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A761.09
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 9: Reptilia.
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classification at defiance, and which are distinguished in the Animal Kingdom, for the anomalies of their organization. It inhabits the marshes of Carolina, and especially those devoted to the culture of rice, where it lives on earth-worms, insects, young mollusca, c., at least according to the report of professor Barton, who denies it the faculty of devouring serpents. It [page] 47
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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successfully employed to drive it into the nets. The Thynnus pelamys is a tropical species mentioned by almost all navigators under the name of bonito, and very celebrated for the chase which it gives in large troops to the flying-fish. It principally feeds upon them and on the calamaries, but does not reject other fish. This species more than any other is tormented by intestinal worms of various sorts. Commerson represents it as very miserable in this point of view. He has found in the intestines
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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become their prey. It is also asserted that the sort of funnel produced by the union of their catopes, performs with these animals the office of a cupper or sucker, by the aid of which they keep themselves fixed upon the solid bodies which they meet with at the bottom of the waters. The Gobius niger, Lin., or boulereau, Lac p., is usually about six or seven inches long: it frequents all the seas of Europe, where it feeds on small fish and marine worms. It is common in the North Atlantic, where
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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China they have been for ages the ornament of the houses and gardens of the rich. These fishes, when placed in vivaria or in basins, find a sufficient degree of nutriment If, however, the bottom be sandy, some dung may be thrown in, with some wheaten bread or hempseed. They must also be protected by foliage from the heat of the sun. If they are kept in glass vessels they are fed with crumbs of bread, yolks of eggs boiled hard, and broken into small fragments, flies, small snails, worms, mince-meat
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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. They do not get rid of them but by degrees, and they frequently employ nearly a month in this operation. Towards autumn they return into the lakes. Among the gudgeons the number of females is five or six times more considerable than that of the males. These fish live on aquatic insects, worms, and the spawn of other fishes. They are very greedy after any carrion which may be thrown into the rivers. They are taken with the net and with the line, and sometimes so abundantly that in certain countries
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A761.10
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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worms, and it is easy to people with them marshes, vivaria, muddy dykes, and ponds; but when any of them are introduced into carpponds it is necessary that their number should be limited, for their voracity would otherwise starve the carp, and hinder them from growing. [page] 46
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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themselves very often delivered without defence, to internal enemies. On dissection, the t nia are found strongly hooked to the parietes of the intestines. Bloch has reckoned a hundred of these worms in one individual which weighed no more than three pounds. Our figure of Esox Lewini, is from a drawing by Mr. Lewin, made in New Holland, of a species not hitherto noticed. We shall now briefly notice the EXOC TUS, or flying fishes. The name is derived from , out of, and , dwelling, and indicates
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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direction of their progress in the water. The dorades, the squali, and the sea-birds, such as the frigates and the phaetons destroy numbers of these exoc ti. They themselves feed on mollusca, and any small fish. Their flesh has an agreeable flavour, and is often used by mariners in long voyages. The exoc tus exiliens, whose flesh is fat and delicate, and which habitually feeds on worms and vegetable substances, is found in the sea of Arabia and in the Mediterranean, especially in the environs of
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A761.10
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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description. Its flesh is red, and full of fat. It feeds on worms, insects, and small fishes. It is found in almost all the seas of the north of Europe, Asia, and America. It especially prefers the neighbourhood of great rivers and streams, whose fresh and rapid waters it inhabits for a great portion of the year; it ascends their course for very considerable distances, and sometimes passes from them into the interior lakes. It does not appear to inhabit the Mediterranean Sea. It was unknown to
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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years, and in others not more than from five hundred to two thousand. When they try to escape they agitate themselves violently, and make a noise which may be heard at a considerable distance. They live on worms, insects, and small fishes. It is asserted that they are terrified by thunder, and violent noises in general; nevertheless, fishermen, and more especially those of the Mediterranean, are persuaded that they are fond of music, and accordingly they employ musical instruments when they go in
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A761.10
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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from lepadogaster, which have the pectoral fins double and united; and from cyclopterus, in which there are two dorsals, and the odd fins are isolated, whereas in this subgenus the odd fins are united, and there is but a single dorsal. The skin of the C. liparis is loose, and invested with a thick viscous matter: its size is about eighteen inches. This fish, whose flesh is fat and mucous, feeds on insects, worms, and small marine animals. It lays at the end of winter or the beginning of spring
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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mollusca generally, and on marine worms, they principally feed. It has been asserted that the balistes were ill-flavoured fish, and that their flesh is sometimes poisonous, or at least extremely deleterious. It is probable, however, that if they really possess any hurtful quality, it is to be found in the [page] 58
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A761.10
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 10: Pisces.
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perceptible. The head is elongated, and has upon its top a small transparent white spot. Round the eyes are several small pores, from which a viscous secretion flows. The back is brown, or yellowish green, marbled brown, the belly silvevy white. The great lamprey, usually found about three feet in length, sometimes attains nearly six. It feeds on animal matter, either living prey, as small fish, or worms or dead bodies. Destitute of offensive arms, the lamprey nevertheless sometimes escapee its enemies
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A761.11
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 11: Fossil remains.
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destroyed by no means an uncommon case. We may certainly believe that scarabei can pass into the fossil state; but there is also reason to think that pyritous paradoxites and their debris have often been taken for them. On the schists of Solenhoffen, of Pappenheim, and of Eichstadt, impressions have been seen which have been taken for earth-worms, and to which the name of helmintholites has been given. But, from the figures given by Knorr, it is pro [page] 49
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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under ground, and feeds chiefly on earth-worms. M. de F russac has observed that its mantle is extraordinarily developed when it finds itself in too dry a place, and thus affords it a kind of shelter. PARMACELLA, Cuv., Have a membranaceous mantle, with loose edges, placed on the middle of the back, and containing, in its posterior part, an oblong flat shell, which exhibits behind a slight commencement of spire. The orifice of respiration and the anus are under the right side of the middle of the
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A761.12
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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placed terrestrial and aquatic cyclostomata, c. As to the two only genera of bivalves which he establishes, those of camus and mytilus, he places in the first the cyclas fluviatilis, in the second an anodon and a unio. M ller, the celebrated author of the Danish Fauna, was the first foreign zoologist who adopted the same principle in his histoiy of terrestrial and fresh-water worms. But in general his system of classification, though more complete than that of Geoffroy, since it extends to all the
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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their internal structure, and Pallas may be regarded as the chief of this new school, which the French philosophers have supported with so much success, and which is now fast propagating throughout all enlightened Europe. It was in his Miscellanea Zoologica, published in 1766, that Pallas exhibited, as it were, the germ of those ameliorations of which the methodical arrangement of the malacozoaria, was susceptible. He proves that Linn us, in the disposition of his molluscous worms, has departed
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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their nutriment in small pieces, which they swallow by little and little. We have already seen that their mouth is armed always with an upper cutting tooth, and denticulated on the opposite side of the lingual mass. It is said, however, that the testacella swallows earth-worms whole, drawing them by little and little into the intestinal canal. The chismobranchia, the monopleurobranchia, are probably in the same situation as the asiphonobranchia, since they have no teeth to the mouth. The
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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many other worms, but the sexes are separated in different individuals. This, however, is indicated by no external dissimilarity. The anus and sexual organs are placed in a common cloaca at the hinder extremity of the tail, and during intercourse the distinction of sex is very evident. This animal lives on the leaves of the typha elephantina, common on the banks of the Ganges. The manners and habits of the PLANORBES are nearly the same with those of the next genus, (Limn ) with which they are
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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apply the name of ECHINODERMATA, have a distinct intestine, floating in a large cavity, and accompanied with several other organs for generation, for respiration, and for a partial circulation. It has been found necessary to unite to them the holothuri , which have an analogous internal organization, perhaps even still more complicated, although they have no moveable spines on the skin. The INTESTINAL WORMS, which form the second class, have no very evident vessels in which a distinct circulation
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A761.12
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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. Cloquet, consider as the nervous system of these worms, two white filaments which extend, one along the back, and the other along the belly; two other thicker threads, extending, one on the right, the other on the left, are regarded by some as muscular, by others, as vascular, or even as tracheal. Some have the head without lateral membranes. The most known species, Ascaris lumbrico des, L., is found without any sensible difference in man, in the horse, the ass, the zebra, the hemionus, the ox
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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such as the wolf, the dog, the marten, and even man, remaining there convoluted upon itself, causing this organ to swell, destroying the parenchyma, and, in all probability, occasioning the severest pains to the individual in which it has taken up its abode. These worms have been sometimes passed in urine, while they were still small. This species also sometimes inhabits other viscera. It is often of the finest red colour. It has six papill around the mouth, the intestine is straight and
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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laid. These worms attach themselves to the intestines by means of their proboscis, and frequently pierce them. Accordingly individuals are to be found in the thickness of the tunics, and even in the abdomen, adhering to the intestines internally. The largest species, Echinorhyncus gigas, Gm., G tze. 1 6. Encyc. xxxvii. 2 7, inhabits in abundance the intestines of the hog and wild boar, where the females sometimes arrive to the length of fifteen inches. Certain species, besides the hooks of their
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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that any naturalist has witnessed this. Genuine echini are known in all the quarters of the globe. The largest and most numerous, however, belong to the seas of warmer latitudes. THE HOLOTHURI were placed by Linn us and Brugui res among their molluscous worms; and subsequently ranged by Pallas, Cuvier, and Lamarck, who better studied their relations near the asteri and echini. We shall not repeat the characters of this genus here. Many authors, such as Hill, Brown, and Baster, have given the
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A761.12
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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difference of pressure. They more particularly remain in the oozy bottom, and in the anfractuosities of the rocks, where they fix themselves by means of sorts of cuppers, or papilli, from tentacula, with which certain parts of their bodies are provided. They can, by means of these organs, draw themselves along over the submarine bodies, and thus change place. But it appears, that they can do so likewise, either by alternate flexions of the body, after the manner of worms, or even by filling their body
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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and Rondelet, we derive nothing in addition to what the ancients have left us; and Gesner and Aldrovandus, who compiled with so much patience, and frequently with so much sagacity, all that had been said by their predecessors, one in an alphabetical, the other in a systematic form, have collected nothing new respecting the worms, and more particularly respecting the intestinal ones. It was only, in fact, towards the end of the seventeenth century, that the science of helminthology may properly
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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the articulations are so much separated, that they seem to form a sort of chain, which breaks with the greatest facility. Never, or scarcely ever, are any appendages observable on each side. The worms, in fact, are easy to be recognized by this great simplicity in the external form. Their organization, too, in general, is but little complicated, and often, in consequence of their smallness and the transparence of their tissues, it may be observed through the teguments. It is particularly when
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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small intestine, and of rectum; such at least is the case in all the truly intestinal worms. No organs have been met with that could be regarded as a liver, and still less as a pancreas. If the first does exist, which 15 [page] 55
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A761.12
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 12: Mollusca and Radiata.
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worms; first, can such and such species only, be developed in the body of such and such animals, and may not this development be sometimes continued in another animal? The successful experiment of Pallas, in introducing the eggs of the t nia elliptica, into the abdominal cavity of a dog, is a reply to the first question. As for the second, it appears certain that the ligula, when it is found in fishes, never presents itself in the adult state, or with developed ovaries, which is quite the
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A761.13
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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Distribution of the Articulated Animals into Four Classes. THE articulated animals, whose inter-relations are equally numerous and varied, nevertheless present themselves under four principal forms, whether internal or external. The ANNELIDA, or RED-BLOODED WORMS, constitute the first. Their blood, generally of a red colour, like that of vertebrated animals, circulates in a double and closed system of arteries and veins, which has sometimes one or many hearts or fleshy ventricles, sufficiently
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A761.13
Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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to their having bristles for locomotion or not; these last being reduced to the leeches. M. de Blainville, who has adopted this idea, makes of the Annelida which have bristles his class of Entomozoa chetopoda, and of those which have none, that of Entomozoa apoda; but (what M. Savigny did not do) he intermingles, among the apoda, several of the intestinal worms. 13 [page]
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A761.13
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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simple filament. These are the small worms of the Arctic Ocean, which inhabit membranous tubes, Spio seticornis, Ott., Fab., Birl., Schr. VI. v. 1 7; Spio filicornis, ib. 8 12. The POLYDOR , Bosc. vers. I. v. 7., appear to me to belong to this genus. SYLLIS, Sav., have tentacula of an uneven number, articulated like the beads of a rosary, as well as the superior cirrhi of the feet, which are very simple, and have but a single parcel of bristles. It appears that there are some varieties relative to
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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live in holes, which they excavate in mud, at the bottom of the water, and from which they protrude the anterior part of their body, which they keep incessantly moving. There are visible on the head of many some small black points, which may be taken for eyes. They are small worms, and their power of reproduction is as astonishing as that of the hydro. Many of them exist in our fresh waters. Some have set tolerably long, Nais Elingius, Mull. Wurm, ii; N. littoralis, id. Zool. Dan. lxxx. And
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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distinguishable in a knotted cord. Perhaps, however, it may be necessary to place them definitively with the cavitary intestinal worms, like the nemertes. D 2 [page] 3
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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amputated. The chetopoda are almost all aquatic, the earth-worms excepted, and even those, to a certain point, may be regarded as such, so much need have they of humidity, and so much do they fear, and are injured by drought. A great part of these animals live in the waters of the sea. It may be even remarked, that there are few marine beings that perish so soon when they are put into fresh water. The majority of the na des live in fresh water. It would appear, too, that though the nereides
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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upon every species of marine body, dead or living. M. de Lamarck characterizes five living species, but it is not improbable that there is a greater number in existence. The name SABELLA has been employed by Linn us in the tenth edition of the Systema Natur , and afterwards by Gmelin, in the thirteenth edition of the same work, to designate a genus of his order of testaceous worms which he de [page] 8
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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established by Linn us for a tolerably great number of vermiform animals, belonging to our author's red-blooded worms, or annelida, which live upon our coasts, sometimes imbedded in the sand. This genus, adopted by all zoologists, but rectified, and purged of the species not naturally belonging to it, may be thus characterized: body elongated, subcylindrical, inflated in its anterior third part, attenuated behind; head not very distinct, but yet formed of three segments; thorax of twelve, and
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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into smooth, or striate, angular, or polygonous. We come now to the second order of annelida, the DORSIBRANCHIA. ARENICOLA is a genus of marine worms established by Lamarck, and which appears even yet to comprehend but a single species, which was designated by Linn us under the name of lumbricus marinus, and by Pallas under that of nereis lumbricoides, while the animal is, in fact, neither a lumbricus nor a nereis. The generic characters are the want of tentacula and jaws, and the possession of
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 13: Annelida, Crustacea, and Arachnida.
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by the mollusca and the worms, and placed after the insects and arachnida, which should themselves immediately follow the fish. But the other mode of arrangement is justified by the consideration of those characters which connect the fish with the cephalopod mollusca, and which have been luminously exposed by M. Latreille in a memoir addressed some years ago to the Society of Natural History in Paris. In spite, however, of all the pains which can possibly be taken, it will ever remain
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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threads proceed towards the organs. The sexes are united. These are the worms. The beings which belong to the two following classes, have the trunck formed of distinct and articulated levers, and are furnished with limbs of lateral appendages destined for various motions, according to their mode of existence. Those which live in the water have organs appropriate to that medium, being provided with gills: these are the Crustacea. In the others, the air penetrates into the various parts of the body
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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We see from many passages of Aristotle, that he knew that several insects, and he particularly names butterflies and bees, come from caterpillars, or worms. But these transformations have only been thoroughly known since the researches of Swammerdam, of Redi, and of G d rt, and the reproduction of insects properly explained. Besides the notable mutations in form which insects undergo, in the three states which follow their departure from the eggs, they often change their skin, or epidermis
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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,These hatch'd, and those resuscitated worms,New life ordained and brighter scenes to share,Once prone on earth, now buoyant upon air,Whose shape would make them, had they bulk and size,More hideous foes than fancy can devise; [page] 12
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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Europe, are little more than two inches long. Those of India, are as much as eight. They are sometimes termed millipedes. They will bite, or rather pinch with considerable force. They live in the earth, in old rotten wood, under stones, and in other humid places; they feed on earth-worms and living insects. Some species of them emit a phosphoric light. These insects for a long time have been reputed venomous, because when they are seized, they separate their crotchets with which they attempt to
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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varies its movements and their degree of force according to necessity; each foot resting on the line in which it walks, transports, in the same way as do the muscles of the snail, the body, to the distance in which the limb can act. The ancients believed that the scolopendr were reproduced in the same way as the tape-worms. But though this opinion is inadmissible, it is no less certain that the mode of generation in those insects yet remains a mystery. The sexual organs would seem to be situated at
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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between them. The male, in copulation, is placed under the female, so that their heads face each other. The female lays a dozen of eggs, white, and a little viscous. From them come forth little larv without feet, very much elongated, like little worms, exceedingly lively, rolling themselves in a circle or spiral, and serpentine in their gait. They are at first white, and afterwards reddish. Their body is composed of a scaly head, without eyes, having two very small antenn , and of thirteen segments
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Beagle Library:
Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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, and the last most frequently terminated by a compressed tarsus, going in a point. They swim with much swiftness by the assistance of their feet, furnished with long hairs, and partilarly with the last two. They dart on other insects, aquatic worms, c. In the majority of the males the four anterior tarsi have their first three articulations widened, and spungy underneath. Those of the first pair are especially remarkable in the larger species. These three articulations form there a large
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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females, that of being phosphorescent. From this comes the names of glow-worms, laminous-flies, fire-flies, given to these insects. The body of these insects is very soft, especially the ab * Lycus reticulatus, bicolor, serraticornis, fasciatus, aurora, c. [page] 33
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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That in whatever gas these glow-worms may have been, the light has never appeared to be augmented. That this light is produced by small luminous bodies, which the insect can cover with a membrane. That after having removed these luminous points from the body of the insect, without endangering it, it has continued to live, but without any re-appearance of light. That these luminous points, removed from the living insect, and exposed to the action of many gases, have produced light there for
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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HYDROPHILUS (properly so called), Geoff. Fab. Leach. Dytiscus, Lin. Here the sternal spine is strongly prolonged behind. The last articulation of the anterior tarsi of the males is dilated in the manner of a triangular palette. The scutellum is large. These are the Hydrous of Dr. Leach. Zool. Misc. III. p. 94. The larv resemble a sort of worms, soft, with a conical and elongated form, provided with six feet; with the head tolerably large, scaly, more convex underneath than above, and armed
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Cuvier, Georges. 1827-35. The animal kingdom arranged in conformity with its organization. With additional descriptions of all the species hitherto named, and of many not before noticed, by Edward Griffith and others. 16 vols. London: Geo. B. Whittaker. vol. 14: Insecta (1).
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nine stigmata on each side. As yet they have no eyes, or at least those which they are to have are concealed under the envelops of which the larva is to disembarrass itself by small degrees. Their body is composed of thirteen rings, tolerably apparent. These larv , pretty generally known by the name of white worms, live three or four years in their first state, subsequently change into the nymph, and appear at the commencement of the third or fourth year, under the perfect form of the
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