(1

Piderit

(Old)

S Prior to Gratiolet

[Expression, p. 7: "Dr. Piderit published in 1859 an essay on Expression, which I have not seen, but in which, as he states, he forestalled Gratiolet in many of his views. In 1867 he published his 'Wissenschaftliches System der Mimik und Physiognomik.'"]

44 Corrugator used in shutting eyes closely

46 forehead wrinkled under any difficulty as pulling on a boot or stammering. so seeing or hearing with difficulty & suffering.

[Expression, p. 223: "Dr. Piderit,3 who has published remarks to the same effect, adds that stammerers generally frown in speaking, and that a man in doing even so trifling a thing as pulling on a boot, frowns if he finds it too tight.

3 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 46."]

48 Expression of eyes modifies character of frown.

52. The frontal muscle raises eyebrows & thus opens eyes widely.

56 shining of eyes depends on moisture & on the stretching of membrane of eye.

60 why do tears relieve grief?

63. Brightness of eye depends on fullness; in cholera & death collapsed

[Expression, p. 206: "But, according to Dr. Piderit, who has discussed this point more fully than any other writer,14 the tenseness may be largely attributed to the eyeballs becoming filled with blood and other fluids, from the acceleration of the circulation, consequent on the excitement of pleasure. He remarks on the contrast in the appearance of the eyes of a hectic patient with a rapid circulation, and of a man suffering from cholera with almost all the fluids of his body drained from him."]

64 Sparkle in fever ─ 65 dull in grief circulation depressed

[Expression, p. 179, n1: "On the dulness of the eyes, Dr. Piderit, 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' 1867. s. 65."]

[in margin:] p 91 Ale of nose contract be moved by lot man

(2

Pidarit

70 thinks kissing imitation of sucking

72 good descrip. of mouth with bitter taste

79 in gt exertion, mouth shut & teeth pressed mem. Gratiolet.

[Expression, p. 237: "Dr. Piderit accounts15 for the firm closure of the mouth during strong muscular exertion, on the principle that the influence of the will spreads to other muscles besides those necessarily brought into action in making any particular exertion; and it is natural that the muscles of respiration and of the mouth, from being so habitually used, should be especially liable to be thus acted on. It appears to me that there probably is some truth in this view, for we are apt to press the teeth hard together during violent exertion, and this is not requisite to prevent expiration, whilst the muscles of the chest are strongly contracted.

15 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 79."]

82. in rage upper lip raised ─ says from bitter taste. Ale of nose raised because mouth closed & must breathe thro' nose; Sir C. Bell much truer.

[Expression, p. 240: "The respiration is likewise affected; the chest heaves, and the dilated nostrils quiver.5

The explanation by Dr. Piderit ('Mimik und Physiognomik,' s. 82) of the distension of the nostrils, namely, to allow free breathing whilst the mouth is closed and the teeth clenched, does not appear to be nearly so correct as that by Sir C. Bell, who attributes it to the sympathy (i.e. habitual co-action) of all the respiratory muscles."]

84 contempt well described – same as Gratiolet

87 when eustachian tube plugged with mucous person made rather deaf. 88 exactly same acct as mine of astonishment

91 Ale of nose cannot be moved by some men, by some ─ much. see Moreau

[Expression, p. 23: "The power of raising the wings of the nostrils is also, according to Dr. Piderit,22 variable in a remarkable degree; and other such cases could be given.

22 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' 1867, s. 91."]

93 with bad smell orifice of nose contracted & upper lip pressed against nose.

[Expression, p. 256: "In extreme cases, as Dr. Piderit remarks,4 we protrude and raise both lips, or the upper lip alone, so as to close the nostrils as by a valve, the nose being thus turned up.

4 'Mimik und Physiognomik,' ss. 84, 93. Gratiolet (ibid. p. 155) takes nearly the same view with Dr. Piderit respecting the expression of contempt and disgust."]

(3

Pidarit

96 in laughter air expelled by starts ─ conversely in crying; attributes disturbed respiration to the nerves rising near sense-organs!

98 speaks as if shape of mouth same in laughing & crying.

99 smile is slight laugh – good.

[Expression, p. 210: "We thus see that no abrupt line of demarcation can be drawn between the movement of the features during the most violent laughter and a very faint smile.16

16 Dr. Piderit has come to the same conclusion, ibid. s. 99."]

101 grt laughter approaches pain ─ therefore brow contracted!!

102 action of depressor ale of nose only difference between crying & violent laughing

[Expression, p. 132: "Dr. Piderit6 lays great stress on the contraction of certain muscles which draw down the nose and narrow the nostrils, as eminently characteristic of a crying expression."]

103 in babies irritate eyes & surrounding muscle contract.

[Expression, p. 8: "If Dr. Piderit had studied Sir C. Bell's work, he would probably not have said (s. 101) that violent laughter causes a frown from partaking of the nature of pain; or that with infants (s. 103) the tears irritate the eyes, and thus excite the contraction of the surrounding muscles."]