(1

Bell

was this noticed by Moreau.

(Old)

p 82 Expression not due to direct action of mind on Features

p 84 The organs of respiration develop to [illeg] 85 ─ The office of the heart is to receive influence from the mind & reflect it.

85 In animals cry expression is referrable to some voluntary or needful action. ─

86 Organs of Breathing, from position with Heart, is the instrument of Expression ─ the play of the instrument preceding to emotion!

88 Description of fear ─ Breathing eyes open ─ turned from side to side ─ this is direct action. Heart knocking at ribs.

─ In exertion grief neck & throat convulsed.

89 man may command his features ─ but not his colour & Breathing & voice.

90 on connexion of Heart & Breathing ─ But he never give slightest explanation why the passion affect heart & Breathing

91 Respiratory muscles most complex ─ nostrils.

92 ─ says that expression is the special office of these muscles.

95 Rage correlated movements of

95. Blushing not due to Heart action ─ "Primitive for Expression"

96 Negros redden with passion as shown by cicatrix of words.

98. some muscle "purely instrumental in expression."

98 Forehead & eyebrow to Tablet of the countenance

(good quotation from Pliny.)

99 The outer part of Orb. palp. is antagonistic to occcip. front. [occipito frontalis] & draws down eyebrows.

100 Descending slip. of Frontal – draws down near extremity of eyebrow

100 Corrugator supercilii ─ attached to lowest point of frontal bone & running obliquely upwards is inserted under the eyebrow & the two together knit the eyebrow. ─ This must be different from Duchenne "Sourcilier." ─

[1v]

& p. 249

bears on Surprise

137 actor uncovering canine teeth

 

(2

Bell

p. 102 Eye naturally rolls-upwards ─ so under strong emotions

p. 105 106} admirable explanation of the contraction of Orb Palp. to protect eye, from pressure from retarded blood in its descent from the head, when air is violently expelled. Proved in Babies.

106 Drunkard elevates eyebrows to counteract the drooping eyelids.

107. (man in passion distended wings of nostrils.

108 movement of nostrils in sympathy with respiration

109 Muscles of mouth.

110 Buccinator & two zygomatic in snarling muscle. ─ I doubt, because great zygonmatic is smiling muscle. ─

111. Triangularis oris & Levator menti (latter called superbus) give expression peculiar to man. Henle says other [illeg]

p. 121. My theory of expression apparently has been given by some one. & Bell thought true for animals, but not for man, who has special muscles for expression. (do p 131)

p. 122 expression for Rage in Bull Head [dgroped] – nostril ─ carnivore & Horse

p. 131 Snarling muscles ─ 136 Corks actor used this

133 Brightness of eye from sharing muscle on Ball

137 Corrugator supercilii The most remarkable muscle of Human face

[insertion:] (The 2 foci of expression)

─ Triangularis oris also peculiar to man. (p. 138) says it expresses contempt, hatred jealousy ─!!! not Depression!!! p. 139 admitted

138 specifies various muscles not found in any animal says animal express only rage & fear. Dog & Cat !!!!!

(3

Bell

p. 138. (Bell, author of [2 words illeg] was so urgent to make man as different as possible from the Brute, that he says that animals chiefly express rage & fear ─ Horses [illeg].

139 Fear & agony ─ p. 139 Corrugator peculiar to Human expression

140 Smiling more effect of relaxation than action of cry muscle!!

─ Dogs slight eversion of lips.

─ Horizontal drawing of the lips just disclosing teeth betray bitter passions.

─ alludes to upwards direction of extremity of eyebrow (no muscle mentioned) expression of discontent & depression of sphincter, in unison with the triangularis oris.

147. Laughter ─ Lachrymal gland compressed & eyes stiffened with tears. ─ draws full breath & expels in interrupted cachinnation ─ diaphragm specially convulsed.

149. muscles acted on in Crying – "design"

─ Lachrymal glands first affected [face], then eyelids, & then muscles of cheek, [illeg]

─ Inspiration hurried & expiration slow ─ face flushed or suffered with stagnating blood ─ veins on forehead distended.

150 ─ with crying (or weeping) Triangularis oris gives air of despondence aided by corrugator gives air of mental energy & pain ─ if frontalis muscle (so he knows not sourcilier) acts on iris corner of eyebrows; expression of anguish or discontent added. ─ elevated shoulders from sobbing. ­─

151. General relaxation from extreme grief ─ after excitement is over triangularis acts & sourcilier acts─

[3v]

Tylor p 115 shaking Hands [crossed]

Spitting of Ent often [crossed]

not quoted ought to be

(4

Bell

p. 152 muscles which affect inner angle of eyebrow & corner of mouth, most expressive of all, & I think very little under will, anyhow separately. ─

154. Pain & associated emotion cause energetic action.

158 Bodily pain jaws fixed-teeth grind ─ lips drawn laterally partly by platysma

[insertion:] not bad

nostril dilated ─ Platysma acts – if man cries out lips retracted & mouth opens. ─ muscle of body rigid ─only if mental pain added eyebrows knit. (This if true is vy odd)

In pain powerful & voluntary exertions (it goes beyond weeping) to relieve pains. ─

p. 163 Fear, breath drawn in & respiration suspended (to be quick & hear) body fixed & motionless

164. Fear relaxes every muscle, exact counterpart of pain.

165 A dog will yelp who fears the lash ─ Description of fear in man. ─ 166 (shoulder raised powerless) cold sweat the scream of fear is heard & mouth in drawing appears drawn by platysma ─ 167 description of extreme fear

167 Spencer description of fear

171 Admiration ─ astonishment with slight smile

172 In all exhibiting emotions, eyebrows, eyelids, nostrils & angle of mouth a little raised & eyes sparkle ─ antithesis

(Q) [refers to p. 3v]

174 Suspicion, expression of ─ good Spencer

177 Rage do do 178 much varied.

(5

Bell

Sir J. Reynold

p. 189. The powerful passions influence the same class of nerves wh. are affected in highly excited breathing ─ as movement of nostrils ─ tremor of lips, convulsion of neck & chest

190 when tiger struck every muscle strained, prepared for action ─ the chest is kept distended by quick respiration & close expiration ─ cause as support for muscles (Have expanded chest indignant man.) ⸮ Hence even in death struggle are silent ─ when one screams he gives up the struggle ─ The first sound in fear is that of inspiration.

p 193 when chest is depressed to vociferates ─ the muscles thereon attached became relaxed.

198 Expression ought to be studied in infants (Quoted)

211. a distinct system of nerves, the office of which is to influence the muscles of respiration, speech & expiration. (I shd say the latter as indirect consequence.)

p 248 ─ sympathy of heart & lungs

249 When man coughs violently or choke, face gorged with blood, proof of retrograde movement of blood in large veins of neck. ─

[5v]

p. 146 good for woodcut Laughter

155 crying baby not vy good

165 capital of fear

Theile for orbicular muscle

April 23 1871. Introduction Bell

p. 86 The organs of breathing … associated with heart is the instrument of Expression &c.

p 98 muscles purely instrument for expression.

p. 120 it is clear that some one preceded H. Spencer.

p 219 Sir C. Bell speaks of first clenched in passion V