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March 1867: Duchenne. Abstract

p. 3 Muscles of Sourcil — the lead obelical to iris ─ these are not [like] Palpebrarum eyelid.

p 6 Frontal muscle raises & curves eyebrows & raise upper eyelid. (when one look suddenly all round one, for the nerve raises eyebrows.) concentric lines on forehead: skin smooth between the 2 eyebrows, when both raised Pl. 8 Attention rising to surprise & admiration.

p. 10 Muscle of Reflexion — Orb. Palp, Sup. (portion of sphincter of eyelids.) ─ corrugates eyebrows & then makes Hair stick out obliquely ─ makes eyebrows straight & bring them down over eye' "& shades eyes" shorten forehead above ─ & makes vertical wrinkle between eyebrows Reflexion ─ "Easiest application of the mind" ─ It sourcilis Pl. 14 also acts & raises corner of eyebrow ─ "sombre thought."

p. 13 Pyramidal of nose = (descending slip of Bells-Frut-Occip.) "muscle of aggression," or Hardness not well characterised I think ─ Brings down inner corner of eyebrow & Hair between eyebrows & causes transverse furrow & is therefore opposed to  "Frontalis" "sourcilier" ─ Is distinct much attached at lower end to non-base & at upper in line of eyebrows ─ It acts feebly

The young man, who had so much power over muscles of eyebrows could not in the pyramidal. I suppose separately)

Sourcilier must be lines of occip in opposition to pymid

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Duchenne

p. 17 Monde de la Douleur. ─ Sourcilier ─ This muscle is antagonistic to the frontal, but only towards the outer end of eyebrow, for it draws down the outer end & act on this part (p. 20) conjointly with Orb. palp. sup. (Indirectly we again see Pl. 21. that the frontal is used to raise eyebrows when a person looks up. Also when trying to remember a person raises his eyebrows ─ good carrying on the notion of looking all around)

p. 17. strong light frequently (p. 23) causes spasmodic contraction of sourcilier; The raise corner of eyebrows swells when acted on by this muscle ─ (Old Greek statues from what ─ look of grief or suffering this contracted muscle gives.)

p 19. Sourcilier does not seem to be separate nerve from upper orbicular & palpebral. ─

p. 20 Sourcilier shown to be antagonistic to "pyramidal of nerve & to the Orb. Palp. sup for to raise corner of eyebrow. The San. wrinkles forehead transversely in middle & a little vertically close to end of eyebrow. p 22 considers this muscle [destral] to give expression. ─

My sole present theory is that pyramidal of nose not being obedient to will tends to contract as in lowering brow & crying & that sourcilier is led to act to keep up brow in intermediate state of mind. ─

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Duchenne

p. 25-27 Muscle of joy or benevolence ─ (better of Laughter) ─ ie grand zygomatic which is antagonistic to "triangular of lips." ie depressor anguli oris. Its action ─ draws the lines of lip towards the ear, ie backwards & a little upwards; it hence causes a fold in check or naso-labial furrow, ─ raised 7 swells skin on the "ponanelt" (ie ball or knob of cheek) & elevates a little the lower eyelid, & consequently wrinkles transversely a skin at ex… nerves of eyes or lower eyelids.

But when smiling is quite natural & complete the orb. palp inf: (whi he shows (p. 27) is distinct muscle from orb. palp. sup) contracts at same time & this makes a furrow in lower eyelid, above which furrow eyelid is swollen. + causes more transverse wrinkles at outer end of eyes.

Lays much importance on action of Orb.. palp. inferior: (⸮ surely short person raise this muscle?)

The orb. palp. inf. "egage c"oeil" ─ it contracts under feeling of benevolence. (In Laughter I believe orb. palp. sup & inf. contract; & it is not surprising that the palp. inf. shd contract when zygomatic acts, on it actions tends to raise by itself to lower eye-lid; & secondly according to Duchenne is not under will ─; but this wd apply to cessation of crying ─ the eversion with zygomatic muscle be cause. —

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p 25. Pl. 36 shows derision senile, for eyelids closed (ie I despise you so I will not look at you) & by action of triangular of lips contempt with disgust (ie I wish not look at you, I spit

you out of my mouth.)

p. 30 Transverse muscle of nose. (I think serves to close nostril) in Pl. 41. The eyelids partially closed & with that transverse of nose contracted, expresses contempt. (I will not look at you & you stink) & with corner of mouth a little drawn down, expresses contempt & discontent.

p. 34. Triangular of lips draws down not only angle of lips but exterior part of upper lip & nostrils. ─ Remarks that this muscle where strongly acting ─ shows disgust ([therefore] must act in vomiting) ─ when slightly acting with 1/2 closed eyelids shows contempt ─ expression of grief; contrived with sourcilier expression of pain & despair.

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Duchenne

p. 37. Muscles of crying ─ Little zygomatic & proper elevation of upper lip which p. 39 have nearly same action. ─ The L.Z. was thought by others to be muscle of laughter. It wrinkles the lower eyelid more than the great zyg. ─ The expression of crying freely or blubbering is always accompanied or require the contraction of the sphincters of eyelids; & I infer from Pl. 47 & from memory, that the eyebrows (or orbiculars) are likewise contracted. There is a close anat. connexion between (p. 38) little zygom. & muscular fibres of Orbicular, so that former sometimes cannot be excited without the latter. ─ owing to number of attachment of fibres to lips when thick fleshy, these are erected during bad crying, as seen in children.

p. 39 He has never seen tears flow from moral causes without contracted of little zyg. ─ with infants, tears animal therefore by action of little zig, & free crying with contraction of sphincter of eyelids.

The expression of [delirium] crying is given by conjoint action of Sourcilier in Pl. 49. very good; or rather give look of close appront to crying ─

p 40 case of man after slight apoplexy, who at slight of friend, first smiled by grt zyg, & then little zyg acted & then tears came into eyes.

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Duchenne

p. 41. Muscle of surprise ─ action of Frontal & opening of mouth, but to give natural expression these must be coordinated in degree. There is a deep proper muscle for opening lower-jaw. ─ according to action of foregoing muscles surprise passes into stupefied astonishment well represented in Pl. 57. (N.B Hearing & sight so [accoriated] that anyone listening at key-hole always looks through attentively.)

p. 43 Peaucier of neck ─ Muscle of Fear; but the action of this muscle does not give expression by itself: The Frontal muscles of eyebrows must act with it, be opened. ─ & mouth

The Peaucier has little power of opening lower jaw, but draws the angles of mouth backwards & downwards draws down skin over which side of lower part of face & wrinkles skin of neck. The shape of mouth is certainly different from the nerve opening of astonishment. This is, because, only a shade of difference between expression of stupefied astonishment & fright. ─

Pl. 61. very good of fright. ─ Pl. 63 is good as

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Fear-cont:

showing that it is natural under fear to raise from habit the eyebrows, though looking downwards I can only understand the force of Peaucier by supposing that it draws the mouth with finger force for securing, & contrary to Photograph give this appearance. ─ Duchenne accounts for actions by spasmodic contraction of muscle of skin. ie frontals & Peaucier, on same principle that hairs on quadrupeds become "lerifu". but this, Kölliker, is due * to separate involuntary number of Hairs.

Pl. 64 very good, clear Peaucier acts with open mouth & with sourcilier, expression of agonized fear & pain; amounting to torture ─

The photographs looks as if man was going to scream. ─ Gradation to be used, surprise, astonishment, fear, dread, equating to agony & torture. ─

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Dogs when going to fight & many animals make themselves look big & fierce by erecting Hair ─ A Hen does & so does a Cock his [illeg] -

Duchenne, Guillaume Benjamin. 1862. Mécanisme de la physionomie humaine, ou analyse électrophysiologique de l'expression des passions. 1 vol. and Atlas. Paris: Ve Jules Renouard, Libraire, vol. 1, pp. 29–47, 152–174 [Darwin Pamphlet Collection 1952]. [signed] [Early CUL catalogue records: Expression Album (+ Anthropological Photographs) (Plates were at Down)] outsize CUL-DAR.LIB.160 PDF Album PDF