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F & H. Darwin

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Christmas Piece

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[1] Folio 40

best animals & thus improve them; & the improved individuals they are valued more then probably sp. modified the slowly spread in the immediate neighbourhood, & slowly spread. But As yet they will have hardly have distinct names, & from being only slightly valued, their history will hardly be remembered disregarded. When further improved by the same slow & gradual process they will spread more widely, & will get recognised as something distinct & valuable, & will then probably first receive a name. In semi-civilised countries, with little freer communication, the spreading & knowledge of any new sub-breed would be very slow. As soon as the point of value of the new sub-breed was once savage acknowledged, there would always be a tendency slowly to augment the modification slowly whatever their nature to augment, by owing to what I have called unconscious selection

The principle as I have called it of unconscious selection would always tend,— perhaps more at one period than another, as the breed rose or fell in [text excised] more in one district than in [text excised] modification [text excised] district—

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PLUM APPLE CARROT ACORN

FD

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CARROT GOOSEBERRY

TURNIP PEAR ACORN

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PLUM radish orange FIR-CONE

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[Sketch & a poem]

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Rule Britannia

eal like Indian

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GOOSEBERRY ORANGE RASSB STAG

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TURNIP PEAR PUMCIN

CARROT APPLE BANANA

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IIUM

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FD [Man and dog]

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soldiers MESSEGER DOG kings page KINGS ensign

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[Sketch of a church]

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Lithotrya crassa Brisneus crassus. — Philippines

rock:— composed of corals dry state : Mr. Cuming

did not feel justified in

therefore fully describe it,

characters seem externally

Capitulum flattened, with bra

the dirty white calcareous

length including peduncle rather ab

in number consisting of 4 opercular valves

rostrum, with one or two pe

In Growth-zones thick, each

as in L. dorsalis the old layers they are not case off, b

;—  Tergal

somewhat curved, with articu articular sutural m

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ACORN

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Gog and Magog in the city

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[Drawing of a bearded man, not Darwin / numbers in Emma Darwin's handwriting]

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[Calculations]

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Bright

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the

cement-ducts opening beneath the basal membrane.)

of fig 1.a considerably

basal membrane, but the shell, where

young that the walls old had not acquired

. In the centre the prehensile

be it at obscurely seen.

the cement glands.)

which the two cement ducts proceed,

st) leading to opposite the middle fold of the compartment carino-lateral

st) leading to opposite the middle fold of the compartment.

ir orifices opening on the underside

membrane (C1) at a point, which

of the carino-lateral &

of the other duct towards the centre may be

straight lines.—

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[4] Folio 48

[chapter and page numbers in Darwin's hand, draft in Joseph Fletcher's with corrections by Darwin:]

(48

[Chap.] XIII

mately become very unlike & will serve

at this early period of growth alike;— of embryos

in the same class, generally, but not

ch other;—of the structure of the embryo

ts conditions of existence, except

iod of life active & has to provide for itself;

aving sometimes a higher organisation

to which it has to be developed. I

largely explained, as follows, on

modification.)

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[For clarity, here is the text from Origin, pp. 442-3 with the text of this draft made bold:

How, then, can we explain these several facts in embryology,—namely
the very general, but not universal difference in structure between the
embryo and the adult;—of parts in the same individual embryo, which
ultimately become very unlike and serve for diverse purposes,
being at this early period of growth alike;—of embryos of different species within
the same class, generally, but not universally, resembling
each other;—of the structure of the embryo not being closely related to
its conditions of existence, except when the embryo becomes at any
period of life active and has to provide for itself;—of the embryo apparently
having sometimes a higher organisation than the mature animal,
into which it is developed. I believe that all these facts can be
explained, as follows, on the view of descent with
modification.]

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'48' is written in ink over a faint pencil number, '492'?

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[Folio] 23

Chap. VII Instinct.

Slave-making instinct.—

We will now turn to the extraordinary slave-making instinct of certain Ants. The Formica (Polyerges) rufescens, as was first discovered by Pierre Huber, a better observer even than his celebrated father, is absolutely dependent on its slaves. Without their aid the species in a single year would certainly become extinct. The males and females do no work: and the workers or sterile females, though most energetic and courageous in capturing slaves, do no other work when the community is once established. They are incapable of making their own nests or feeding their own larvæ: when their old nest is found inconvenient, and they have to migrate: it is the slaves which determine the migration, and actually carry their masters in their jaws. So utterly helpless are the masters, that when Huber shut up thirty of them without a slave, but with the food which they like best, and with their own larvæ and pupæ to stimulate them to work, they did nothing: they could not even feed themselves, and many perished of hunger with food close at hand. Huber then introduced a single slave (F. nigra fusca) and she instantly set to work fed and saved the survivors: made a

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Good night

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(a) In some of the lowest azoic rocks, phosphatic nodules & anthracitic layers have been discovered, which seem to indicate the former existence of life.—

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[Folio] 555

(Chap 9. Geology)

marine inhabitants of the archipelago now range thousands of miles beyond its confines. And analogy would lead us strongly to believe that it would be chiefly these far ranging organisms, species which would oftenest give rise to new varieties, which for a period would remain local, & then would might if having any decided advantage would ultimately spread & supplant their parents. And according to the principles followed by many palæontologists when these varieties when they reached under this new form where they had supplanted their parents; if presenting ever so small if they presented any permanent difference, however slight, they would be ranked as new species.) If there be any degree of truth in this view.

(If, then, there be some degree of truth in these remarks, we have no right to expect to find in our geological sections an infinite number of those fine transitional forms, which on our theory assuredly have [text excised] connecting & which must have connected all species past & [text excised] long [text excised] branching & diverges & diverging chains of life. All that [text excised]

[in margin:] one form must once have existed.

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B Cobden

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