(1

Lupinus speciosus.

one of longer leaflets with Bristle & mark behind

8° 18' 1st dot -- sky pretty clear

8 43' vertically down a little — sky clear

9.5 sunk vertically down out of glass— changed mark

9.8' new dot — sky clear

9.32' down & little to right

10.12 tremendously up — new dot

10.16' new dot — say 10°15

10.30' rising— sky equally Bright

10 50 — down & to left

11.7 down

11.35 far down vertically — a few clouds

12° 2 up vertically

12.20' High up.

12. 44 — still higher 4 time up & 3 time do

1° 3 down.

1 21 — do.

1.45 far down

2° 22 greatly up & to right

2. 45' up. (in under 7° Hrs)

3° 2  a little up

3 30' far down

3. 55' still down.

(glass the glass paper mark 13 3/8 inches

—to tip of Bristle to paper mark 2 inches — obliquely to line going)

4° 26 up & to dot on old line & close to old dot

4.52 up & close to right hand line with X

Measure distance

4.54 new dot, same place as last — Slided glass

say 4° 55

Used

(58D 67

Chapt. 8

Counterbalance some degree of danger or loss thus incurred.

(We can then now understand how it is that characters variations which must originally have appeared later in life, & which consequently for they are not seen present in the young, have been chiefly preserved or selected in the adult males, whilst under the [illeg] he was slowly acquiring his the process of developing the [illeg] under the various secondary the development of secondary sexual characters; & thus the frequent & remarkable coincidence as far as it holds good between the periods of variations & of the of sexual selection is intelligible. From the two principles of inheritance at corresponding ages & of late variations did occur late in life being often transmitted only to one & the same sex, the more successful males will generally have transmitted their newly acquired characters to their adult male offspring alone. Should either or both of these principles fail in a greater or less degree, more or less completely fail, in a greater or less degree the young or the females, or both, will [illeg] more or less closely of the characters proper to the adult male; & cases of this kind, as before remarked are of frequent occurrence under nature.)

[Expression, p. 299: "Thus we can understand how it is that variations which must originally have appeared rather late in life have alone or in chief part been preserved for the development of secondary sexual characters; and the remarkable coincidence between the periods of variability and of sexual selection is intelligible.

As variations which give to the male an advantage in fighting with other males, or in finding, securing, or charming the female, would be of no use to the female, they will not have been preserved in this sex either during youth or maturity. Consequently such variations would be extremely liable to be lost; and the female, as far as these characters are concerned, would be left unmodified, excepting in so far as she may have received them by transference from the male. No doubt if the female varied and transferred serviceable characters to her male offspring, these would be favoured through sexual selection; and then both sexes would thus far be modified in the same manner. But I shall hereafter have to recur to these more intricate contingencies."]

(2

Lupinus speciosus

5.16. down.

5.50 greatly down.

6.30 up much

7° 12 up a little & to left.

7' 57' down on left side of previous lines.

8. 52' far down

9° 30 straight up

10 up & to left

10. 20' a little down

10. 45'  down.

4 lines down & 4 time up

in under 7 [+] 7 [=] 14 hrs

12th 7° 10' a cross

— 7° 50' rising

8 times up

7 times down

in 12 1/2 hrs

Used

(58B 65

Chapt 8

fertile nor the reverse, & assume that after arriving at maturity they breed during live for five [illeg] years, producing producing each time year five young. They will thus would thus produce altogether twenty-five young offspring; & it would not be, I think, be an unfair estimate to assume that 20 out of 24 twenty of the inexperienced young would perish, whilst young & inexperienced before arriving at maturity; the remaining five sufficing to keep up the stock of mature individuals. Here a If so, we can see that in any variations which occurred during growth, for instance in brightness, colours & which were not of the least service to the young, would run a good chance of being utterly lost. Whilst similar variations, which might occur at a near maturity in the occurring in the five already almost or quite mature individuals, comparatively few individuals surviving to this age, & which immediately gave a great advantage to the males by rendering them more attractive to the females, would be likely to be preserved. No doubt some of the [illeg] variations in brightness which occurred at an earlier age would would be by chance be preserved,

[Descent, pp. 298-9: "We will take a pair of animals, neither very fertile nor the reverse, and assume that after arriving at maturity they live on an average for five years, producing each year five young. They would thus produce 25 offspring; and it would not, I think, be an unfair estimate to assume that 18 or 20 out of the 25 would perish before maturity, whilst still young and inexperienced; the remaining seven or five sufficing to keep up the stock of mature individuals. If so, we can see that variations which occurred during youth, for instance in brightness, and which were not of the least service to the young, would run a good chance of being utterly lost. Whilst similar variations, which occurring at or near maturity in the comparatively few individuals surviving to this age, and which immediately gave an advantage to certain males, by rendering them more attractive to the females, would be likely to be preserved. No doubt some of the variations in brightness which occurred at an earlier age would by chance be preserved, and eventually give to the male the same advantage as those which appeared later; and this will account for the young males commonly partaking to a certain extent (as may be observed with many birds) of the bright colours of their adult male parents."]

[88]

Lupinus speciosus

Oct 13 Petiole secured close beneath light Horizontal glass

(Used)

 

64 75

 

Chap 8

from several great breeders of of dogs, and finds that all without exception believe the females are produced in excess; he suggests that this belief may arise from females being less valued and the disappointment thus caused producing a stronger impression on the mind.

[slip paper pasted on:]

Sheep.  — The sexes of sheep are not ascertained by agriculturalist until several months [illeg] after birth, at the period when the males are castrated; so that the following returns do not give the proportion at birth. Moreover I find that several great breeders in Scotland, who annually raise some thousand sheep, are firmly convinced that the males a larger proportion of male than of females die during the first one or two years of life; therefore the proportion of males would be somewhat greater at birth than at the age of castration. This is a remarkable coincidence with what occurs, as we have seen, with mankind; & both probably depend on some common

[slip of paper pasted on:] cause. Sheep I have received returns from four gentlemen in Europe who have bred low-land sheep, chiefly Leicesters, during periods from the last ten or sixteen years; and they amount altogether to 8965 births. consisting of 4407 males and 4558 females: that is in the proportion of 96. .7 males to 100 females. Whether

[Expression, p. 304: "Sheep.—The sexes of sheep are not ascertained by agriculturists until several months after birth, at the period when the males are castrated; so that the following returns do not give the proportions at birth. Moreover, I find that several great breeders in Scotland, who annually raise some thousand sheep, are firmly convinced that a larger proportion of males than of females die during the first one or two years; therefore the proportion of males would be somewhat greater at birth than at the age of castration. This is a remarkable coincidence with what occurs, as we have seen, with mankind, and both cases probably depend on some common cause. I have received returns from four gentlemen in England who have bred low-land sheep, chiefly Leicesters, during the last ten or sixteen years; they amount altogether to 8965 births, consisting of 4407 males and 4558 females; that is in the proportion of 96·7 males to 100 females. With respect to Cheviot and black-faced sheep bred in Scotland, I have received returns from six breeders, two of them on a large scale, chiefly for the years 1867-1869, but some of the returns extending back to 1862. The total number recorded amounts to 50,685, consisting of 25,071 males and 25,614 females, or in the proportion of 97·9 males to 100 females."]

[89]

Oct 14

Lupinus speciosus

69 81

Chap. 8

that Mr. Powys found in Corfu and Epirus the sexes of the chaffinch keeping apart, and "the females by far the most numerous;" whilst in Palestine Mr. Tristram found "the male flocks appearing greatly to exceed the female in number." *(N) 49 So again with the Quiscalus major, Mr. G. C. Taylor* (O) 50 49 says that in Florida there were "very few females in proportion to the males," whilst in Honduras the proportion was the other way, the species there having the character of being a polygamist.

Fish.

With Fish the proportional numbers of the sexes can be ascertained only by catching them in the adult or nearly adult state; and there are many difficulties in arriving at an true just conclusion*(OO) 51. Infertile females might readily be mistaken for males, as Dr. Günther has remarked to me in regards to trout. With some species the males are believed to die soon after fertilising the ova. With many species the males are of much smaller size than the females, so that a large number of males would escape from the same net by which females were secured caught.

Mr. Carbonnier,*(P) 52, who has specially attended to the natural history of the pike (Esox Cucius) states that many

[Descent, pp. 307-8: "As bearing on this latter point, I may add, that Mr. Powys found in Corfu and Epirus the sexes of the chaffinch keeping apart, and "the females by far the most numerous;" whilst in Palestine Mr. Tristram found "the male flocks appearing greatly to exceed the female in number."49 So again with the Quiscalus major, Mr. G. Taylor50 says, that in Florida there were "very few females in proportion to the males," whilst in Honduras the proportion was the other way, the species there having the character of a polygamist.

FISH.

With Fish the proportional numbers of the sexes can be ascertained only by catching them in the adult or nearly adult state; and there

47 Mr. Jenner Weir received similar information, on making enquiries during the following year. To shew the number of chaffinches caught, I may mention that in 1869 there was a match between two experts; and one man caught in a day 62, and another 40, male chaffinches. The greatest number ever caught by one man in a single day was 70.

48 'Ibis,' vol. ii. p. 260, as quoted in Gould's 'Trochilidæ,' 1861, p. 52. For the foregoing proportions, I am indebted to Mr. Salvin for a table of his results.

49 'Ibis,' 1860, p. 137; and 1867, p. 369.

50 'Ibis,' 1862, p. 137.

are many difficulties in arriving at any just conclusion.51 Infertile females might readily be mistaken for males, as Dr. Günther has remarked to me in regard to trout. With some species the males are believed to die soon after fertilising the ova. With many species the males are of much smaller size than the females, so that a large number of males would escape from the same net by which the females were caught. M. Carbonnier,52 who has especially attended to the natural history of the pike (Esox lucius) states that many males, owing to their small size, are devoured by the larger females; and he believes that the males of almost all fish are exposed from the same cause to greater danger than the females."]