Search Results - The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online

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A751.01 Beagle Library: Burchell, William John. 1822-4. Travels in the interior of Southern Africa. 2 vols. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. vol. 1. Text

torrents, and along with it a great deal of hail, of the size of large peas. Every hollow became almost instantly a pond; and the heat of the weather, which, before the storm came on, was of a dry quality, and not unpleasant, was now rendered sultry and oppressive. Large worms, above six inches long, and nearly three quarters of an inch thick, were observed crawling along the ground, drawn out of their holes by the rain. This insect never makes its appearance but just after a shower; at no other

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

worms. In those now to be noticed, these three kinds of grinders, which, in the others, can scarcely be traced, are very obvious. In the former, the * It is probable, that the mole described by BARRINGTON, from North America, will constitute a genus belonging to this section. There are two very long and large cutting teeth in the centre, calculated to fill the vacancy in the lower jaw, which contains only two short cutting teeth, followed immediately by two long canine ones. Phil, Trans., vol. lxi

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

founded with any of the other grall . In those that follow, the points of resemblance are so numerous, that it is difficult to select marks for classification, from among the numerous modifications which are exhibited by the same organs. CULTRIROSTRES. Bill strong, long pointed, and sharp edged. This form of bill enables the species, according to their size, to seize fish and frogs. The second group, or Presserostres, have bills so feeble, that they are confined in their prey to worms, insects

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A773.01 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 1. Text

aided by the influence of the sun, generated life in the less perfect organized beings, such as mushrooms and worms. This has been termed Equivocal or Spontaneous Generation, and appears to have been devised by the Egyptians, to account for the hosts of frogs and flies which appeared on the banks of the Nile, on the ebbing of its periodical inundations. It was adopted by ARISTOTLE, and still continues to be supported by a few naturalists. We have already stated, that the origin of life by

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A773.01 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 1. Text

secrete an unctuous matter, are numerous in particular places, and their openings become obvious to the eye, as in the human nose, and below the under lip, from which the greasy matter may be squeezed, like little worms. These glands are likewise numerous in the arm-pits; and, in many quadrupeds, they occur in little bags near the anus. In birds they unite, [page] 10

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A773.01 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 1. Text

ARISTOTLE, the vertebral having been termed Sanguineous, and the invertebral Exanguineous. Among the vertebral animals, are included Mammalia, Birds, Reptiles, and Fishes; and, among the invertebral, those which were termed by LINNEUS, Insects and Worms. This primary division of animals into vertebral and invertebral, is natural; and the distinction, after a little acquaintance with the species, is obvious, and of easy application. It may, however, be observed, that, among the invertebral animals

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A773.01 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 1. Text

published, having cut from the bellies of living glow-worms the sacs containing the luminous matter, found that it shone uninterruptedly for several hours in the atmosphere; and, after the light became extinct, that it was revived by being moistened with water. Some of the sacs were put into water in the first instance, and they continued to shine in it unremittingly for forty-eight hours. Whatever excites to muscular action, increases the luminous appearance, as heat and electricity. In the

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A773.01 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 1. Text

no influence whatever on generation, but as analogous, in their station and habits, to the intestinal worms *. 2. Female Organs. The female organs, in viviparous animals, consist of the ovaria and oviducts, the uterus and vagina. The Ovaria are two in number, of an oval or globular form, and situated in the cavity of the pelvis. They are covered by a fold of the peritoneum, and likewise possess a covering of a finer texture, peculiar to themselves. The surface of the ovaria is smooth in some

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

to excite vomiting; and probably to cleanse their intestines from obstructions, or worms, by its mechanical effects. Many land animals promote their health by bathing, others by rolling themselves in the dust. By the last operation, they probably get rid of the parasitical insects with which they are infected. But independent of scarcity, or disease, comparatively few animals live to the ordinary term of natural death. There is a wasteful war every where raging in the animal kingdom. Tribe is

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

the torpid species are numerous, and their habits have been studied with the greatest attention, as the marmot, the hamster, and the dormouse. The food of these animals is very different, according to the orders or genera to which they belong, The bats support themselves by catching insects, and those chiefly of the lepidopterous kinds; the hedgehog lives on worms and snails; while others, as the marmot and hamster, feed on roots, seeds, and herbs. They are nearly all nocturnal, or crepuscular

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

minute, whilst they were left to themselves in the atmosphere, of which the temperature was 53 ; when placed in a medium, cooled to 40 , the number of pulsations was reduced to twelve, within the same period of time; and when exposed to a freezing mixture at 26 , the action of the heart ceased altogether*. The powers of digestion are equally feeble during torpidity as those of respiration or circulation. Mr JOHN HUNTER conveyed pieces of worms and meat down the throats of lizards, when they were

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

the comforts of a fire. Nothing is known with regard to the hybernation of the intestinal worms. Those which inhabit the bodies of torpid quadrupeds, in all probability, like these, experience a winter lethargy. If they remain active, they must possess the faculty of resisting great alterations of temperature. Among the infusory animals, numerous instances of sus [page] 8

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

ra of molluscous animals, insects and worms, it is impossible, without the use of water, to obtain any satisfactory views of their position. The subjects may be kept steady in the water, by having the bottom lined with cork or wax to hold the pins. Where very transparent objects are examined, the bottom of the vessel may be of glass, covered with wax, except a circular spot in the middle, on which the parts to be examined may be placed, and light transmitted through them from below. The

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

changes of temperature; the slowness of the process of ossification, the coldness of their blood, and the tardiness of all their primary movements, are considered as indicating a lengthened existence. Accordingly, we find the age of the carp has been known to reach to 200 years, and of the pike to 260. The marks, however, by which the age of fishes may be determined, remain yet to be discovered. Fishes are greatly tormented with intestinal worms. The common stickeback may be quoted as a remarkable

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

usually termed case-worms. They change into a pupa in-completa in the tube, which they inhabited when larv , and, when ready for exclusion, by means of the sheathed antenn and fore and mid legs, they crawl out of the water, throw off the covering, and become inhabitants of the land. Dr LEACH has subdivided this class into two families. The Leptocerid have the antenn much longer than the whole body, as Leptocerus and Odontocerus. The Phryganid have the antenn only the length of the body, as

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A773.01 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 1. Text

body. In some of the intestinal worms, the adhesion of the head takes place by means of reversed spines or hooks, as in the Echinorinchus. 3. Leaping. In the action of leaping, the whole body rises from the ground; and, for a short period, is suspended in the air. It is produced by the sudden extension of the limbs, after they have undergone an unusual degree of flexion. The extent of the leap depends on the form and size of the body, the length and the strength of the limbs. The myriapoda are not

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A773.01 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 1. Text

by adding to its extremity, and its breadth, by slitting up the sides, and inserting new materials in the gap. The Phrygane , or Caddis worms, on the other hand, while they pass the first portion of their existence in the water, clothe themselves with bits of straw, sand, or shells. These they cut into proper shape, and form into a tube a little larger than the body, in which they dwell, and which they likewise carry about with them. However rough the outside of the covering may appear, the

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A773.02 Beagle Library: Fleming, John. 1822. The philosophy of zoology; or, A general view of the structure, functions, and classification of animals. 2 vols. Edinburgh: Archibald Constable & Co. vol. 2. Text

be formed of the effects of those changes which have taken place on the earth'ss surface, on animals and vegetables, by observing the alterations which are produced by the drainage of a bog or lake. Plants are destroyed, together with the insects and shell-fish that fed on them. Fish are destroyed, and the worms on which they fed. The frog can no longer find a fit place to deposit its eggs. The food of the water-fowl is destroyed, and their haunts dried up. These ancient inhabitants are succeeded

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A743.02 Beagle Library: Bory de Saint-Vincent, Jean Baptiste Georges Marie, ed. 1822-31. Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle. 17 vols. Paris: Rey & Gravier. vol. 2. Text

l'Urus (ou le Thur); il dit que l'Urus ne diff re en rien du Taureau domestique. Il aurait bien reconnu une corne de Buffle; il parle de leur usage actuel en Massovie pour vases boire dans les festins, comme en Germanie au temps de C sar; Aldrovande, Quadr. Bisulc. p. 350, dit que les cornes de l'Urus sont beaucoup plus longues que celles du Bison et d'une autre couleur: or, nous avons vu que leur direction est aussi diff rente. Gesner avait vu Mayence et Worms de grands cr nes de B ufs sauvages

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A743.03 Beagle Library: Bory de Saint-Vincent, Jean Baptiste Georges Marie, ed. 1822-31. Dictionnaire classique d'histoire naturelle. 17 vols. Paris: Rey & Gravier. vol. 3. Text

, car on les trouve dans les m mes gissemens. On en a aussi trouv en Angleterre, en France, dans le Rhin pr s de Worms, et dans plusieurs cantons de la Lombardie, pr s du P et sur les bords du Lambro. Pourquoi, dit Cuvier, devient-il plus rare mesure qu'on avance vers l'orient et le nord, o les El phans, au contraire, deviennent plus nombreux? pourquoi, comme les anciens Celtes, tait-il ainsi rel gu vers les extr mit s occidentales de l'Europe, et n'a-t-il pas encore t d couvert en Sib rie? Ces

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. BOOK III. CHAPTER I. Stay in the city of S. Paulo. Page 1 40. Topography of the city. Historical character of the Paulistas. Population. Public Institutions. Theatre. Popular Poetry. Manufactory of arms. Breeding of silk-worms and cochineal insects. Trade Importation. Exportation. Manufactures of the capitania. Weather. Climate. Natural productions. Geognostical characteristics. Diseases in the city. Municipal and military constitution. Official lists of the

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CUL-DAR129.- Note: 1826 diary: with entries about birds, beasts and flowers seen on walks Text Image

26 Shot a cormorant in it there were several worms. I suppose of course the Ascaris carbonis. the capacity of the stomach was very great. there being four sole about half a foot long in it. these birds evidently ducked the flash. 1 Our field was cut. 1 A shooting expression meaning evaded the shot. [29 June - 1 July 1826

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A545.1 Book: Malthus, Thomas. 1826. An essay on the principle of population; or, a view of its past and present effects on human happiness; with an inquiry into our prospects respecting the future removal or mitigation of the evils which it occassions. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image PDF

offensive: These worms, in the language of the country, are called Cah-bro; and a tribe of natives dwelling inland, from the circumstance of eating these loathsome worms, is named Cah-brogal. The wood-natives also make a paste formed of the fern, root and the large and small ants, bruised to * Collins's Account of New South Wales, Appendix, p. 549, 4to. Id. Appen. p. 557. 4to. [page] 2

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A735 Beagle Library: Murray, John. 1826. Experimental researches on the light and luminous matter of the glow-worm, the luminosity of the sea, the phenomena of the chameleon, the ascent of the spider into the atmosphere, and the torpidity of the tortoise, &c. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. Text

tion would certainly prove that the luminous matter is under the control or management of the insect, and I have noticed that the light is kindled up when it moves on the leaf, and that its palpi are then employed. I have found five luminous specks, of a minute oval form, in the box which contained my glow-worms; they were evidently secreted by the insect, and might be the ova. They continued luminous for some time, the light was of a different tint of colour, which I account for on the simple

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A545.1 Book: Malthus, Thomas. 1826. An essay on the principle of population; or, a view of its past and present effects on human happiness; with an inquiry into our prospects respecting the future removal or mitigation of the evils which it occassions. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image PDF

of ants, worms, lizards, serpents, and a kind of unctuous earth; and, I am persuaded, he says, that if in this country there were any stones, they would swallow them. They preserve the bones of fishes and serpents, which they grind into powder, and eat. The only season when they do not suffer much from famine, is when a certain fruit like the opuntia, or prickly-pear, is ripe; but they are sometimes obliged to travel far from their usual place of residence, in order to find it. In another

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A735 Beagle Library: Murray, John. 1826. Experimental researches on the light and luminous matter of the glow-worm, the luminosity of the sea, the phenomena of the chameleon, the ascent of the spider into the atmosphere, and the torpidity of the tortoise, &c. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. Text

light he concluded to be less under the control of the insect than the luminous substance in its vicinity, which he inferred it had the property voluntarily to extinguish, referable to some inscrutable power dependent on volition, and not, as was advocated by Signor Carradori, by retracting it under a membrane when he extracted the latter from living glow-worms, it afforded no light, while the two sacs in like circumstances shone uninterruptedly for several hours. The reason, however, of the

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A735 Beagle Library: Murray, John. 1826. Experimental researches on the light and luminous matter of the glow-worm, the luminosity of the sea, the phenomena of the chameleon, the ascent of the spider into the atmosphere, and the torpidity of the tortoise, &c. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. Text

merely as a mechanical stimulus in educing light. Dr. Darwin has presumed that the luminous exhibition was owing to a secretion of some phosphoric matter, and was a slow combustion arising from this matter of phosphorus entering into combination with the oxygen inspired the large spiracula in glow-worms seemed to give a plausible colouring to the idea. It was also stated that the light was increased by heat and oxygen and extinguished by cold and hydrogen, and carbonic acid gas. I have clearly

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A735 Beagle Library: Murray, John. 1826. Experimental researches on the light and luminous matter of the glow-worm, the luminosity of the sea, the phenomena of the chameleon, the ascent of the spider into the atmosphere, and the torpidity of the tortoise, &c. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. Text

tion in food or air, and subsequently secreted in a sensible form. Mr. Macartney ascertained that the light of the glow-worm is not diminished by immersion in water, or increased by the application of heat. I find, experimentally, that the maximum of brilliancy is exhibited at 98 or 99 Fahrenheit, and that it declines as the heat advances. Foster and Spallanzani assert that glow-worms shine more brilliantly in oxygen; while Beckerheim, Dr. Hulme, and Sir H. Davy, discovered no such effect and

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A735 Beagle Library: Murray, John. 1826. Experimental researches on the light and luminous matter of the glow-worm, the luminosity of the sea, the phenomena of the chameleon, the ascent of the spider into the atmosphere, and the torpidity of the tortoise, &c. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. Text

fact to the subject. My experiments are more extensive at least; though I have, for obvious reasons, been more cautious in deductions, and sporting with speculations, which have generally only a playful fancy to recommend them to notice or attention. On the night of the 10th of June, 1822, on returning from Llanymennech to Oswestry, in Shropshire, I picked up two glow-worms from the grass on the roadside. The brilliancy was intensely beautiful the penultimate and anti-penultimate rings of the

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A735 Beagle Library: Murray, John. 1826. Experimental researches on the light and luminous matter of the glow-worm, the luminosity of the sea, the phenomena of the chameleon, the ascent of the spider into the atmosphere, and the torpidity of the tortoise, &c. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. Text

a box, supplied with grass and moss: the lid was loosely tacked down, and, as I had persuaded myself, secure enough for them. In this, however, it appears I was mistaken; for, on returning home one night, I found the lid of the box detached, and my glow-worms scattered on the carpet of the room the floor appeared thus powdered with diamonds. I must acknowledge here my obligations to T. N. Parker, Esq. of Sweeney Hall, through whose kindness I was abundantly supplied with these insects, for the

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A735 Beagle Library: Murray, John. 1826. Experimental researches on the light and luminous matter of the glow-worm, the luminosity of the sea, the phenomena of the chameleon, the ascent of the spider into the atmosphere, and the torpidity of the tortoise, &c. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. Text

organ of vision, or the air itself. Two glow-worms were shut up in a dark box from Tuesday morning to Saturday night; yet, when then examined, were shining with great brilliancy a fact which tends to prove that previous exposure to light is not necessary to their laminosity, and, conjoined with the circumstance that during the day they penetrate to the roots of the grass, or base of their stems, would lead us to conclude, that solar light, on the contrary, is injurious in this relation. When I

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A735 Beagle Library: Murray, John. 1826. Experimental researches on the light and luminous matter of the glow-worm, the luminosity of the sea, the phenomena of the chameleon, the ascent of the spider into the atmosphere, and the torpidity of the tortoise, &c. Glasgow: W. R. M'Phun. Text

, and the mouth always gaping, lolling out the tongue, and so catching flies, grasshoppers, caterpillars, palmer-worms, and such like; instead of teeth, having one entire jaw-bone, indented like a saw, but useless, swallowing whole whatever food it takes, wanting both spleen and bladder, muting like a hawk. The back hath a hard and rough skin, beset with some few prickles; the two fore-feet, Bellonius saith, have three claws inwards and two outwards; but the hinder feet three outwards and two

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

me to be more precise, than that which has hitherto been employed to distinguish insects from worms. Gmelin, in his edition of the Systema Natur , necessarily much augmented the number of genera, by collecting all that had been established since the last edition of Linn us; but he made no great changes in the methodical distribution of worms, except by adding the last class proposed by Muller, under the name of infusoria. The chetopoda, and indeed all the red-blooded worms were still scattered

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A761.12 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata. Text

animals comprehended under the name of worms, or entozoa, live constantly in a fluid, and never, or at least very rarely in the atmospheric air. This fluid may be either living, or at least constituting part of a living body. In this case, they are more peculiarly entitled to the appellation of intestinal worms, or entozoa; and, in fact, the great majority of the worms are intestinal. There is no tissue, nor any constituent parts of living bodies in which some of these worms have not been found

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

as lian, every time that he speaks of the substances which are used to rid dogs of the worms, to which they are subject. The Latin authors, and Pliny among the rest, appear to have restricted the word lumbricus to the intestinal worms, and to have rendered the three Greek denominations by a single one, that of vermes, from which it has happened that the moderns have been led to the same confusion, by the word worms, which, as well as the French word vers, is evidently derived from the Latin. All

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

ing those animals, as it also was at the same time in regard to the mollusca. Thus did M. Cuvier, by abandoning the views of Linn us, return to those of the ancient naturalists, such as Aldrovandus, Monffet, and Ray, by comprehending in one and the same division, the insects and worms; but he did more, by following, as he tells us himself, the ideas of Pallas, and uniting with his worms, the serpul , the sabell , and in general all the chetopod with tubes. Two years after this, M. Cuvier, in

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A761.16 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 16: Tabular view of classification; index. Text

DIVISION III. ARTICULATA. In this grand division, the body, and in general the limbs, are surrounded by, or encased in, articulated rings, affording a support for the soft parts, and an attachment for the muscles. It is divided into four classes. Division. Class. ARTICULATA.. I. ANNELIDA, Lam or, Worms with red blood, Cuv. II. CRUSTACEA III. ARACHNIDA IV. INSECTA CLASS I. ANNELIDA, or, Worms with red blood. Body soft, elongated, articulated or divided into segments or transverse folds. The

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A761.10 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces. Text

reddish worms, which the inhabitants name ro -acal, or aat, or silaat; but these animals are not worms, they belong to the class of crustacea. Fabricius has described them under the name of astacus harengum. It is probable that they belong to the mysis of Latreille and Leach. They are so multiplied in summer that in drawing up a little sea-water [page break

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A761.12 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata. Text

testacea. lian and the other Greek naturalists have followed Aristotle. Isidore de Seville, Wotton, Belon, Rondelet, have adopted the same denominations, as well as Gesner, Aldrovandus, and his abbreviator, Johnston. Ray, the precursor of Linn us, appears to have been the first who, having applied the name of worms to all white-blooded animals, or the invertebrata of modern naturalists, (the insects and crustacea excepted) has employed the names of molluscous worms and testaceous worms, which

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

true worms, whether belonging to the Annelida of our author, or not, nevertheless, we find, in his definition of the slug, the word vermes employed as a principal name. With respect to the red-blooded worms, with which we are most immediately concerned in this place, though some of our remarks may be found allusive to genera, thrown among the zoophytes by Cuvier, but comprehended by M. de Blainville in his classification of worms into Chetopoda and Apoda, (see text) the ancients seem to have

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

his book upon insects; of leeches among the fish; and of earth-worms under the name intestini terr ; as well as of intestinal worms under the generic denomination of lumbrici; elmins in Greek, among the insects. Belon, in his history of aquatic animals, mentions, for the first time, under the name of lumbricus marinus, in opposition to the earth-worm, which he names lumbricus terrestris, the animal which we now call arenicola. Rondelet went considerably farther: in fact, he not only described and

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

the intestine , and the earth-worms, while the chetopoda were considered as insecta. Ray, whose method is very rigorous, divides his insecta, which comprehend all articulated animals, into insects which do not undergo metamorphosis, and those which do. The first section is divided into apoda and phoropoda. The division apoda comprehends the worms which live in the earth, as the lumbrici; those which inhabit the bodies of animals, as the intestine ; and those which live in the water, as the

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

zoophyta was replaced by that of mollusca, for the second, while it replaced that of lithophyta, for the fourth, which was suppressed. In the eleventh edition, the class of worms is divided into five orders: Intestina, Mollusea, Testacea, Lithophyta, and Zoophyta, and the genera which at present constitute the class of red-blooded worms, were parcelled out, some as lumbricus and hirudo in the first order; others as terebella, aphrodita and nereis in the second; and finally, some as serpula and

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

diately to follow the crustacea, and conduct to the insects; but, in consequence of their form, of the trifling development of their organs of locomotion, and especially in consequence of the mode of respiration in insects, which appears to hold the place of the circulation of the blood, he thinks that the worms ought to be placed between the insects and the zoophytes; that is, between the class myriapoda, with which he finishes the former, and that of Helminthii, or intestinal worms, with

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

employed as baits with great advantage in hook or small net fishing. A tolerable number of fish are taken in this way alone; and it has been remarked, that the fishing is more successful when these worms can be employed in the living state. These animals, notwithstanding the small number of cases in which they can be useful to us, are nevertheless more advantageous than hurtful. The earth-worms themselves, by dividing the earth, facilitate the development of the roots of the plants of our gardens. As M

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

the order of intestinal worms; and Linn us, more anciently still, had placed a part of it among the mollusca, and another with the intestinal worms. It has been asserted, that the Aphrodit had not red blood. I think that I have observed the contrary in the Aphrodit Squamat . [page]

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A761.13 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida. Text

bestowed on all animals with long and soft bodies, from a comparison of them to the earth-worms, or lumbrici, to which this term had been specifically devoted. Consequently, the larv?of insects were considered as worms, and are still considered as such, by the great majority of mankind. [page] 3

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A761.01 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 1: Mammalia (1) Text

, insects and worms. He commenced an attack on this division, and produced another in a memoir read to the Society of Natural History at Paris, the 10th of May, 1795, and printed in the Decade philosophique, where he accurately distinguished the characteristics and. limits of mollusca, crustacea, insects, worms, echinodermes, and zoophytes. In a memoir read to the Institute the 31st of December, 1801, he ascertained the red-blooded worms or annelides. Finally, the Baron separated these various classes

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covered by the skin. Their decided departure from the class of fish, and approximation to that of the red blooded worms, has been already alluded to in the text. Ammoc tes branchialis has very small or rudimentary eyes, covered with a membrane; the dorsal fin is very low and terminates in a bent line, the back is greenish, the sides are yellow, and the belly is white. The usual length is about seven inches. They subsist on worms, insects, and carrion. Linn us named them branchialis, from the

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A761.12 Beagle Library: Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata. Text

, he nevertheless adopted the division of the molluscous worms for the naked mollusca, and of testaceous worms for the conchyliferous species; and in each of these divisions he exactly followed Brugui res, adopting, however, the new generic division of Cuvier and De Lamarck. M. Bosc, however, who has often had occasion to study living mollusca, has introduced many newr facts into their history, and has also established some genera. 10 [page] 15