[page] 1051

To how many of our gardening readers has it ever occurred to investigate the origin of any of the "favoured races" of plants with which they are familiar in the garden, the orchard, or the forest? Many know or take for granted that the most dissimilar kinds of Strawberries, Apples, and Potatoes have all sprung from one stock, and that most of them have originated within a very recent period; as also that that the history of many is attainable, did they think it worth the trouble of searching for. Even this limited knowledge is seldom acquired; and it is rarer still to find a gardener who has ever reflected upon the possible origin of the wild plants that surround him; though he not only knows that these are composed

[page] 1052

of the very same elements as are contained in the soil and air, but that they are themselves the immediate ancestors of the cultivated plants whose nurture provides him with remunerative labour, and whose increase at the same time supplies him abundantly with food. Little, however, as our gardening friends may have thought of these matters, still the terms "favoured race" and "origin of species," are more or less intelligible to most: but it is very different with "struggle for life." In its application to man civilized and savage, at peace and at war, and in a certain degree to the lower animals, the significance of the phrase is obvious enough; but how it can apply to the vegetable kingdom is not so evident at first sight, and still less evident is its connection with the "origin of species" and with "favoured races."

Perplexed with these thoughts on reading for the first time the title of Mr. DARWIN'S new volume ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES,* and knowing that the author is of first-rate standing in science, of great popularity, and a frequent contributor to our columns, we awaited the publication of his book with great curiosity and interest. It is true that we had been referred to a notice in the Gardeners' Chronicle (1858, p. 735) of a paper communicated by Mr. DARWIN to the Linnean Society, which gives a clue to the general nature of his work, but rather whetted the curiosity than allayed it; being little more than an indication of one method of research now fully developed, and giving little idea of the extent, variety, and suggestive value of that research, and still less of the comprehensiveness and talent of the present work.

From the above expressions it will be inferred that we have risen from the perusal of Mr. DARWIN'S book much impressed with its importance, and have moreover found it to be so dependent on the phenomena of horticultural operations, for its facts and results, and so full of experiments that may be repeated and discussed by intelligent gardeners, and of ideas that may sooner fructify in their minds than in those of any other class of naturalists, that we shall be doing them (and we hope also science) a service by dwelling in some detail upon its contents. Thus much we may premise, that it is a book teeming with deep thoughts on numberless simple and complex phenomena of life; that its premises in almost all cases appear to be correct; that its reasoning is apparently close and sound, its style clear, and we need hardly add its subject and manner equally attractive and agreeable; it is also a perfectly ingenuous book, bold in expressions as in thought where the author adduces what he considers clear evidence in his favour, frank in the statement of objections to the hypotheses or conclusions founded on its facts and reasonings; and uniformly courteous to antagonistic doctrines. In fine, whatever may be thought of Mr. DARWIN'S ultimate conclusions, it cannot be denied that it would be difficult in the whole range of the literature of science to find a book so exclusively devoted to the development of theoretical inquiries, which at the same time is throughout so full of conscientious care, so fair in argument, and so considerate in tone.

Before entering upon an analysis of these parts of Mr. DARWIN'S work which more immediately concern our readers, we may explain that it is devoted to the inquiry of how it is that the world has come to be peopled by so many and such various kinds of plants and animals as now inhabit it; and why it is that these do not all present a continuous, instead of an interrupted series, capable of being divided into varieties, species, genera, orders, &c. To all careless and many careful naturalists the assertion is sufficient, that they were so created, and have been endowed with power to remain unchanged; but there are considerable difficulties in the way of the adoption of this theory, which all reflecting naturalists allow; whilst more to our present purpose is the fact, that in Mr. DARWIN'S opinion the objections to it are more numerous and some of them more conclusive than the arguments in its favour. In the first there is the fact, that gardeners and cattle and bird breeders have made races which are not only more dissimilar than many species in a state of nature are, but if found in a state of nature would unquestionably be ranked as species and even genera; while the possibility of their reversion to their parent forms is doubted by many and denied by some. Then, there is the fact, that in a great many genera many so-callled species present a graduated series of varieties which have puzzled the best naturalists; and that in such genera at any rate it is easier to suppose that the species are not separate creations than that they are so. Again, the whole system of animal and plant classification into individuals, species, genera, &c., presents a series strictly analogous to that of the members of the human or any other family; and we further express our notions of the mutual relations of animals and plants in the very terms that would represent their affinities as being due to a blood relationship; so that either Nature has mocked us by imitating hereditary descent in her creations, or we have misinterrupted her in assuming that she has followed one method for families and another for species. There is then the geological evidence of species not having all been introduced at one period on the globe, but at various successive periods, and in like manner there is abundant evidence that they are being extinguished one by one; and as geologists are now pretty unanimous in believing that the past changes of the globe were the same in kind and degree as those now going on, we can no longer cling to the old vague belief that species were created at a time when all other conditions were different from those now existing; and thus hide one mystery under another. Again, if we hold to original creations we must also admit that it is more likely that a new kind of Strawberry, as different from all the wild as the British Queen is from the Alpine, should naturally originate in England or elsewhere out of air and earth and water, than that it should have originated in accordance with the laws that favoured the gardener's skill in producing the above-mentioned form. Finally, we know that on the one hand all changes of the surface of the globe (of climate, geographical limits, elevation and depression) are extremely slow; and that on the other relations of co-adaptation subsist between the climate, &c., of every country and the animals and plants which it contains; but such co-adaptations could not harmoniously exist if the physical changes were slow, and the creations of species sudden, for in such cases the species must be created either before or after they were wanted, a state of things which no orthodox naturalist would admit; but if, on the contrary, the organisms are supposed to change with the changed conditions of the country they inhabit, perfect adaptation and continuous fitness would be the necessary result.

Such ideas as these, either in whole or in part, have occurred to many naturalists, when in endeavouring to classify their animals and plants, or to account for their distribution, they have found themselves forced to face the difficulty of accounting for their origin. Hitherto most have, as we have already observed, contented themselves with the hypothesis that they were independently created, and the minority have clung to the only other explanation hitherto conceived, that they have all been created by variation from a single first-created living organism, or a few such. Now it must be borne in mind that both these views are mere hypotheses in a scientific point of view; neither has any inherent or prescriptive right to a preference in the mind of the impartial inquirer; but the most superficial observation will show that the hypothesis of original creations is incapable of absolute proof, except the operation be witnessed by credible naturalists, and can only be supported by facts that are either not conclusive against the opposite doctrine, or may be regarded as equally favourable to it; and this hypothesis is hence placed at a disadvantage in comparison with that of the creation of species by variation, which takes its stand on the familiar fact that species do depart from the likeness of their progenitors, both in a wild and domestic state.

On the other hand the hypothesis of creation by variation labours under the disadvantage of being founded upon a series of phenomena, the action of each of which individually, as explained by Mr. DARWIN, would appear to prevent the possibility of species retaining their characters for any length of time, and it therefore appears at first sight opposed to the undisputed fact, that many hundreds of animals and plants have transmitted their characters unchanged (or nearly so) through countless generations, and covered, even within the historic period, many square miles of country each with millions of its exact counterpart. To explain this anomaly and to raise this hypothesis of creations by variation to the rank of a scientific theory, is the object of Mr. DARWIN'S book, and to do this he has endeavoured to invent and prove such an intelligible rationale of the operation of variation, as will account for many species having been developed from a few in strict adaptation to existing conditions, and to show good cause how these apparently fleeting changelings may by the operation of natural laws be so far fixed as to reconcile both the naturalist and the common observer to the idea, that what in all his experience are immutable forms of life may have once worn another guise. The hypothesis itself is a very old one; it was, as all the world knows, strongly advocated by LAMARCK, and later still by the author of the "Vestiges of the Natural History of the Creation," but neither of these authors were able to suggest even a plausible method according to which Nature might have proceeded in producing suitable varieties, getting rid of intermediate forms, and giving a temporary stability to such as are recognised as species by all observers. Mr. DARWIN has been more successful, though whether completely so or not the future alone can show. We shall proceed to examine his method in another article.

 

* On the Origin of Species by means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of favoured races in the Struggle for Life. By CHARLES DARWIN, M.A., F.R.S., &c. 8vo, pp. 502. MURRAY.

 

[title page]

THE GARDENERS' CHRONICLE

AND

AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE.

A Stamped Newspaper of Rural Economy and General News.—The Horticultural Part Edited by Professor Lindley.

No. 53.—1859.] SATURDAY, DECEMBER 31. Price Fivepence. STAMPED EDITION, 6d.

INDEX.

Acacia dealbata, large 1055 a

Agricultural College 1060 a

Animal nutrition 1053 a

Baker (Mr.) death of 1057 c

Cedars, transplanting 1055 b

Ceylon, Sir J. E. Tennent on 1055 c

College, Cirencester 1060 a

Cottage, Norfolk farm 1059 a

Daubeny (Dr.) lecture by 1053 a

Farm cottage in Norfolk 1059 a

Forest, Whichwood 1059 c

Gooseberry buds and birds 1055 b

Labour market 1060 b

Lambs, to fatten 1051 a

Liebig on exhaustion 1057 b

Manures, supply of 1057 c

Mushrooms 1052 c

Mycology 1053 a

Nutrition, animal 1053 a

Oxford Farmers' Club 1060 b

Pig feeding 1060 b

Plants, wall 1056 c

— origin of species 1051 c

Pomegranate 1056 c

Rabbits and trees 1055 b

Races, favoured plant 1051 c

Sewage question 1057 b

Societies, rural 1055 b

Soil, exhaustion of 1057 b

Species, origin of 1051 c

Spergula pilifera 1056 c

Trade memoranda 1053 a

Trees and rabbits 1055 b

Wall plants 1056 c

Water, windmill for raising 1055 b

Weather in Cornwall 1055 b

Whichwood Forest 1059 c

Wind engines 1055 b

HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.— The next Meeting of the FRUIT COMMITTEE will be held on TUESDAY, January 17, 1860, at 3 P.M., at the Society's Rooms, 8, ST. MARTIN'S PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, W.C; on which occasion Prizes are offered of ONE POUND for the best, and TEN SHILLINGS for the second best dish in each of the following classes:—

PEARS.

CLASS A. NE PLUS MEURIS.

CLASS B. JOSEPHINE DE MALINES.

CLASS C. ANY OTHER DESSERT VARIETY.

APPLES.

CLASS D. OLD NONPAREIL.

CLASS E. GOLDEN HARVEY.

CLASS F. ANY OTHER DESSERT VARIETY.

CLASS G. ANY VARIETY OF KITCHEN APPLES.

All Fruits exhibited must be fit for table, and accompanied by filled-up tabular forms exhibiting the circumstances under which the fruit was produced. Blank forms may be obtained for the purpose, on application to Mr. ROBERT THOMPSON, Horticultural Society's Garden, Chiswick, W. Blank forms, to be filled up and sent with Seedling or other fruits, may also be obtained on application to Mr. THOMPSON, as above.

All Fruits and Vegetables for exhibition before the committee should be addressed. "To the SECRETARY TO THE FRUIT COMMITTEE OF THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, 8, ST. MARTIN'S PLACE, TRAFALGAR SQUARE, LONDON, W.C.," and must be delivered before 1 P.M. on the day of meeting. The carriage of Packages of Fruit will be paid.

THE BRITISH POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY, HANOVER SQUARE ROOMS, REGENT STREET, LONDON. W.

The List of Meetings to be held in the year 1860, for the examination and consideration of New Seedlings and General Fruits in season, and the Schedule of Prizes offered for special subjects, amounting to upwards of ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY POUNDS, are now ready. They will be forwarded immediately to all Members of the Society, and may be obtained by Fruit Growers generally on application to

WILLIAM DAVIDSON, Secretary.

2, Randolph Road, Maida Hill, London, W.

LEE'S WHITE SPROUTING BROCCOLI, VEITCH'S PERFECTION PEAS, AND ALL OTHER REALLY GOOD NEW KINDS OF SEEDS ARE SUPPLIED BY MESSRS. SUTTON AND SONS direct from the parties introducing, them, in the original papers and at the growers' prices.

Messrs. SUTTON'S NEW SEED LIST will be ready shortly.

Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

STANDARD RHODODENDRONS.—Hundreds of handsome specimens of all the choicest varieties, varying in colour from deepest crimson to rose and pure white, with symmetrical heads and straight stems, from 2 to 5 feet in height, can be supplied by

JOHN WATERER, American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

CHOICE RHODODENDRONS, AZALEAS, AND CONIFEROUS PLANTS.—A CATALOGUE OF GEORGE BAKER'S unrivalled Stock of the above may be had on application.—The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

TO THE TRADE.

3,500,000 RHODODENDRONS, 2, 3, and cheap. Also an over stock of 4000 or 5000 Double Gorse or Whins. Price sent free on application to JAMES SMITH, Darley Dale Nurseries, near Matlock.

DUTCH BULBS.—SURPLUS STOCK of fine Roots at very low prices. See Gard, Chronicle, Dec. 19, p. 1011.

The NEW SEED CATALOGUE will shortly be ready.

STEPHEN BROWN, Seed and Nursery Establishment, Subbury, Suffolk.

DUTCH AND OTHER BULBS.

MESSRS. PARKER AND WILLIAMS beg to inform their friends and patrons that their CATALOGUE of the above is now ready, and will be forwarded post free on application. Early orders are solicited, as their successful cultivation depends in a great measure on early planting.

Paradise Nursery, Seven Sisters' and Hornsey Roads, Holloway, London, N.

PINE APPLES, GRAPES, &c.

PINE PLANTS, Fruiting and Succession.

GRAPE VINES, from Eyes, for Fruiting in Pots or planting.

JOHN WEEKS AND CO. can now supply any quantity of very fine strong healthy Pine Plants, either Fruiting or Succession; also remarkably fine strong Grape Vines from Eyes, all the best sorts.

JOHN WEEKS & CO.'S Horticultural Show Establishment is now entirely devoted to the Growing and Forcing of Fruits in great variety, thereby showing the most improved plans of construction, and the most superior system of Hot-water Apparatus.

JOHN WEEKS & CO., Horticultural Builders and Hot-water Apparatus Manufacturers, King's Road, Chelsea, London, S.W.

BEST CUCUMBER FOR EARLY WORK.

CARTER'S CHAMPION, 1s. per packet; also BERKSHIRE CHAMPION, 1s. per packet; and LORD KENYON'S FAVOURITE, 6d. per packet.

JAMES CARTER & CO., 237 and 238, High Holborn, W.C.

DOUBLE ITALIAN TUBEROSES.

JAMES CARTER AND CO. have just received their first importation direct from Italy. Price per 1000 to the trade on application; retail, 3s. per dozen.

237 and 238, High Holborn. W.C.

CARTER'S SELECT LIST OF SEEDS FOR 1860 is now ready, and will be forwarded on application to JAMES CARTER & CO., Seedsmen, 237 & 238, High Holborn, W.C.

J. G. WAITE'S WHOLESALE CATALOGUE is now ready and can be had on application Seed Establishment, 181, Holborn, London, W.C.

SUTTON'S NEW SEED CATALOGUE contains all the novelties in Garden Seeds worthy of recommendation. It will be ready in a few days, and will be forwarded post free to any address.—Royal Berkshire Seed Establishment, Reading.

SEED CATALOGUE.

CHARLES TURNER'S DESCRIPTIVE LIST of a Selection of the best varieties only is now ready.

The Royal Nurseries. Slough.

FERN CATALOGUE.

ROBERT SIM'S NEW DESCRIPTIVE AND PRICED CATALOGUE, No. 6 (62 pages) of his COLLECTION of BRITISH AND EXOTIC FERNS, can be had, post free, for 8 stamps. Gratis to all previous purchasers of Ferns.

Nursery, Foot's Cray, Kent, S.E.

MESSRS. ROEZL AND BESSERER, of Mexico, will execute orders from their CATALOGUE of last year through their Agents, Messrs. B. A. GRANTOFF & CO., 4, Lime Street Square, London, E.C.

HYACINTHS AND OTHER BULBS.

WM. CUTBUSH AND SON can still supply Roots equal to the first they sent out this season, as all BULBS are especially selected for them before they are imported from Holland. Descriptive CATALOGUE post free on application.

Highgate Nurseries, London, N.

TO THE SEED TRADE.

JAMES FAIRHEAD AND SON, SEED GROWERS and MERCHANTS, Lewisham, Kent, S.E., and 7, Borough Market, London, S.E., beg to acquaint their friends and the Trade generally that their WHOLESALE CATALOGUE is now ready and can be had on application.

WHOLESALE CATALOGUE.

GEORGE JACKMAN AND SONS' PRICED and DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE for 1859, & SPRING 1860; comprising Fruit Trees of all the leading kinds; New and Selected Roses; fine varieties of American Plants; Choice and Rare Conifers; Evergreen and Deciduous Trees and Shrubs; and a fine stock of transplanted Forest Trees, &c., can be had free on application.—Working Nursery, Surrey.

TRADE CATALOGUE.

THOS. CRIPPS, Tunbridge Wells, Kent, respectfully informs the Trade that his WHOLESALE CATALOGUE OF AMERICAN PLANTS, ROSES, AND GENERAL NURSERY STOCK is now ready and may be had post free.

ROSE CATALOGUE.

JOHN CRANSTON begs respectfully to inform his patrons that he will be happy to forward his New ROSE CATALOGUE for the present season, post free, upon application. It will be found replete with the most desirable flowers (new and old) in every class, and the descriptions are copious and faithful.—Nurseries, King's Acre, near Hereford.

NEW LIST OF SEEDS FOR 1860.

J. DOBSON AND SONS' LIST forwarded free to any address upon application. The Seeds warranted new and true.

Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W., & High St., Hounslow, W.

PELARCONIUMS.

JOHN DOBSON AND SONS beg to invite the attention of intending purchasers of the above, who will be liberally dealt with. A choice selection sent at a moderate price. Catalogues free on application.

Woodlands Nursery, Isleworth, W.

AZALEA INDICA.

J. IVERY AND SON'S New DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE of the above contains all the newest and best varieties. Will be forwarded post free upon application.

Dorking Nursery.—Dec. 31.

AZALEA INDICA.

F. AND A. SMITH beg to offer the above well set with flower buds, dwarf, bushy, and thoroughly ripened off. Having been grown in this country they are most suitable for packing, and are strongly recommended to country Amateurs and the Trade in general. An inspection invited. Prices on application.—Dulwich, Surrey, S.

ERICAS.

F. AND A. SMITH'S Stocks of the above are this season unusually fine, comprising most of the leading winter and spring-flowering varieties. Prices on application.

Dulwich, Surrey, S.

TO THE TRADE.

CHARLES SHARPE AND CO. have a large quantity of DANIEL O'ROURKE PEAS to dispose of this season of their own growing and a true selected stock. Price and sample on application.—Sleaford, Dec. 31.

TO THE SEED TRADE.

JAMES FAIRHEAD AND SON, SEED GROWERS and MERCHANTS, Lewisham. Kent, S.E., and 7, Borough Market, London, S.E., beg to acquaint their friends and the trade generally, that their WHOLESALE CATALOGUES are now ready, and will be forwarded post free on application.

GOOD SEEDS. CARRIAGE FREE.

SUTTON AND SONS, SEED GROWERS AND MERCHANTS, ROYAL BERKSHIRE SEED ESTABLISHMENT, READING.

GEORGE GIBBS AND CO.

SEEDSMEN,
26, DOWN STREET, PICCADILLY,
LONDON. W.

RED LODGE NURSERY AND AMERICAN GROUNDS, SOUTHAMPTON.

W. H. ROGERS solicits attention to the large, fine, and varied Stock, growing on the above extensive Grounds.

THE PLYMOUTH SEED, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENT, AND MANURE COMPANY LIMITED supply every requisite for the Farm and the Garden.

Registered Offices: Union Road, Plymouth.

NEW SEEDS FOR 1860.

THE PLYMOUTH SEED, &c., COMPANY LIMITED have warehoused their full supplies of GARDEN and FARM SEEDS to their entire satisfaction, and they trust that all orders their correspondents may favour them with will be sent as early as possible, so that delays and other inconveniences which necessarily arise during a busy seed season may by this means in a great measure be avoided.

Offices: Union Road, Plymouth.

TO THE SEED TRADE.

HYACINTHS, to name and in mixture; POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS; CROCUS, in sorts and mixture; TULIPS, double and single, in sorts and mixture. Prices on application.

BUTLER & MCCULLOCH, Seedsmen, Covent Garden Market. W.C.

PLANTING.

A. PAUL AND SON invite attention to their large and superior Stock of CONIFERÆ and other ornamental TREES and SHRUBS, FRUIT TREES, &c. For further particulars see advertisement in Gardeners' Chronicle of December 17.—Nurseries, Cheshunt, Herts.

COX'S EMPEROR PLUM is now ready for delivery'—Parties wishing to have Plants of this very superior PLUM are requested to apply to Mr. HENRY CLARKE, 39, King Street, Covent Garden, London, W.C.

RASPBERRIES, Strong Canes, Victoria, Filbasket, Fastolff, and Autumn-fruited, 10s.; White, 8s. CURRANTS, Red and Black, strong, 3 to 4 years, 10s. to 15s. STRAWBERRIES, 2s. to 2s. 6d. per 100. Large LAURUSTINUS. &c.—GEO. CORNWELL, Market Gardener, Barnet, N.

DWARF MAIDEN FRUIT TREES.

HUGH LOW AND CO. have to offer of fine quality, PEACHES, NECTARINES, APRICOTS, PLUMS, CHERRIES, APPLES, PEARS, both on Pear and Quince Stocks. Prices will be furnished on application.

The Autumn Wholesale CATALOGUE is now ready for distribution.—Clapton Nursery, London, N.E.

GREAT SCARCITY OF FRUIT.

STRONG ROOTS OF THE LINNÆUS RHUBARB, from division, can be supplied in any quantity at 12s. per 100, or 5l. per 1000, by WALTER PENNINGTON, Nurseryman, South Retford, Nottinghamshire.

PEACHES AND NECTARINES.

J. AND J. FRASER have a fine stock of 1-year cut trees of the above; they were transplanted last year, and are now suitable either for planting out to train, or to pot for Orchard-house culture. A list of the sorts and price may be had on application.—Lea Bridge Road Nurseries, N.E.

COMMON LAURELS.

J. AND J. FRASER, NURSERYMEN, &c., Lea Bridge Road, N.E., beg to offer a large quantity of COMMON LAURELS, fine bushy plants, from 2 to 5 feet in height. Prices of the various sizes may be had on application.

THREE MILLIONS OF TRANSPLANTED QUICKS.

GEORGE CHIVAS, Chester, offers the above, which are admitted to be unequalled in point of quality in Great Britain. A sample bale, containing 100 each of five sizes, forwarded on receipt of 15s., and orders for 10,000 delivered free at any railway station.—Chester, December 31.

HARDY HEATHS.—A collection of 20 sorts, by name, of the above favourite autumnal flowers, in good plant, at 30s. per 100, or 12l. 10s. per 1000.

JOHN WATERER, The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

HARDY CALIFORNIAN CONIFERS, PICEA (ABIES) AMABILIS, PICEA (ABIES) GRANDIS.—Healthy seedling Plants of the above named most beautiful hardy Trees can be supplied by the undersigned by the dozen, hundred, or thousand, as also many other choice Conifers. PRICED CATALOGUES of which will be sent on application.

HUGH LOW & Co., Clapton Nursery, London, N.E.

A CORNS FOR SALE.—QUERCUS COCCINEA. For price and terms, direct to Mr. HASTIER, 12, Water Street, Blackfriars, London, E.C.

WELLINGTONIA GIGANTEA.

JOHN WATERER has thousands of the above Plants to offer, varying in height from 1 to 4 feet. The whole are exceedingly handsome and well rooted. Price on application.—The American Nursery, Bagshot, Surrey.

TO THE TRADE.—SPERGULA PILIFERA SEED, the IMPROVED CUSTARD MARROW. Prices of the above, also for other seeds offered to the Trade, may be had on application.

STEPHEN BROWN, Seed Grower, Sudbury. Suffolk.

LAWNS WITHOUT MOWING—SPERGULA PILIFERA.

J. A. SUMMERS supplies the above in plants enough to cover the ground next summer at 1s. per square yard, or at 1s., 2 s,, and 4s. per doz. plants. A specimen post free, 1s.

Howard Park Nursery, Perry Hill, Sydenham, S.E.