaga is 5115 ft. above the sea. It rained heavily last night. I found one small worm casting near here in an open place in a larch wood. Higher up the valley, 300 ft. I should say above this, I found several small castings. The castings are evidently made by a very small worm, were very small. I saw the tail of one of them. The hole through which the castings are made must have been about the size of a pin. I only saw one fresh

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Sep 22 Worms specimens almost decolorised in alcohol Hazel leaf dragged in — no starch at either the part which has been in or the other Ash 3 leaves almost decolorised in alcohol. The apex had been dragged in — On first looking the stomata cells at apex looked quite emptied out but in one set of specimens after boiling in glycerine caustic potash starch became visible — In another set this did not produce any effect. The guard cells at the base of the leaf were not nearly so much emptied of

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Sept 27 [1880] Worms perceived light from Lens when immersed in water in [several words illeg] (Dragged by sucking piece of onion beneath water 29th dragged from beneath water the bit of onion carried it down burrow) On one occasion worm in water did not perceive red bright petals at distant which felt warm to hand — Another worm did feel it dashed into hole 1 fell dashed in Another felt the heat withdraw, but not very sensitive — not so sensitive to light 1 fell withdraw but not very quickly

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Nov 27 80 [in margin:] Digestion Celery leaf dragged into hole quite moist apparently very lately moistened by worms slightly, but distinctly alkaline with best neutral litmus paper Nov 30 Celery leaf again wettish turn litmus paper blue Celery preferred to all other leaves including cabbage — Ivy, Lime, ampelopis Dec 2d preferred the parsnip — lime ampelopis cabbage Dec 2d Celery (fresh spec) in both pots cabbage in one pot wet distinctly alkaline — say common turmeric paper not sufficiently

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

flakes — bits of some vine of slate with points edges. Little rounded. a 2d bit from trap-door bits not so much worms, yet some show attrition Jan 20 1881 [CUL-DAR64.1.81

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Leaves of Pinus austriaca or nigricans with tips of 2 needles of each cemented together with shell-lac — Ground watered Far from Pine-tree, not where free leaves had lately been scattered. so that worms may have really learnt how to bury them Under Beech-tree By Base By Base By apex Ap 30 15 1 May 1 8 1 [May] 2 10 [total] 33 2 39 6 72 4 10 [total] At foot of mouth-cherry — same remarks as above By Base By apex Ap 30 12 1 May 1 9 2 [May] 2 2 1 3 4 4 1 5 3 6 2 8 5 9 1 [total] 39 (over) [CUL

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

4) left a deposit of mud (very slight), very distinct worm casts, where the worms must have come up between the tesseræ. Observing that here there a tessera was loose, a little higher in level, we removed these loose ones to look below, found in each instance that a worm pipe existed underneath, where the loose tessera had been dislodged, not unfrequently two pipes. This tesselation is formed not of tile work, but of hard sandstone, cubes abt 1 inch — chipped to shape with a tool. We next

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

2 At D is a hypocaust room which originally consisted of a floor supported on stone pillars arranged n rows. The flooring has all gone the bottom on which the pillars rest is grass grown, has worms now working in it. The woman says that the cavity of the hypocaust was empty when the remains were discovered: she says the rabbits get into the hypocausts. In the present kitchen garden at about the pen ink mark * is a Roman wall which the antiquarians think was the wall surrounding the villa

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Nov 4 1880 1) 3 Tame Worms In Pot I sand with some bits of Verandah Tiles lately given them. 1) only one big rounded object concretion in the gizzard and pharynx together -Two bits of leaves (?) (The larger concretion seem to be containing worn or dissolved almost smooth — for there are [some] slight hollows between bases of what were projecting crystals. The appearance is not of subsequently deposited concentric layers) 2 One big concretion in the gizzard, and 3 smaller ones either in gizzard

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

surface only 4 1/8 to 4 3/8 in thickness — I suppose worms did not like the coarse still red clay; though now many castings on the spot. I foresee at least left for grass to grow slowly or or perhaps coated with the turf — having walk passed over to field wd be driven in — The big fragment wd be pushed deepest in, the present pebble was rather large. Dissolution of chalk — fragment on lower surface wd came later to [path] ? [CUL-DAR63.29

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Feb 22/72 Worms Dr Forbes says he has good reason for believing that changes of temperature not only the sun even deep down, owing to percolation of water has important influence of disintegration. — Water with carb acid not only removes matter, but combine form new minerals (not yet published) exerts purpose by expansion. Agrees about frost Tropics — Agrees that fragment in bath of water carbonic acid more acted on the freely exposed rocks — Proved that it is not ammonia which acts on glass

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Jun 22d 1877 Visited the Abbey Abbey very large — Tiles about 5 1/2 inch square. The cement by which joined in most places quite sound impenetrable by worms; but then have brought castings up in certain points when they have been all to [penetrate] ; there was a good many in 2 of the square places (the 3d place permanently closed), although the place had be cleared out about a month ago! — The general appearance of turf over whole surface like that of most of field. It is incredible that earth

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

2) (6) At the N side of quadrangle the floors of the [worms] with Hypocaust were very uneven. Mr. Joyce told us [that] there was Boggy bottom to all this meadow. (7) See picture to (4), there was 9 of mould at S and 6 at N, this was full black mould, (9) There were not very many worm casts, I should say it was not a very wormy place. (10) Mr. Joyce took these measurements alone, we were doing something else. (11) In this section, in our notes we find the depth at 13' be 3 3/8 and at 14', 3 1/4

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Oct. 11th 1880 1) (Action of Gizzard — worms) Castings from gravel-walk at Abinger — gravel over broken bricks mortar — many bits of mortar, proved by acid — about 1/2 of them certainly appear rounded, especially one bit adhering to grains of quantity, in the bits of mortar there is particle of brick, which certainly seem rounded — In case of mortar may be dissolution, but then why not other particles? I think rounded by worm gizzard. Farrer Horace collected castings on Farm road made with

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Oct 7th 1880 Worms dragging in leaves To day in different places I looked at 260 leaves of various kinds which had been dragged into mouth of burrows — of these 202 had been dragged in by apex or near apex; so that the footstalk of leaf stood nearly upright at mouth of burrow — only 29 had been dragged in by base 29 viz per cent about transversely. Of Lime leaves 55 had been dragged in by tips, 3 by the base viz 3/58 12 transversely. Of Laburnum leaves 21 had been dragged in by the tip, 9 by

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

always dashed in, but occasionally withstand it, generally withstand it if employed — how this does not look like reflex action when suddenly withdrawing feeling diffuse ganglia muscles enlarged. We see with of the higher animals. That the same cause sometimes frighten them sometimes not we attribute the actions there existed to the state of the animals mind in instance a Horse or on own minds — degrees of attention or will we call nervousness; we are then led to attribute to worms some deeper mind

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

Nov. 6. 1880 2) Tame Worms being kept in study in Pot with common garden mold plenty of leaves given them.) (1) Gizzard full of leaves but no stones or concretions in it; The gizzard was cut off from the intestine before opening it It seems to me there is a piece of intestine between the true gizzard the glandular walled intestine. In this place I found one small tile-bit. In the true intestine, near the beginning a large bit lower down some bits entangled in leaf-particles. Contents of

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

: certainly some sites far more frequented by worms — Commons seem particularly good. Why?) [CUL-DAR64.2.32_002

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

(1) Introdn p. 3 alteration at X Ch I p 1 line 1 Earthworms, which form the subdivision terricola of the Oligochæta, consists of several genera distributed throughout the world externally closely similar to one another. p 3 (bottom Rt side) — would it be more correct to put in usually as you say in p 4 that they do leave their burrows p 5 (x) (Rt side high up) — small ink correction p 6 (bottom) In your sentence (beginning p 6) the words on repeatedly looking c do not fit into the worms not

CUL-DAR63-65    Note:    1870--1882   [Notes on worms for Earthworms, including (1) castings; (2) furrows & ploughed land; (3) experiments at different locales etc.]   Text   Image

March 8th (2) Worm in Pots Pot I 1 Broad by apex little doubled basal angles clean 1 B. by base — little in D 1 B by apex — 1.2 of tip doubled Pot II 1 Broad by base — (one entering disappeared I suppose narrow) March 9th Pot II all crumpled going on surface, yet last night other paper were seen to drag the triangle into burrows Pot II see last night 1 in by base} 1 doubled by middle} same Hole 1 had been drawn in in lost to view, had been drawn in in by middle How differently these worms