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A317
Book:
Woodall, Edward. 1884. Charles Darwin. A paper contributed to the Transactions of the Shropshire Archæological Society. London: Trübner.
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with various insects flitting about, and with worms crawling through the damp earth, and to reflect that these elaborately constructed forms, so different from each other, and dependent upon each other in so complex a manner, have all been produced by laws acting around us. These laws, taken in the largest sense, being Growth with Reproduction; Inheritance which is almost implied by Reproduction; Variability from the indirect and direct action of the conditions of life, and from use and disuse
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A317
Book:
Woodall, Edward. 1884. Charles Darwin. A paper contributed to the Transactions of the Shropshire Archæological Society. London: Trübner.
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, several have inherited their father's love of scientific investigation; and the rare intelligence which has distinguished the family for successive generations continues to bear fruit in the researches of Mr. George Darwin, Plumian Professor at Cambridge, and his brother Francis. Two others, William and Horace, as we have said, assisted in making observations for the work on Earth Worms; the fifth, Mr. Leonard Darwin, is an officer in the Royal Engineers. From Mr. Francis Darwin, we are glad to
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A856
Book:
Walford Edward. 1884. Greater London: a narrative of its history, its people, and its places, vol. 2. London: Cassell
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worth of its greatest member by awarding to him the Royal Medal, while he received the Wollaston Medal from the Geological Society. The rest of his principal works are The Fertilisation of Orchids, 1862; Volcanic Phenomena, and his latest The Formation of Mould by Earth-worms. Darwin died here on the 19th of April, 1882, at the age of seventy-three. History will doubtless assign to him a foremost place among the scientific writers not only of this country, but of Europe; and though his body lies
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CUL-DAR210.5.36
Note:
[1884].01.15
Memoranda as to Father [recollection of Charles Robert Darwin]
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In the morning when seated in his black chair writing on his board, if I went in for a ruler or anything, he would look up for a moment with a kind absorbed smile — We were always taught not to interrupt him so that we went in quietly as if he were asleep. My deep regret in life is that I had no ability for the earnest pursuit of science so that I could have worked more with him; I did little things for him about worms some botanical points and his praise pleasure in all I could do was so
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WALLACE ZOONOMIA WALLACE, Alfred Russel, 18; Wells, Dr., anticipates natural goes to Brazil, 79; publishes selection, 81 his travels, 80; in Malay White, Gilbert, on worms, 169 archipelago, ib.; discovers Wollaston, 18 natural selection, ib.; paper Worms, action of, 66, 168 at Linnean Society, 81; on Wright, Chauncey, 124 sexual selection, 153 Wedgwood, Emma, 65 Wedgwood, Hensleigh, 27 Wedgwood, Josiah, 27, 28 Wedgwood, Susannah, 27 'ZOONOMIA,' Erasmus Darwin's, 23 [page] Charles Darwin's Wor
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it pervious to rains and the fibres of plants, by drawing straws and stalks of leaves into it; and, most of all, by throwing up such infinite numbers of lumps of earth, called worm-casts, which, being their excrement, is a fine manure for grain and grass. Worms probably provide new soils for hills and slopes where the rain washes the earth away; and they affect slopes, probably, to avoid being flooded. Gardeners and farmers express their detestation of worms; the former, because they render
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had found out in very truth that many a little makes a mickle, that the infinitely small, infinitely repeated, may become in process of infinite years infinitely important. So he set himself to work, with characteristic contempt of time, to weigh and measure worms and worm-castings. He began by keeping tame earthworms in flowerpots in his own house, counting the number of worms and burrows in certain measured spaces of pasture or garden, and starting his long and slow experiment in his field
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soft earth, so familiar to everybody, and thus reinstate the coating of humus above the bare rock as often as it is washed away again in the course of ordinary denudation by the rain and the torrents. It is true that subsequent investigation has shown the possibility of vegetable mould existing under certain conditions without the intervention of worms to any marked extent; but, as a whole, there can be little doubt that over most parts of the world the presence of soil, and therefore of the
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at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, yet still forming in spite of their burial a regular and fairly horizontal stratum. This apparent sinking of the stones, he believed, was due to the quantity of fine earth brought up to the surface by worms in the form of castings. It was objected to his theory at the time that the work supposed to be accomplished by the worms was out of all reasonable proportion to the size and numbers of the alleged actors. Here Darwin's foot was on his native heath
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. Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species. With Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. The Power of Movement in Plants. By CHARLES DARWIN, LL.D., F.R.S, assisted by FRANCIS DARWIN. With Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $2.00. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms. With Observations on their Habits. With Illustrations. 12mo. Cloth, $1.50. For sale by all booksellers; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price. New York: D. APPLETON CO., 1, 3, 5 Bond Street
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concerned,' Professor Huxley said in conclusion, reviewing these additions to the evidence upon that memorable occasion,' evolution is no longer a speculation but a statement of historical fact.' Of Darwin himself he remarked truly, 'He has lived long enough to outlast detraction and opposition, and to see the stone that the builders rejected become the head-stone of the corner.' It was in 1881 that Darwin published his last volume, 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms
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F1806
Periodical contribution:
Cobbold, T. S. 1886. Notes on Parasites collected by the late Charles Darwin, Esq. By T. Spencer Cobbold, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Hon. Vice-President of the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology). 19: 174-8.
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adjoining seas, collected by me nearly forty years ago, I find a few parasitic worms, which it has occurred to me you might possibly like to have. Should this prove the case, be so kind as to inform me and they shall be sent to you. I have looked at only one lot, viz. from the Rhea, or American Ostrich, and these seemed not in a bad state; 2nd, worms from stomach of a Porcupine; 3rd, from the mouth of a Snake; 4th, from the wild Cavia Cobaya—these might be compared with any worms from the domestic
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F1806
Periodical contribution:
Cobbold, T. S. 1886. Notes on Parasites collected by the late Charles Darwin, Esq. By T. Spencer Cobbold, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Hon. Vice-President of the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology). 19: 174-8.
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and seven female worms, and were distinctly labelled, From the stomach of a Rhea, Bahia Blanca, North Patagonia, 1832. At the time of writing the paper quoted below, I thought it not improbable that Mr. Darwin had anticipated Natterer's discovery. Such was not the case. The original finds of this entozoon were made by Natterer at Arica, Cuyaba, and Caiçara in 1823-4-6 respectively; all the worms being lodged within the cavity of the thorax of the host. Full particulars of the finds and an
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F1806
Periodical contribution:
Cobbold, T. S. 1886. Notes on Parasites collected by the late Charles Darwin, Esq. By T. Spencer Cobbold, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Hon. Vice-President of the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology). 19: 174-8.
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head was armed with three or four prominent papillæ, but Schneider observed and figured six, the same number of papillæ having been seen by myself. At present, no one appears to have seen the male Oxyuris obesa, which is not surprising considering the rarity of the males of several allied species. Schneider remarks upon the variable size of the female, his smallest specimen measuring only 7 millim. and the longest 30 millim.; nevertheless all the worms were mature. I may state that the variable
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F1806
Periodical contribution:
Cobbold, T. S. 1886. Notes on Parasites collected by the late Charles Darwin, Esq. By T. Spencer Cobbold, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., Hon. Vice-President of the Birmingham Natural History and Microscopical Society. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society (Zoology). 19: 174-8.
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satisfied that the two forms are not identical (Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxii. p. 364, pl. 63. figs. 6, 7). In like manner I have compared it with Diesing's Distoma clava (found by Natterer in Coluber flaviventris as well as in several allied S. American snakes, including Cloelia fasciata, in which latter host the worms were on one occasion taken from the throat). Certainly, Mr. Darwin's fluke corresponds with D. clava more nearly than it does with D. Boscii, but there are differences apart from
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In concluding, the author enforces the claims of worms on the gratitude of arch ologists, as they protect and preserve for an indefinitely long period every object not liable to decay which is dropped on the surface of the land, by burying it beneath their castings. It is thus that many tesselated pavements and other ancient remains have been preserved; but, on the other hand, worms have undermined many old massive walls and caused them to subside, and no building is in this respect safe
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from the rest of the lawn. And these are but a few of the evidences of the wonderful action of worms, collected by the activity of Charles Darwin and his sons. Earthworms were not only scrutinised in their out-of-door work, but were kept in confinement and studied. It appears they swallow earth both to make their burrows and to extract all nutriment it may contain; they will eat almost anything they can get their skin over. From careful calculation it was shown that worms on an average pass ten
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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the effects produced by earthworms on the old concrete-floors, walls, c. On his return he wrote to Sir Thomas Farrer: I cannot remember a more delightful week tan the last. I know very well that E. will not believe me, but the worms were by no means the sole charm. In the autumn of 1880, when the 'Power of Movements in Plants' was nearly finished, he began once more on the subject. He wrote to Professor Carus (September 21): In the intervals of correcting the press, I am writing a very little
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F1452.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.
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.g. of some seedlings The little beggars are doing just what I don't want them to. He would speak in a half-provoked, half-admiring way of the ingenuity of a Mimosa leaf in screwing itself out of a basin of water in which he had tried to fix it. One might see the same spirit in his way of speaking of Sundew, earth-worms, c.* Within my memory, his only outdoor recreation, besides walking, was riding, which he took to on the recommendation of Dr. Bence Jones, and we had the luck to find for him the
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for his experiments. Those on the movements of stems and roots were still in progress. The hours passed like minutes. I had to leave. Precious memories of that visit remain. Yet once more, in 1881, the famous publishing house of Murray issued a new work his last by the great illuminator of Nature. Its subject was one which no one save those who knew him could have expected. It dealt with The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits, and in it
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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, ended with a quotation from Sedgwick on the invulnerability of those who write on what they do not understand, but this was omitted o the advice of a friend, and curiously enough a friend whose combativeness in the good cause my father had occasionally curbed.] C. Darwin to G. J. Romanes. Down, April 16, 1881. MY DEAR ROMANES, My MS. on 'Worms' has been sent to the printers, so I am going to amuse myself by scribbling to you on a few points; but you must not waste your time in answering at any
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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Society (see vol. i. p. 284). Here he showed that fragments of burnt marl, cinders, c., which had been thickly strewed over the surface of several meadows were found after a few years lying at a depth of some inches beneath the turf, but still forming a layer. For the explanation of this fact, which forms the central idea of the geological part of the book, he was indebted to his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, who suggested that worms, by bringing earth to the surface in their castings, must undermine any
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1865 The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication 1868 The Descent of Man 1871 The Expression of the Emotions 1872 Insectivorous Plants 1875 The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom 1876 The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species 1877 The Power of Movement in Plants 1880 The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms 188
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in Plants, 1880. 136 CHAPTER X. Honours bestowed on Darwin; his reception at Cambridge in 1877; portraits by Richmond and Collier; Haeckel's and De Candolle's descriptions of visits to Darwin; The Formation of Vegetable Mould by Earthworms, 1881; the long series of experiments on which it was based; obligations of arch ologists to worms; gradual exhaustion in 1882; his death on April 19, 1882 146 CHAPTER XI. Darwin buried in Westminster Abbey, April 26, 1882; quotation from The Times
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made during his stay at Rio, when tropical nature was still a fresh and unexplored page to the young observer, are wonderful. Cabbage palms, liana creepers, luxuriant fern leaves roads, bridges, and soil planarian worms, frogs which climbed perpendicular sheets of glass, the light of fireflies, brilliant butterflies, fights between spiders and wasps, the victories of ants over difficulties, the habits of monkeys, the little Brazilian boys practising knife-throwing all these came in turn under his
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author delayed the publication till 1842. When it appeared, under the title of The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, its success was immediate and complete. Ever since their first description by voyagers, marvel had been expressed at the strange and beautiful phenomena presented by coral islands. Coral, as being built up by the tireless labours of innumerable so-called insects, or worms, had become associated with romantic ideas. It really consists of the internal skeletons of coral-polyps
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the knowledge gained of parasitic worms through the experiments of Virchow and others on living animals. In the future every one will be astonished at the in- 11 [page] 16
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F1452.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.
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fond of collecting eggs, but I never took more than a single egg out of a bird's nest, except on one single occasion, when I took all, not for their value, but from a sort of bravado. I had a strong taste for angling, and would sit for any number of hours on the bank of a river or pond watching the float; when at Maer* I was told that I could kill the worms with salt and water, and from that day I never spitted a living worm, though at the expense probably of some loss of success. Once as a
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F1452.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.
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effects of subsidence, and it was easy to replace in imagination the continued deposition of sediment by the upward growth of corals. To do this was to form my theory of the formation of barrier-reefs and atolls. Besides my work on coral-reefs, during my residence in London, I read before the Geological Society papers on the Erratic Boulders of South America, * on Earthquakes, and on the Formation by the Agency of Earth-worms of Mould. I also continued to superin- * 'Geolog. Soc. Proc.' iii. 1842
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F1452.1
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 1. London: John Murray.
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1, 1881) sent to the printers the MS. of a little book on 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms.' This is a subject of but small importance; and I know not whether it will interest any readers,* but it has interested me. It is the completion of a short paper read before the Geological Society more than forty years ago, and has revived old geological thoughts. I have now mentioned all the books which I have published, and these have been the milestones in my * Between
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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knowledge gained of parasitic worms through the experiments of Virchow ad others on living animals. In the future every one will be astonished at the ingratitude shown, at least in England, to these benefactors of mankind. As for myself, permit me to assure you that I honour, and shall always honour, every one who advances the noble science of physiology. Dear Sir, yours faithfully, CHARLES DARWIN. [In the Times of the following day appeared a letter headed Mr. Darwin and Vivisection, signed by
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom. 8vo. London, 1876. Second edition. 8vo. London, 1878. The different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the same Species. 8vo. London, 1877. Second edition. 8vo. London, 1880. The Power of Movement in Plants. By Charles Darwin, assisted by Francis Darwin. 8vo. London, 1880. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits. 8vo. London, 1881. II. LIST OF BOOKS CONTAINING CONTRIBUTIONS BY C
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, 1830, 8vo. The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with observations on their habits. By C. D. With illustrations. London, 1881, 8vo. Fifth thousand (corrected). London, 1881, 8vo. Sixth thousand (corrected). London, 1882, 8vo. II. MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS. For private distribution. The following pages contain extracts from letters addressed to Professor Henslow by C. Darwin, Esq., printed for private distribution among the Members of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in
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F1452.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 2. London: John Murray.
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flukes: I have heard my father aver that a fever, or any serious accident, as a broken limb, will cause in a man all the intestinal worms to be evacuated. Might not this possibly have been the case with the flukes in their early state? I hope you were none the worse for Southampton;* I wish I had seen you looking rather fatter. I enjoyed my week extremely, and it did me good. I missed you the last few days, and we never managed to see much of each other; but * The meeting of the British Association
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F1452.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 2. London: John Murray.
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, higher forms might be occasionally degraded, the snake Typhlops seems (?!) to have the habits of earth-worms. So that fresh creations of simple forms seem to me wholly superfluous. Must you not assume a primeval creative power which does not act with uniformity, or how could man supervene? I am not sure that I understand your remarks which follow the above. We must, under present knowledge, assume the creation of one or of a few forms in the same manner as philosophers assume the existence of a
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Life and Work. Modern Review, by W. B. Carpenter, vol. 3, 1882, pp. 500-524 Canadian Monthly, vol. 8, N.S., 1882, pp. 540-542. On a Future State. Spectator, 1882, p. 1249. On Coral Reefs. Nature, by James D. Dana, vol. 10, 1874, pp. 408-410. Nature, by John Murray, vol. 22, 1880, pp. 351-354. Proc. of the Royal Society, Edinb., by John Murray, vol. 10, pp. 505 518 [abstract]. On Earth Worms. Fraser's Magazine, by F A. Paley, vol. 25, N.S., 1882, pp. 46-53. Nature, by George J. Romanes, vol. 24
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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, through the action of Worms,' publication of the, i. 98; iii. 217; unexpected success of the, iii. 217, 218. Formica rufa, observations on habits of, iii. 191, 192. Forms, extinction of, ii. 212. Forster, Miss, letter to, iii. 224 note. Fossil bones, given to the College of Surgeons, i. 276. Fox, Rev. William Darwin, i. 4, 51. , authority for the deafness of blue-eyed cats, ii. 348; letters to: i. 174 184, 186, 190; ii. 84, 110; before sailing in the Beagle, i. 205, 211; from Botofogo Bay, i. 233
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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Beale's criticism of, iii. 194; anticipation of the theory in Mantegazza's 'Elementi di Igiene,' iii. 195. PENGELLY. Pangenesis, experiments to test the theory of, by intertransfusion of blood, iii. 195. , MS. of chapter on, submitted to Professor Huxley, iii. 43. , Professor Delpino on, iii. 194. Panniculus carnosus, iii. 99. Papers, scientific, list of, iii. 365 370. Papilionace , papers on cross-fertilisation of, iii. 259, 261. Parallel roads of Glen Roy, paper on the, i. 290. Parasitic worms
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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. Woolner, Mr., bust by, iii. 105; discovery of the infolded point of the human ear by, iii. 140. Work, i. 112, 122; method of, i. 100, 144 154. done between 1842 and 1854, i. 327. , growing necessity of, iii. 92. Works, list of, iii. 362 364. Worms, formation of vegetable mould by the action of, i. 70, 98, 284; iii. 216, 217. Wren, Gold-crested, sexual differences of the, iii. 124. Wright, Chauncey, letters from, accompanying his article against Mivart's 'Genesis of Species,' iii. 143. VOL. III. 2 E
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A315
Pamphlet:
H.A.S. [1888]. Darwin and his works: a biological & metaphysical study. London: John Bale and Sons.
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becomes fruitless, for the student has to look to marine or aquatic forms, which become entombed in the soft deposits which form future rock fossils, for only the hard parts of animals and plants are capable of preservation. Bones, teeth, scales, shells and corals are the structures which commonly form fossils, although here and there the footprints of animals (see Wilson's Evolution for Birds, p. 157), the tracks of sea worms, the foliage of ferns (as in [page] 2
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F1225
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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. Third Thousand. Woodcuts. 6s. MURRAY. THE EFFECTS OF CROSS AND SELF-FERTILIZATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Third Thousand. Illustrations. 9s. MURRAY. THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES. Third Thousand. Illustrations. 7s. 6d. MURRAY. THE POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS. Third Thousand. Woodcuts. MURRAY. THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD THROUGH THE ACTION OF WORMS. Tenth Thousand. Woodcuts. Crown 8vo., 6s. MURRAY. LIFE OF ERASMUS DARWIN. With a Study of his Scientific Works
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F1225
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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were one, two, four, two, and five crustaceans. A plant of Utricularia vulgaris, which had been kept in almost pure water, was placed by Cohn one evening into water swarming with crustaceans, and by the next morning most of the bladders contained these animals entrapped and swimming round and round their prisons. They remained alive for several days; but at last perished, asphyxiated, as I suppose, by the oxygen in the water having been all consumed. Freshwater worms were also found by Cohn in
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F1225
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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three or four hours in being swallowed, the process bringing to mind what I have witnessed when a small snake makes a large frog its victim. But as the valve does not appear to be in the least irritable,* the slow swallowing process must be the effect of the onward movement of the larva. It is difficult to conjecture what can attract so many creatures, animal- and vegetable-feeding crustaceans, worms, tardigrades, and various larv , to enter the bladders. Mrs. Treat says that the larv just
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F1225
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1888. Insectivorous plants. 2d ed. Revised by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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branched and bears numerous minute bladders. The branches of the rhizome throw up here and there grass-like leaves which cover the ground without having any apparent connection with the flower-stem. The structure of the bladders is not in any way remarkable, resembling in its general features that of the European species. The bladders generally contain organic remains; out of 114 only 11 contained no d bris. The contents include diatoms and small animals, worms, rotifers, small crustaceans; and
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A344
Periodical contribution:
Huxley, T. H. 1888. [Obituary notice: Charles Robert Darwin]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 44 (269): i-xxv.
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time disposable for geological work, even had his health permitted it, after he became seriously engaged with the great problem of species. But the last of his labours is, in some sense, a return to his earliest, inasmuch as it is an expansion of a short paper read before the Geological Society more than forty years before, and, as he says, revived old geological thoughts (I, p. 98). In fact, 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms,' affords as striking an example of the
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A1010
Periodical contribution:
Newton, Alfred. 1888. Early days of Darwinism. Macmillan's Magazine 57 (February): 241-249.
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results followed from the next step with regard to our indefinite quantities. Were we not justified then in concluding that the like results would follow from our unknown quantities?1 A thought not very dissimilar occurred to me when I came to read the latest of his works, The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, wherein he so admirably exemplified the well-known words: What great events from little causes spring! But to return to those earlier days. For more than a year
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A252
Book contribution:
[Darwin, F.] 1888. Darwin, C. R. In L. Stephen and S. Lee eds., Dictionary of national biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.14: 72-84.
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geographical sketches.' He also read various papers at the Geological Society, among which was an account of his first observations on the action of worms. And lastly he undertook, much against his will, the secretaryship of the Geological Society, a post which he filled from 1838 to 1841. He found time, moreover, to do some work in English geology. In 1838 he visited Glen Roy, and wrote an essay on the 'Parallel Roads,' a piece of work of which he was afterwards ashamed, and which he spoke of as
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A252
Book contribution:
[Darwin, F.] 1888. Darwin, C. R. In L. Stephen and S. Lee eds., Dictionary of national biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.14: 72-84.
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written as a 'preliminary notice' to the English version of Dr. E. Krause's 'Essay on the Work of Erasmus Darwin.' Darwin had a strong feeling for his forbears, and found much enjoyment in this new work of biographical writing. In 1881 his book on the 'Formation of Vegetable Mould through the action of Worms' appeared. It was, like so much of his books, the result of the expansion or completion of earlier work. His attention had been directed to the action of earthworms in 1837, while he was staying
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A252
Book contribution:
[Darwin, F.] 1888. Darwin, C. R. In L. Stephen and S. Lee eds., Dictionary of national biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co.14: 72-84.
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,' 1876. 16. 'The Power of Movement in Plants,' 1880. 17. 'The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the action of Worms, with observations on their habits.' ['Charles Darwin,' by Dr. Asa Gray, Nature, June 4, 1874, forming part of a series of papers on 'Scientific Worthies.' 'Charles Darwin. Eine biographische Skizze,' by Prof. W. Preyer, published in the German periodical, Kosmos, in February 1879. The number of Kosmos is a 'Gratulationsheft zum siebzigsten Geburtstage Ch. Darwins.' The sketch of
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Book contribution:
Geikie, A. 1888. The life and letters of Charles Darwin. Littell's Living Age 176, 2271 (7 January): 3-10.
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. His volumes on the descent of man, and on the expression of the emotions in man and animals, completed his contributions to the biological argument. His last volume, published the year before his death, treated of the formation of vegetable mould, and the habits of earth-worms, and the preparation of it enabled him to revive some of the geological enthusiasm which so marked the earlier years of his life. Such, in briefest outline, was the work accomplished by Charles Darwin. The admirable
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