[37]

Oats. tip of first leaf

Oct 15th

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[37v]

54 59

[text excised] sference to both sexes; for

[text excised] natural species are either black

[text excised] very quite differently coloured.

[text excised] sub-breeds of the fowl, in

[text excised] versely striped with a dark tint, both sexes

[text excised] ly coloured in nearly the same manner. as it is, I be=

[text excised] al Bantam is the same in both sexes, & the feathers in which the

[text excised] a near approach to lacing.

[text excised] Hamburghs, however, offer

[text excised] rule, for the two sexes, though

[text excised] h, other much more closely

[text excised] inal parent-species, yet they

[text excised] character plumage late in life, for the

[text excised] rning to other characters besides

[text excised] largely developed at a

[text excised] the young of the Spanish

[text excised] unusual size in the

[text excised] that the female in this

[text excised] contract with the parent-species

[text excised] hibit at an extremely

[text excised] pugnacity, of which curious

[Descent 1: 294-5: "We have instances of this fact in all black and white breeds, in which the young and old of both sexes are alike; nor can it be maintained that there is something peculiar in a black or white plumage, leading to its transference to both sexes; for the males alone of many natural species are either black or white, the females being very differently coloured. With the so-called Cuckoo sub-breeds of the fowl, in which the feathers are transversely pencilled with dark stripes, both sexes and the chickens are coloured in nearly the same manner. The laced plumage of the Sebright bantam is the same in both sexes, and in the chickens the feathers are tipped with black, which makes a near approach to lacing. Spangled Hamburghs, however, offer a partial exception, for the two sexes, though not quite alike, resemble each other more closely than do the sexes of the aboriginal parent-species, yet they acquire their characteristic plumage late in life, for the chickens are distinctly pencilled. Turning to other characters besides colour: the males alone of the wild parent-species and of most domestic breeds possess a fairly well developed comb, but in the young of the Spanish fowl it is largely developed at a very early age, and apparently in consequence of this it is of unusual size in the adult females. In the Game breeds pugnacity is developed at a wonderfully early age, of which curious proofs could be given; and this character is transmitted to both sexes, so that the hens, from their extreme pugnacity, are now generally exhibited in separate pens."]

[38]

Oct 16

Oat

Horizontal glass

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[38v]

Chap. 8

males, owing to their na [text excised]

by the larger females; and he [text excised]

most all fish from the [text excised]

greater danger than the [text excised]

cases in which the prop [text excised]

have been actually observed, the m [text excised]

cess. Thus Mr. R. Buist [text excised]

outfield experiments, say [text excised]

mon fist lauded for the [text excised]

of 60 were males, In [text excised]

"the vast disproportion of [text excised]

sufficient females for obtaining the ova were proc [text excised]

"proportion of the males, they [text excised]

remarks in regard to pre [text excised]

"is a curious fact that the [text excised]

"in number over the female [text excised]

"when the first rush of fish [text excised]

"be at least seven or eight [words excised]

"tive. I cannot quite q a [words excised]

"are more numerous than [words excised]

[Descent 1: 308: "M. Carbonnier,52 who has especially attended to the natural history of the pike (Esox lucius) states that many males, owing to their small size, are devoured by the larger females; and he believes that the males of almost all fish are exposed from the same cause to greater danger than the females. Nevertheless in the few cases in which the proportional numbers have been actually observed, the males appear to be largely in excess. Thus Mr. R. Buist, the superintendent of the Stormontfield experiments, says that in 1865, out of 70 salmon first landed for the purpose of obtaining the ova, upwards of 60 were males. In 1867 he again "calls attention to the vast disproportion of the males to the females. We had at the outset at least ten males to one female." Afterwards sufficient females for obtaining ova were procured. He adds, "from the great proportion of the males, they are constantly fighting and tearing each other on the spawning-beds."53 This disproportion, no doubt, can be accounted for in part, but whether wholly is very doubtful, by the males ascending the rivers before the females. Mr. F. Buckland remarks in regard to trout, that "it is a curious fact that the males preponderate very largely in number over the females. It invariably happens that when the first rush of fish is made to the net, there will be at least seven or eight males to one female found captive. I cannot quite account for this; either the males are more numerous than the females, or the latter seek safety by concealment rather than flight."
51 Leuckart quotes Bloch (Wagner, 'Handwörterbuch der Phys.' B. iv. 1853, s. 775), that with fish there are twice as many males as females.
52 Quoted in the 'Farmer,' March 18, 1869, p. 369."]