[131]

Robinia. spe.

Oct 8th

8° 40'— Bristle fixed facing light along extremity of petiole & across along terminal leaflet

9° fallen a bit

Plants & leaves too old??

9° 27' first start

10° 5 same spot

10. 24' a little down

10 45 a trifle up

11° 12 falling a little day bright??

11° 50' a little down

12. 17' a little up

1° up — very short down

1° 30' almost same position

2° 10 up & down continually but too close to mark

3° 2° 45 new dot

3° 30 has now risen a little

4 another little 1/2 circle

4° 40 I believe completed little circle

Younger leaf

Upper mark — Bristle fixed to part first or distal lateral leaflet along midrib

10° 27'

10. 45' almost same spot, a little to left & up

11 12 falling a little day brighter

11° 50' a little down

12° 17 do

1°. still down

1' 30 still down

2° 10 down a very little

3° new dot

3° 30 down & to the right

4° 3 a little up & to right

4° 40 to the right

5° 5 a little up

(Used)

59 69

Chap. 8

considered treated at much greater considerable length. It should be borne in mind that for reasons already assigned, I intend to give only a few illustrative instances of the innumerable structures by the aid of which the male finds the female, or when found holds her. On the other hand all structures and instincts by which the males conquer other males, and allure or excite the females, will be fully discussed, as these are in many ways the most interesting.

Appendix on the proportional numbers of the two sexes in animals belonging to various Classes.—

As no one, as far as I can discover, has paid any attention to the relative numbers of the two sexes throughout the animal kingdom, I will here give such materials, although they are extremely imperfect, as I have been able to collect. They consist in only a few instances of actual enumeration, and the numbers are not large. As the proportions are known with certainty in the case of man, I will first give them, as a standard of comparison.

Man.— In England during ten years (from 1857 to 1866) 707,120 children have been on an average annually

[Descent 1: 300: "The lowest classes will detain us for a very short time, but the higher animals, especially birds, must be treated at considerable length. It should be borne in mind that for reasons already assigned, I intend to give only a few illustrative instances of the innumerable structures by the aid of which the male finds the female, or, when found, holds her. On the other hand, all structures and instincts by which the male conquers other males, and by which he allures or excites the female, will be fully discussed, as these are in many ways the most interesting.
Supplement on the proportional numbers of the two sexes in animals belonging to various classes.
As no one, as far as I can discover, has paid attention to the relative numbers of the two sexes throughout the animal kingdom, I will here give such materials as I have been able to collect, although they are extremely imperfect. They consist in only a few instances of actual enumeration, and the numbers are not very large. As the proportions are known with certainty on a large scale in the case of man alone, I will first give them, as a standard of comparison.
Man.—In England during ten years (from 1857 to 1866) 707,120 children on an annual average have been born alive, in the proportion of 104·5 males to 100 females."]

[132]

Oct 9th 1877 Robinia — Bristle to ultimate leaflet facing light— but viewed rather obliquely.

8° 14' firs dot

8' 38 — down & to right.

9° 6 rising

9 25' a little up

9 47 a trifle higher

10. 15' down

10 43' down & to right

11 18' a trifle to left & a shade down.

11 46 a little down & little to right

12° 5 falling

12 42' do

1. 7' down

1. 35 down

1. 58' an atom to the right

2. 35 down

3° 6 a little down

3. 30' down

4. 3 far down

4° 40 a good way down

5 5 down & to the right

5. 28' down do.— — beginning to go to sleep.

6. 15 asleep no dot

Oct 10 6° 45' awake, but pointing to left of glass

7° 15 a +

8° 5 to right & a little down

(oldish leaf terminal leaflet did not hang down Vertically)

(Used)

(58E 68

Chapt 8

(as variations which give to the male an advantage in fighting with other males, or which give to him an advantage in finding a holding securing or charming the female, would not be of the least of no use to the female hardly, they will not be selected either during youth or maturity where accordingly in this sex. Consequently they would such variations will be extremely very liable to be lost; & the female, as far as such character these are concerned, will be left unmodified, excepting in so far as they may she may be transmitted to her receive them by inheritance from the male.

No doubt if the female varied & transmitted serviceable serviceable character to her male offspring, these would be preserved favoured through sexual selection; & then both sexes would thus far be be equal together modified in the same manner. But I shall have hereafter to recur in the later chapter to those more more instinct contingencies.

[slip of paper pasted on:]

(one line open)

In the following Chapters, I shall treat of the secondary sexual characters which occur in animals of almost all classes, and shall endeavour to apply to them each in case the principles explained in the present chapter. The lowest classes will detain us for a very brief space, but the higher, especially birds, must be

[Descent 1: 299-300: "As variations which give to the male an advantage in fighting with other males, or in finding, securing, or charming the female, would be of no use to the female, they will not have been preserved in this sex either during youth or maturity. Consequently such variations would be extremely liable to be lost; and the female, as far as these characters are concerned, would be left unmodified, excepting in so far as she may have received them by transference from the male. No doubt if the female varied and transferred serviceable characters to her male offspring, these would be favoured through sexual selection; and then both sexes would thus far be modified in the same manner. But I shall hereafter have to recur to these more intricate contingencies.
In the following chapters, I shall treat of the secondary sexual characters in animals of all classes, and shall endeavour in each case to apply the principles explained in the present chapter. The lowest classes will detain us for a very short time, but the higher animals, especially birds, must be treated at considerable length. It should be borne in mind that for reasons already assigned, I intend to give only a few illustrative instances of the innumerable structures by the aid of which the male finds the female, or, when found, holds her. On the other hand, all structures and instincts by which the male conquers other males, and by which he allures or excites the female, will be fully discussed, as these are in many ways the most interesting."]

[133]

Oct 10 Robinia — (all in same position as yesterday) must have gone up in early morning

8° 6'

8° 30' down & to the right

8. 45 down & to right (moving very quickly)

9°- a little to left

9° 16vertically

9 30' a little to left

9° 45 vertically down parallel to up line

10 5 down

10 27' down

10 55 down & to left

11 23 a trace down & to left

12 — considerably down

12 — 42 — far down

1° 5' down

1. 30 down

2. 5. far down } — dull afternoon

2 54' far to left (after shaking plant accidentally)

3. 30  

4° far down

4° 30' out of glass

(Used)

(64A 76

(Ch. 8)

With respect to Cheviot & Black-faced sheep bred in Scotland, I have received returns from six breeders, two of them on a large scale, chiefly from the years 1867-1869, but some of the returned extending back to 1862. The total number recorded amounts to 50,685, consisting of 25,071 males & 25,614 females, or in in the proportion of 97.9 males to 100 females. If we take the Lowland & Highland returns together the total number amount to 59,650, consisting of 29,478 males & 30,172 females, or as 97.7 to 100.— So that with sheep at the age of castration the females are certainly in excess of the males; but whether this would hold good at birth is doubtful owing to the greater liability in the males too early death.*(1.3) 41

[slip of paper pasted on:]

Of Cattle I have received returns from nine gentlemen of only 574 982 births, much too few to be trusted; these consisted of 280 477 bull-calves and 294 505 cow-calves; i.e. in the proportion of 94.4 males as 95.2 to 100 females. The Rev. W. D. Fox informs me that in 1867 out of 34 calves born on a farm in Derbyshire only one was a bull. Mr. Harrison Weir writes to me that he has enquired from several breeders of Pigs, and most of them

[Descent 1: 304-5: "With respect to Cheviot and black-faced sheep bred in Scotland, I have received returns from six breeders, two of them on a large scale, chiefly for the years 1867-1869, but some of the returns extending back to 1862. The total number recorded amounts to 50,685, consisting of 25,071 males and 25,614 females, or in the proportion of 97·9 males to 100 females. If we take the English and Scotch returns together, the total number amounts to 59,650, consisting of 29,478 males and 30,172 females, or as 97·7 to 100. So that with sheep at the age of castration the females are certainly in excess of the males; but whether this would hold good at birth is doubtful, owing to the greater liability in the males to early death.41
Of Cattle I have received returns from nine gentlemen of 982 births, too few to be trusted; these consisted of 477 bull-calves and 505 cow-calves; i.e. in the proportion of 94·4 males to 100 females. The Rev. W. D. Fox informs me that in 1867 out of 34 calves born on a farm in Derbyshire only one was a bull. Mr. Harrison Weir writes to me that he has enquired from several breeders of Pigs, and most of them estimate the male to the female births as about 7 to 6."]