123

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Decemb 1st

Crust: Branchio: Cyclops a second pair of Antennæ: (2nd) stem short, bifid at extremity with setæ; at base a globular enlargement to which is attached the mandible already described: Are these Palpi? — (3rd) stem short, bifid with setæ: also about half way way up there is an external & internal tuft of bristles.— the internal are seated on a plate, which I should imagine acted as Maxillæ.— These 2d and 3d are seated close together.— The organs, hitherto described have simple setæ & when collapsed point towards the tail; the two next pair differ in both respects; the setæ are feathered [sketch] & the organs act towards the mouth so as to cross the others: (4th) stem very (a) short, broard; with numerous long feathered setæ: (5th) Agreeing with the last, but much smaller: I should think these are (b) the Branchiæ.— All the organs, as yet, are seated on the three anterior grand divisions of body; the next 5 pr are on the abdomen: (6th) (7th) (8th) (9th) are similar; they are natatory like in the Macrourus: Each one is jointed bifid.— the exterior branch longest, much flattened, toothed externally & ciliated internally; the other branch very much ciliated: The (10th) is most anomalous & extraordinary; I examined numbers of specimens: They are seated on the very extremity of body, beneath where the tail unites.— the two organs do not correspond in size or in function, although united at base:—

[123v]

(a) The setæ arise at rt Ls to the stem:

[Annotated sketch:] E Tail K Natatos plate P Abdomen

(b) I should think not from the one pair similar to 4th, but setæ not feathered in Cyclops (P 134): there would not be so much change in so essential an organ:

124

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Decemb 1st

Crust: Branchio: Cyclops The left (I speak as with respect to man) organ is the most simple; it has 4 joints; (1st) basal one, short cylindrical, encased, with an external tooth: (2d) & 3d, thick cylindrical, rather curved; 4th, finer, terminated by a very strong curved claw, lower than which is another straighter one:— The other & right organ, is of equal length & strength as the other, also the two first joints are the same; but the (3rd) differs remarkably; it is attached nearly transversely, & not by its extremity to the second.— the free end has a strong claw & smaller tooth.— to the other end the (4th) is articulated, it is curved, as is the last, & consists in a long tooth or spine; when drawn in, it reaches to the heel of the (3rd) so as to form an oval & hence prehensile: The animal frequently moves these organs & they retained irritability longer than any other part.— Generally the claw is retracted on the penultimate joint: (figured):— Length of these organs equals the tail or about 1/3 of the body.— The antennæ of this animal are also extraordinary & agree in the curious circumstance of the two not corresponding: here also the left is simple; in length it equals the body; jointed, tapering, with fine setæ, colourless; the right one is thicker, crooked, coloured, strange looking; 5 jointed; (1st) basal one 1/4 of whole length of antennæ, cylindrical: (2d) short, much enlarged, flattened, with a long spine & tooth: 3d very short, with group of

125

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Decemb 1st

Crust: Branchio: Cyclops short teeth & few long setæ: (4th) rather curved, with a group of short teeth & few long setæ: (5th) terminated by two strong claws & setæ: (6th), a fine joint, with setæ, behind the claws: This Antenna is projected when the other is applied beneath the body.— Length of body .15, colour dark bluish green, occasionally with brown spots on the dorsal segments:— These animals are truly pelagic: amongst them were some which agreed remarkably in almost all respects, even form of Mandibles & legs:— but differed in having 2 simple antennæ: in wanting the curious terminal organs: & in the tail, not having joints, terminated by two divisions with setæ.— What are we to infer from this?— are these most anomalous (a) organs sexual? As far as regards this animals classification, in some respects it is allied to Nebalia & Cyclops & in parts of mouth to Apus, but it is evidently distinct from every described genus:— In many respects it would come within the division of Lophyropes in which Nebalia stands; but then the flattened natatory plates seems entirely to be contrary to the general structure of those animals.

Crust: Deca: Notopod? 483 This crab would be a notopod; if it did not differ in the essential character of only having 5 joints, instead of seven:— Body, length 1/12 of inch; shape posteriorly heart shaped but anteriorly continued up in a straight line; much excised above the eyes; & between them produced forward & squarely truncate; the

[125v]

(a) Cyclops is said in the males to have a singular antenna for clasping the females, & the generative organs lie where the curious claws in this animal are described:—

126

Coast of Patagonia

1832 December 4th

Crust. Dec: Notopod anterior central part of thorax much elevated: case, thin transparent colourless:— Tail 2/3 length of body & 1/3 of its breadth; looks in proportion narrow.— Can be applied to the breast, but does not lie close.— It is composed of 5 joints; these are broarder than long & are terminated postero-laterally by a point: The extreme one is small, & has at extremity a rounded oblong simple plate.— Each joint carries a swimmer; these gradually decrease in size from the basal to the terminal ones.— The swimmer is formed of two pieces joints, the extreme one is a pointed oval plate, ciliated (with about 16 setæ) at extremity & internal edge.— at the joint articulation there is point, evidently the rudiment of a bifurcation.— The swimmers on the last piece of tail are small & but little developed: Legs: 1st pair "en pince" 1/2 length of 3 following pair; 2nd, 3rd, 4th pairs equal, terminated by a strong claw, & in the Tarsus there is a single spine; 5th pair situated dorsally, when in inaction rests on the [illeg] of the other legs; slender, 2/3 of length of the others; penultimate joint (Tarsus Desmarets) ends in a point, from which arises 2 curved unequal fine bristles & near to these there is a third, which is rather shorter.— The longest equals the two foregoing joints in length.— These fine spines setæ are delicately (only visible with 1/10in focal d) serrated, the teeth pointing towards the base.— the curling extremity is flattened & on this part there are 5 most minute cups, which I should think acted like those in Octopus:

[126v]

(a) Having examined many specimens I have altered my opinion: the tail is applied close to the breast.— I did not see the animal alive.— I invariably found 5 pieces to the tail: I could not perceive sexual differences:—

127

Coast of Patagonia

1832 December 4th

Crust. Deca: Notopod From this & the fine teeth on the three curved bristles, the leg must be able to adhere firmly to any object:—

Eyes, large, pedunculated, reaching width of body, pupil central part black:—

Antennæ. external ones seated behind peduncle of the eyes; straight, jointed, tapering to extremity, nearly half the length of the body: the peduncle formed of few large joints: extremity with small some irregular setæ.— Internal antennæ seated at base of a globular enlargement which separates them from the external: They are formed of 3 joints, extreme one large spherical, on this is a minute branch & several bunches of setæ.— the latter antennæ very short, approximate, curved:

Mouth, there was nothing particular; the external branch of the pied-machoires were very simple & they were all rather short:—

These Crabs were taken in considerable numbers (Decemb 4th) at night, off the mouth of the bay of San Blas & several miles from any land: The structure of this animal is very curious; its pelagic habits require the high development of the caudal swimmers, & length of tail & the other points in which it agrees with the Brachyures Macrouri: but the formation of Dorsal legs is most remarkable: they are evidently fitted for performing their usual office of supporting the animal; but here instead of a Sponge, perhaps a Medusa; hence the change of structure:— This inclines me to think this is a new division amongst the Notopodes:—

128

Coast of Patagonia

1832 December 4th

(Crust: Branchiopod? Latreille) Zoea 486 The description of this Zoea can be divided into two parts: the animal & its singularly shaped case or "carapace".—

Case oval, anteriorly ending in a very long pointed spear, which is serrated in a direction from the body: on the lower & posterior parts it is widely open, & from each side spears project.— The two are close together, & are in same straight line as the anterior one: they are shorter & are serrated from the case; so that the teeth on both anterior & posterior spears point from each other: The length of large specimen from extremity to extremity is .6;— of which the case is 1; & the posterior spears nearly .2; the anterior one being much the longest, rather more than .3.— Case, transparent, elastic, colourless: The head part of animal is intimately united with this case, but the tail & thorax (thorax known by supporting legs) is free; the tail can scarcely be retracted in case:—

Body: Eyes pedunculated.— 2 pair of antennæ seated beneath them & on same line; these are large but imperfectly formed, for size animal:

(a) the internal ones are divided, with setæ on the larger: external ones rather longer, simple, divided, with fine branch coming off low, cylindrical, pointed: The mandible is attached close to the base & within the external antenna; it is of some thickness; toothed & one large one in the corner.—these antennæ project straight forward: to the side of the mandible

[128v]

(a) Reexamined the antennæ: the internal ones are anterior to the external, & the former are divided at the summit.— the outer branch thickest, ciliated on inside.— the inner is merely a point.— The external antennæ are bifid, the division being low down.— the outer branch shorter & much finer.— both quite simple, pointed.—

(b) Also the mandibles.— they are very large for body.— the plate is curved & truncate obliquely.— the large tooth is at the upper end.— the base or [fang] gradually narrows in a point, with lateral smaller one:—

129

Coast of Patagonia

1832 December

Zoea the palpi adhære.— these are very fine short, but with two long setæ at extremity: The Labium is horse-shoe shaped, with each end rounded & ciliated, lamellar & coloured pink: On each side & close before it.— are 2 pair of organs, answering to its "Machoires": the first one is smaller & more simple, it is composed of three divisions, 2 square lamellar with bundle of setæ & one cylindrical; (this second would be more accurately said, if divided into two primarily, & one of them bifid): the second is also divided into two branches.— the larger one is divided at summit into 5 square, unequal spaces, each with bunch of setæ.— These organs would close the mouth.— When the animal is at rest these are kept in a most rapid vibratory motion.— To these succeed 2 pair of large branched organs: answering 1st & 2nd pied machoires (or 3rd & 4th of Desmarets).— All four are similar; & nearly equal in length to the body.— on the basal cylindrical, so as to be bifid, joint are two equal branches, with setæ; external division has two joints (by joints I mean limbs or pieces & not its articulations), the internal 5 smaller ones:— At the base of these each there is pair of a very small organ, answering to external pied-machoire. they are bifid; the division being low down: the interior one is very fine, jointed, with setæ; the external simply pointed: Close to these come 5 pair of organs, very small & of a most rudimentary structure,

130

Coast of Patagonia

1832 December 4th

Zoea, they are seated in a bunch together: the first pair terminates "en pince", of an imperfect structure: the 2, 3, 4, 5, are equal, are cylindrical, curved, jointed & terminating in point.— These organs can be of no use in locomotion — There was no greater distance between pied-machoire & a leg, than between the bases of two of the latter.— Each of the next 4 joints of the abdomen.— has a pair of cylindrical points.— rudiments of swimmers: these caudal joints are square (angles of course removed).— the next terminal joint has true spine & a large swimming plate at extremity at extremity; in shape it is wedge-shaped, base highly convex.— [sketch] on the convex edge there are 13 long feathers bristles, but the central & 2 extreme ones are short.— The abdomen (as far as I could see) is composed of 7 pieces.— the one joining body & the 2nd support the pieds machoires & legs: the 3d, 4, 5, 6th the swimmers & the 7th the tail.— On the inner surface of this is the anal orifice:—

These Crust: were found in great numbers at night at San Blas: There were specimens rather larger, & many much smaller.— in the latter the spears were flexible & case more globular & legs even more rudimentary: These animals could swim easily & looked most singular: For opinion about Zoea, V next animal: I have copied order of description from M: Edwards — Dic. Class:—

131

Coast of Patagonia

1832 December 4th

Zoea & Erichthus 485 Found with the Zoea, just described; another differing in some respect; but in the important organs essentially the same.— Size nearly equal, but more globular.— & the spears not so long & not serrated: only one posterior one & not in same line as the anterior.— 2 short lateral ones.— Antennæ, mandible, machoires, nearly the same as last Zoea.— but 1st pair of pied machoire has only one joint in the external branch, in length equal.— 2d pied machoire has internal jointed branch shorter than external.— the 3d pied machoire & 5 legs closely agree with those of last Zoea.— There are 5 pair of short cylinders, or rudimentary swimmers.— Tail is spinose & its outline is concave instead of convex.— By reading over the description of the former Zoea & that given in Dic Class.— it will be seen how closely this one agrees with the one described by M. Edwards: The Swimmers here are rudiments instead of oval plates; & M. Edwards does not mention the division branch in the 3d or external pied machoire.— Analogy would point out lead to the expectation of this, as the 1st & 2nd have the division so strongly marked.— and yet is unlikely M. Edwards should have overlooked it.— I think it probab certain, whatever Zoea may be.— my two & the one in Dic Class must belong to the same order family of Crustaceæ:

132

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Decemb 4th

Zoea & Erichthus 485 Amongst these Zoeas there was a single specimen of an Erichthus, which appeared young & was imperfect in some respects.— The plate of the external antennæ was the only part developed, & the branch consisted solely of a projecting point: also the third pied machoire & 1st leg (the 3 & 4th pied-machoire of Desmarets) terminated without a claw, but the last joint was rather enlarged.— In Erichthus (P 88) these limbs have a claw.— At the base of anterior pied-machoire were respiratory plates:— Before finding this specimen, I had thought these Zoeas perhaps belonged to the Stomapodes.— The close approximation of pieds-machoires & legs & these being placed on different segment of body from the head.— leads to this opinion.— Also, by considering Erichthus, the curious case of Zoea will require less change to resemble it, than any other crustaceous animal.— Upon seeing however the gradual change in case between the minute globular Zoeas & this Erichthus, I have no doubt but what this Zoea belongs to an Erichthus.— In confirmation of this it may be remembered that the two pair of most developed organs in Zoea become in Erichthus the 2 principal pied-machoire.— also that the two next, viz 3d pied-machoire & 1st leg, which have claws in Erichthus, are also more organized in Zoea; the 4 other pair in both animals are equally rudimentary.—

[132v]

(a) If Zoea should be proved to be the Larva of a Stomapod, it would be curious to see the relation between this order & the Decapods, more clearly marked by the structure of the legs in the young than in the perfected animal

133

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Dec: 4th

Zoea & Erichthus Again, shape of head, tail & especially terminal plate & spines are not very dissimilar & the resemblance of the 'carapace' has been shown.—

M. Edwards states Zoea has a double thoracic cavity something like the Decapod:

[in margin:] Branchiæ not existing in the two last thoracic segments but from the greater similarity to the Macroures, he overlooks this.— In Erichthus the respiratory plates are seated at base of pieds-machoire, hence in anterior portion of thorax.— Is it not possible that these in Zoea were included in cavities?—

(b) From these considerations I imagine such Zoea, as mentioned in Dic Class & here, are young of that division of Stomapod in which Erichthus & Alima are: There is no reason to be surprised at the number of Zoea, as at P. 88 the Erichthus was found in great numbers.— Not finding (a) some of them more advanced is the most solid objection.— perhaps like other Crustaceæ they retire during any changes of their cases. It has been remarked that Squilla4 has never been found with eggs.— now if the young are pelagic Zoea, this would be accounted for.— M. Risso5 supposes they go to deep water & sandy bottom.— These Zoeas were found in 7 fathom water & in sandy bottom — off the Bay of St. Blas.—

[133v]

a) This particularly applies to the former Zoea of P (128)

b) Of course I do not mean to say but what other animals which would come under the wide characters of Zoea, may be as Mr Thompson states the young of Pagurus.— NB. it is odd, if so, that they should be pelagic:—

134

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Decemb 7th

Cyclops 488 Body pointed, oval, colourless or faint red, integuments soft, length 1/20th of inch: composed of 6 segments, anterior one bearing organs analagous to pied-machoire.— the four next the Natatory plates & 6 the tail.— Tail, very narrow cylindrical, 3 joints.— with a pair on the 3rd.— terminated by setæ: Anterior antennæ seated under extremity of body, much longer than the extremity of tail; tapering with numerous joints, extremity with scattered very long spines growing at rt angles to antennæ.— 2d (articulated organ).— seated before mouth, bifid, inner branch with fewer joints & setæ: 3d.— in line of mouth, close to base of mandibles, bifid with setæ.— short: 4th bifid, extremities with rounded ciliated plates.— & between them there arises a trifid branch with setæ:— 5th base broard but short, with bunches of longer & more setæ than cross those of the foregoing organs:

(a) 6th: cylindrical, 3 joints, twice as long as the former natatory organs.— After these, on distinct abdominal segments, are 4 pair of swimmers; each one is bifid, flattened; outer plate broarder & longer:— These are the true legs; as for the other organs.— I suppose 2d pair are antennæ, otherwise there would be 5 pair corresponding to pied machoires.— The 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th pair generally correspond in structure & relative position to those described in an Entomostr. P 122: the 6th differs.—

Mandible not much curved, short; with large tooth at upper corner: the teeth gradually decrease in size from this to the other corner & base or fang. broarder.— on the inner side of both

[134v]

(a) All these organs are in 2 straight lines on the thorax:

135

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Decemb 7th

Cyclops the mandible, there was a most minute cylindrical organ, ½ the length of mandible, truncate at extremity, flexible.— I must certainly consider these contrary to Desmarets as Palpi:— Eye, very minute, dark red, within small transparent ball & seated between anterior antennæ:—

These minute Crustaceæ move by a jumping motion.— they were found Lat 40°S at a distance from land.— Depth 45 fathoms: truly pelagic:— Cyclops seems generally to be a fresh-water animal:—

Clytia or (a) Campanularia 2nd species 489 (b) Coralline growing in short much branched tufts; branches irregular in shape, crooked, short; the articulations (or globular impressions V. Clytia P 103) very obscure.— Terminal cup bell shaped on a short peduncle, with the articulations obscure.— The whole Coralline is shorter in proportion, & characters not so much marked as in Clytia P 103:— Polype with body cylindrical on narrow base (as at P 103), mouth tubular, highly expansible, projecting.— Tentacula 28 in number, seated on outer rim of polype: every alternate one hangs down.— so that they appear in double row of 14 each.— Tentacula soft, formed of concentric layers of pulpy matter, hence semi-opake.— The central living mass is included in delicate case distinct from the outer horny one: itself consists in a central mass, distinguishable by its colour from the outer, & which communicates with each Polype.— I only saw unperfected ovarium, which resembled that of next species: for locality &c &c V next article:—

[135v]

(a) Tufts scarcely an inch long: whereas in Clytia P 103 the masses of coralline were many inches

(b) They are occasionally in a single row round the mouth:— The numbers of tentacula & alternate manner of arrangement best separates this species from that of P 103.— in the latter I put 16?: it is quite impossible that there could be a mistake between 16 & 28.—

136

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Decemb 9th

Clytia the 3rd species 489 Stems creeping on a Fucus: 2 or 3 generally in parallel lines, for several inches.— central living matter the same as in last species.— From the stem, branches are sent off perpendicularly; length about .3: each of these is terminated by polype: Beneath the cup, there are obscure articulations as in former species: cup bell shaped, truncate obliquely, one side rather enlarged.— body of polype globular, not uniting with the living matter in centre; so that the greater part of body lies in the enlarged half of cup; from this cause also mouth & arms of polype are protruded in a slightly lateral direction.— Tentacula & mouth same as in last.— On the creeping stems there are also branches;— shorter & in shape a much elongated cone & a peduncle.— These are of two sorts, viz Ovariums & Buds or young polype.— In the former case, they are sometimes truncate: Vide Pl 7. Fig 3: in the first state they are full of white pulp matter: this by degrees shrinks & is divided by reddish lines into rudimentary balls; the summit of ovarium being closed by an opake mass, which communicates by lateral vessels with the lower: in this state Fig 3 is drawn:— as maturity advances the upper mass is absorbed; the ovarium is seen to consist of a double case (as might be expected from nature of the integument of stem) open at summit: & at bottom there lies

137

Coast of Patagonia

1832 Decemb 9th

Clytia 5 globular eggs, enveloped in a viscous fluid; in colour white, diameter about 1/100.— Those which I found already expelled were smaller in size & of a darker colour.—

The buds or young At the base of the ovarium were the globular impressions or articulations:— The buds or young polype were in the structures of their external cases, very similar to the Ovaria.— they are originally filled with pulpy matter, & I should think it was at this period fixed whether the young branch should turn out bear eggs or a polype.— The two sorts were generally together in distinct places & in groups.— The bud when half matured presented the appearance figured at Fig 2: Above the middle of the cone there were marks of the globular impression: at this place the included matter was contracted into a narrow stem & surmounted by a head: beneath this also the central matter was much shrunk.— I imagine this process continued till the regular branch is produced.— When first seen on the stem, these organs are irregular balls on a peduncle, Fig. 4:— These 2 species were taken on Fucus picked up at sea, Lat 45° S. many miles from the land.— These 2 species & one of P 103 evidently belong to same genus: which certainly might be included in Cuviers Campanularia4 if such characters did not deserve a distinct genus.— When examining these corallines, they appeared to be the (a) simplest of the Polype or Polypier, & most

[137v]

a) allied to the naked ones.— the central living mass is so much developed compared to the thin horny, transparent, & simply constructed envelope.─

138

Coast of Patagonia

1832 December 4th

Butterflies in grt flock 870...872 (not spirits)— About 10 miles off the Bay of San Blas, in the evening, the infinite numbers of Lepidoptera formed a most curious spectacle: They were of various species, but chiefly a yellow sort.— with them were some moths & Hymenoptera.— & even a Calosoma flew with on board.— The men all cried out "it is snowing butterflies"; at a distance it had this appearance.— the butterflies were in bands or flocks of countless myriads, & as far as the telescope reached, they might be seen fluttering over the water.— This took place in the evening.— the morning had been calm & the day before very light variable winds.— it is clear these insects had voluntarily come out to sea.— it was the last day for most of them, for a strong breeze sprung up from the North, which must have destroyed the greater number.— How are we to account for these flights, which others have also observed? Is it an instinct implanted in the animal to find new countries, its own one being overstocked by a particularly favourable year.—

Crust: amphipod Uropteres 492 Abdomen composed of four cylindrical pieces, the last bears tail.— the other three the swimmers.— Tail formed of 6 pieces or 3 pair.— central in shape are flat, spear-shaped, pointed, sending off a small pointed external plate.— they have two articulations.— the central pair are seated more a posteriori than the others, but are of equal length in themselves.— the external pair are narrower than the others.— These organs when expanded form

139

Coast of Patagonia

1832

Crust. Amph. Uropteres a fan & are most essential to the animal in swimming.— 3 pair of swimming plates, these are bifid.— divisions equal with many joints.— Body with 7 segments, & lateral plates by the base of legs, coloured with stars of purple: Eyes exceedingly large; forming the whole anterior part of head.— transparent, containing an oblong opake part.— of fine purple colour.—Antennæ, superior ones rather more approximate than the inferior, these latter are very fine, taper to a point & equal body in length.— the superior are much shorter, but the peduncle longer.—

Legs.— 1st pair (intermediate or 4th pied machoire) small simple with claw; 2nd at the base of the penultimate joint before the claw, there is a branch sent off with internal spines, hence closely resembles a true "pince".— (but evidently really is the palpus of pied machoire): 3rd & 4th equal & longer than than the last.— they have the penultimate joint very broard & flattened in order to receive en griffe the ultimate joint & claw: 5th pair strong, nearly twice as long as any other limb; the elongation takes place in the ultimate & penultimate joint, terminal claw small: 6th & 7th equal, strong, ending in claw: Mouth: 3d or external pied-machoire is composed of an open, hard, pointed fork.— with small internal plate: 2d pair has a small & similar fork with setæ & larger concave plate: 3d consists in two circular fringed plates: Mandible, with large distinct palpi; they are of singular shape, upper part a narrow plate with teeth (as usual), this plate is folded back, though not parallel

140

Coast of Patagonia

1832

Crust. Amph. Uropteres & forms as it were another interior & inferior mandible.— the edge is square & only ciliated: the palpi arise at the bend.— Labium bilobed.— pointed oval divisions.—

With these specimens which did were others which differed in the following respects.— Superior antennæ very short, curved, rudimentary: inferior also short straight pointed.— the external plates in tail were broarder: the legs varied in proportion.— parts of mouth the same.— in general appearance &c &c evidently identical.— These I have no doubt are the young ones.— If this Crust. belongs to the Uropteres, it is a new genus.— In its habits it is truly pelagic, occurring in deep, at great distance from land.— for several degrees.— North of Sts. of Magellan.— Swims fast by starts, rapid, in circles & back first.— uses its tail much.—

Planaria Omit (?)

Body when crawling nearly 1/2 inch long; shape oval ; very flat, edge thin: Beneath from the anterior extremity to beyond the half of length, within the body there is a white wedge-shaped mark.— Within this, one near the head & the other middle of body, are two minute circular apertures; which the animal occasionally opens & contracts.— Their situation can easily be seen from a white halo which extends round them.— Beyond the white space there is a third aperture.— this is very large (visible to the naked eye) & has folding lips: is highly dilatable.— from this within body