(1

Breeding is the art of raising different kinds of animals for the use or pleasure of man; & the same term may be extended to the race of plant. The number of kinds of the same sp. of animals & plants which have existed & now exist is prodigious.

(Examples) They differ also greatly, as is familiar to everyone, in extant appearance & in every constitutive character, but this proof we shall return. The vast number of breeds are confined to civilised & some civilised nations of man, with savages there is rarely more than one kind, but they differ in each separate country.

Civilised Man has succeeded in his work of breeding, mainly taking 3 gr. principles granted him, namely (fertility) the variability of all organic beings — (2d) the inheritance of new acquired character (3d) selection,

(206

Ch. XII

Fragments of flies were placed on two leaves near their tips; of two leaves, & these [illeg] next morning after 15 h, the tips were bent completely over them.

I also placed a fly in the middle of the leaf; & in a few hours the tentacles on each side enclosed it. After an interval of 8h the whole leaf was a little bent transversely in a transverse line directly under the fly; & next morning, after 23h, the tip apex of the leaf was curled so completely over that it rested on the upper end of the footstalk, when it joined to first of the leaf. In no case did I find that the two sides lateral two sides margins did the sides of the leaf leaves become inflected. A smashed fly was placed on the foliaceous footstalk, of a leaf, but produced no effect.)

Drosera spathulata, (sent to me from by Dr Hooker) I made only a few observations on this Australian species, which has long, narrow leaves gradually widening towards their tips.

The glands of the extreme marginal tentacles differ from the others & are more elongated instead of being oval. As in D. rotundifolia, I put a fly on one a leaf, & it was enhanced by the adjoining tentacles in 18h. I then placed dropped

[Insectivorous plants, p. 280: "Fragments of flies were placed on two leaves near their tips, which became incurved in 15 hrs. A fly was also placed in the middle of the leaf; in a few hours the tentacles on each side embraced it, and in 8 hrs. the whole leaf directly beneath the fly was a little bent transversely. By the next morning, after 23 hrs., the leaf was curled so completely over that the apex rested on the upper end of the footstalk. In no case did the sides of the leaves become inflected. A crushed fly was placed on the foliaceous footstalk, but produced no effect.
Drosera spathulata (sent to me by Dr. Hooker).—I made only a few observations on this Australian species, which has long, narrow leaves, gradually widening towards their tips. The glands of the extreme marginal tentacles are elongated and differ from the others, as in the case of Drosera rotundifolia. A fly was placed on a leaf, and in 18 hrs. it was embraced by the adjoining tentacles."]

(2

methodical or intentional & unconscious.─

Variability.

We are vy ignorant of causes —

Every sheep or dog — every bulb of Hyacinth case recognised — no doubt largely depends on being the product of 2 different paren parents & in reappearance of ancestral characters in all kinds of degree. But this will not account for appearance of new characters & of the cause of we thus very ignorant of cause.— Conditions, direct effect of case of maize & we may infer from what we see in state of nature.

Birds in n. and s. of N. States.

Generally effect. (as best known from flowers lately introduced,) is that the plant remains

constant for several generations & then breaks or becomes variable in all sorts of ways. Yet not indefinitely as pigeon does not assume colour of fowls or vice versa.

[in margin:] Different in degree in different organisms

Variation may reappear at any age, from [illeg] period, except perhaps when quite old.

(207

Ch XII

Some [Loose] green-water was dropped in some several leaves, but this without producing no any produced no effect & I then placed but when a a fragment of a leaf was inwards in a few days of a solution of blue grain of the one part of carbonate of ammonia to to an ounce of 146 of water, & the glands were all instantly blackened, & a Clouds of aggregating matter protoplasm could be seen rapidly travelling over down to cells of the tentacle, & then clouds soon formed united into spheres & variously shaped shaped masses of protoplasm, which displayed the usual Kinds [illeg] of movements; a the everything happened as in D. rotunfolia.

I then put a half-minim drop of a solution of three grains of one part of nitrate of ammonia to the [illeg] on a 146 of water on the centre of a leaf: after 6h some marginal tentacles on both sides were inflected, & after 9h those are the they met in the centre. The lateral edges margins of the leaf also became inflected incurved, so that its section for formed forming a a half-cylinder; & there was the sole movement to lamina of the leaf which I observed. but the apex of the leaf in none of my few trials was inflected.

The above [illeg] dose of the nitrite was too powerful, for in 23h in the course of 23h the leaf was Killed.)

[Insectivorous plants, pp. 280-1: "A fragment of a leaf was immersed in a few drops of a solution of one part of carbonate of ammonia to 146 of water; all the glands were instantly blackened; the process of aggregation could be seen travelling rapidly down the cells of the tentacles; and the granules of protoplasm soon united into spheres and variously shaped masses, which displayed the usual movements. Half a minim of a solution of one part of nitrate of ammonia to 146 of water was next placed on the centre of a leaf; after 6 hrs. some marginal tentacles on both sides were inflected, and after 9 hrs. they met in the centre. The lateral edges of the leaf also became incurved, so that it formed a half-cylinder; but the apex of the leaf in none of my few trials was inflected. The above dose of the nitrate (viz. 1/320 of a grain, or .202 mg.) was too powerful, for in the course of 23 hrs. the leaf died."]

(3

That variability is caused by changed & unnatural or new conditions is [rendered] probably by

all or nearly all domestic productions being varied & generally more than organisms in a state of nature.

Bird-variation vy rare under nature, not uncommon with long & highly cultivated plants.

But at present we can only say that the vital process are somehow affected by changed conditions & the development of all parts somewhat modified.

Perhaps the sterility from confinement ─ good evidence how susceptible organism to changed conditions.

Inheritance – simplest case propagation by buds by grafting ─ Every old character obviously inherited & the ease with which new characters are inherited is shown by vast number of races

The wonder is perhaps when any character fails to be inherited

Laws of ─ corresponding ages ─ shown by diseases ─ in Fowls, which differ in the down, young & mature plumage from

[in margin:] Proportion of Transmission very important.

(209

Ch XII

an interval of 18h. I placed atoms of glass, cork, cinders, thread & gold-leaf were placed on numerous glands on two leaves: in about 1h. four tentacle became curved & four others an additional sp. interval of 2h 30m, four other tentacles likewise became incurved. I I never once succeeded in causing any movement by repeatedly touching the glands with a needle; but there may possibly have been some movements a want of vigour in the plants. I placed  & Mrs. Treat made the same trial for me with no success. Small flies having been placed on several leaves near their tips [sketch] & the thread-like blade became very slightly bent on one occasion alone, indirectly directly beneath the insect: perhaps this indicates that in the leaves of vigorous plants wd bend over captured insects, & Mrs. Treat (?) informs me that this species catches many insects, but only small kinds, only minute insects, as I suspected was was the would be the case from the thinness of the thread-like leaves & small size of the glands. Mr. Canby states informs me that this is the case; but the movement of the blade cannot be as strongly pronounced as with any other some of the other species, of Drosera for it was not observed by Mrs. Treat.)

[Insectivorous plants, p. 281: "Particles of glass, cork, cinders, thread, and gold-leaf, were placed on numerous glands on two leaves; in about 1 hr. four tentacles became curved, and four others after an additional interval of 2 hrs. 30 m. I never once succeeded in causing any movement by repeatedly touching the glands with a needle; and Mrs. Treat made similar trials for me with no success. Small flies were placed on several leaves near their tips, but the thread-like blade became only on one occasion very slightly bent, directly beneath the insect. Perhaps this indicates that the blades of vigorous plants would bend over captured insects, and Dr. Canby informs me that this is the case; but the movement cannot be strongly pronounced, as it was not observed by Mrs. Treat."]

(4

same stages in G. Bankiva.─ when law fails inheritance generally at earlier age.─

Attracted to sex ─ seen to depend on variation reappearing at later period of life (see Descent)

Characters Latent ─ during youth & in other sex.─ Old Hens beaks like Cocks

Reversion ─ This vy in p is reappearance of long lost characters which are latent ─ vy important for breeder, as interfere with his work ─ When Latent in both parents may reappear after endless generations ─ when introduced by a cross no good evidence of reappearing after 10 or 12 generations.─

Cause of Reversion very little known apparently everything which disturbs constitution will lead to it ─ It is only established through crossing the breed often does so ─ Cases of Pigeons & Fowls

Fixity of characters - long in breed

(208

Ch XII

Drosera filiformis. This north american species grows in such abundance in parts of New Jersey, as almost to cover the ground. It catches, according to the same authority Mrs. Treat* (*American Naturalist, Dec. 1872 p 705) an extraordinary number of small & large insects, even great flies of the genus Asilus & moths & butterflies. The specimen which I examined, was sent me by Dr Hooker, had thread-like leaves from six to twelve inches in length, with the upper surfaces convex, & the lower flat & slightly channelled.

The whole convexity down convex surface down to the root ( for there is no proper distinct footstalk), is covered with short the gland becoming tentacles, which These are short; & show those on the margins being reflexed & much the longest ─ being longer there is contact over & reflexed [illeg]

The pink-coloured glands are also similar in form.)

(The specimen which I examined were not very vigorous; yet atoms being the longest & reflexed Bits of meat meat placed on the some of the glands of some curved to tentacles, caused these tentacles to sometimes tends to be slightly infected in 20', but the plant was not in a very vigorous state.) [excised] these tentacles had moved moved though are [excised]

[Insectivorous plants, p. 281: "Drosera filiformis.—This North American species grows in such abundance in parts of New Jersey as almost to cover the ground. It catches, according to Mrs. Treat,* an extraordinary number of small and large insects, even great flies of the genus Asilus, moths, and butterflies. The specimen which I examined, sent me by Dr. Hooker, had thread-like leaves, from 6 to 12 inches in length, with the upper surface convex and the lower flat and slightly channelled. The whole convex surface, down to the roots-for there is no distinct footstalk-is covered with short gland-bearing tentacles, those on the margins being the longest and reflexed. Bits of meat placed on the glands of some tentacles caused them to be slightly inflected in 20 m.; but the plant was not in a vigorous state. After 6 hrs. they moved through an angle of 90°, and in 24 hrs. reached the centre. The surrounding tentacles by this time began to curve inwards."]

(5

Selection ─ a varying bud implant case & propagating it ─ hardly more complex case if well marked var occurs in 2 sexes, or in only 1, pairing them preserving only those with the desired peculiarity.

The as t Astonishing skill & perseverance is required in picking out slightly perceptible differences,─ Knowing how long the same strain may be closely interbred ─ & how far it will be safe to cross with a slightly or greatly different strain.

Has produced wonders ─ Race-Horses value of Short-Horns. ─ Gooseberry

All the above methodical selection.

See Var under Dom & Origin for Unconscious Selection very important

Explain that slow & hidden origin or [formation] of breeds & by competition their extinction;

probably interbreeding have come into play.

[in left margin:] Selection Is interfered with by reversion, but this can be almost always conquered. Interfered with by conditions.─ sheep in France get merino explained

[in right margin:] When selection cannot be applied, Cats no breeds Donkeys ─ Honey-bee.─

(273

moistened with saliva or given atom of meat, they did they became incurved after an interval of about 20xm, though with extreme slowness; showing & this shows that they were already much injured. Stronger solution (but the strength was not ascertained) will often sometimes arrested the power of all power of movement, very quickly: thus I placed atoms of meat on the glands of several Marginal tentacles, & as soon as they began to move gave them a minute drop of the solution. They continued for a short time to go on bending & then suddenly stood still; the other tentacle with having meat on this glands & not bent having been moistened with the strychnine goes continuing to bend, passing those, & soon reaching the centre of the leaf.

Citrate of strychnine: half-minim drops of a solution of 1 gr. to 1 oz were placed on the disc of six leaves: after 24h the marginal tentacle showed was only a trace of inflection: atoms of meat was then placed on three of the leaves, & other an additional 24h there was only some slight & irregular infection, showing that the leaves had been greatly injured: the other two of the other three leaves, which had been left untouched had the glands on the disc dry & [excised] minute drops of a solution of 4 gr to

[Insectivorous plants, p. 200; "The latter, however, on being subsequently moistened with saliva or given bits of meat, became incurved, though with extreme slowness; and this shows that they had been injured. Stronger solutions (but the strength was not ascertained) sometimes arrested all power of movement very quickly; thus bits of meat were placed on the glands of several exterior tentacles, and as soon as they began to move, minute drops of the strong solution were added. They continued for a short time to go on bending, and then suddenly stood still; other tentacles on the same leaves, with meat on their glands, but not wetted with the strychnine, continued to bend and soon reached the centre of the leaf.

Citrate of Strychnine.—Half-minims of a solution of one part to 437 of water were placed on the discs of six leaves; after 24 hrs. the outer tentacles showed only a trace of inflection. Bits of meat were then placed on three of these leaves, but in 24 hrs. only slight and irregular inflection occurred, proving that the leaves had been greatly injured. Two of the leaves to which meat had not been given had their discal glands dry and much injured. Minute drops of a strong solution of one part to 109 of water (4 grs. to 1 oz.) were added to the secretion round several glands, but did not produce nearly so plain an effect as the drops of a much weaker solution of the acetate."]

(6

Variation at a not very early age & Inheritance of corresponding ages comes in as the Breeder can rarely select which his animals partly grown up.─

(Antiquity of selection)

We have effects of 2 kinds of selection in diversity of Pigeons &c & Fruit ─ gooseberry & other [corn]

Wonderful amt of differences are size & all other external characters

But internal difference not selected.─ Therefore not great & not constant.

One of best evidence of power of selection is difference in fruit ─ seeds ─ foliage flowers as man desires & not in other parts - yet Correlation generally causes some difference.─

Perhaps sum up about Race-Horses & their Pedigrees & Short-horn Cattle.

(325

Concluding Remarks

[illeg]

of oxygen. This conclusion is supported by the effects of [remains of] placing a plan plants of Drosera in Carbonic acid; gas for the gas acts like a narcotic or anæsthetic, & for a time prevents bits of meat causing inflection. The process of aggregation is likewise much inflected; for when when leaves, which have been exposed for 2h to this gas, an [illeg] immersed in a solution of carbonate of ammonia the process of aggregation is much retarded. This length of exposure does not, however, The leaves did not ultimately appear to be in the least injurious to the leaves. injured by the exposure from two hours to the gas It sometimes happened that a few minutes after the plants had been being brought into the fresh air the tentacles sometimes become became rapidly inflected; & this, I presume, is due to the excitement from the access of oxygen.)

[Insectivorous plants, p. 228: "Exposure to carbonic acid for 2 hrs., and in one case for only 45 m., likewise rendered the glands insensible for a time to the powerful stimulus of raw meat. The leaves, however, recovered their full powers, and did not seem in the least injured, on being left in the air for 24 or 48 hrs. We have seen in the third chapter that the process of aggregation in leaves subjected for two hours to this gas and then immersed in a solution of the carbonate of ammonia is much retarded, so that a considerable time elapses before the protoplasm in the lower cells of the tentacles becomes aggregated. In some cases, soon after the leaves were removed from the gas and brought into the air, the tentacles moved spontaneously; this being due, I presume, to the excitement from the access of oxygen."]