141

Tierra del Fuego

1832

Planaria [sketch] there runs two white lines.— Back coloured elegantly.— in centre is longitudinal band of "vermilion red".— this anteriorly sends off 2 pair of branches & terminates in three.— it is edged with white.— the rest of back is covered by dots of a purplish red.— At the point where the central band is trifurcate are two longitudinal groups of black spots.— also on anterior margin there are two groups of numerous eyes or black dots.— Animal in its habits, inactive.— found on Corallines, 30 Fathom water.— South of Sts of Magellan, Lat: 53˚S Dec 15th.

Fistularia 495 Habitat same as last animal.— Body: cylindrical, with thin cuticle of beautiful "Vermilion red": tapering towards both extremities but mostly towards the Anus: length when crawling about .3 inches: body very soft: with obscure (b) papillæ or little eminences chiefly on the tail: this latter part is also most strongly marked with transverse wrinkles: animal often irregularly dilates its body with water, but chiefly in posterior half.— On under side there is a linear space, more smooth than the rest, on this the animal generally rests.— Anus at very extremity circular.— Anterior extremity truncate, mouth in centre.— outer rim surrounded by 12 tentacula.— These & the mouth can be withdrawn in body:— Tentacula consists of cylindrical peduncle, bearing a disc or hand, from which about 14 fingers or papillæ diverge; central one longest.— at the base of these papillæ there is a connecting membrane:

[141v]

(a) These little papillæ varied in number from 13 to 15.—

(b) The animal may be called absolutely smooth, from examining a Holuthuria (January). I see what is meant by Papillæ.— The entire absence of true papillæ, would according to Cuvier rank this animal amongst "Echinodermes sans pieds".—

1834 June Port Famine.— Saw with strong power that on the surface, chiefly in posterior half of body, there were many little cups adhæring.— similar to those described at P 261.— With this difference, that each one was separate & not as these collected on a little eminence.—

142

Tierra del Fuego

1832 Decr 15th

Fistularia The convex side of disc is turned inwards, hence the concave & connecting membranes of papillæ form a powerful sucking instrument, by which the animal can adhære firmly to glass.— In moving, a wave-like motion from the tail extends up the body & then the adhæsion of the tentacula allows the body to contract & then the process is repeated.— These tentacula perform another essential office, the alternate ones are widely extended & then drawn backwards so as to cover the mouth.— this goes on so steadily that it is difficult clearly to see the mouth: The animal voided great quantities of sand in their excrement & doubtless this is obtained by the action of the tentacula: they were found at the roots of Corallines, where the sand would probably contain nutritious matter.— At the base & within the Tentacula there is a fine bony collar: it is formed of 12 pieces, each of which is cylindrical, with a salient external angle.— hence the collar has a slight Zig Zag appearance: This species would appear to be closely allied to Fistu: digitata (Lamarck):—

Corall Celleporaria? 889 (not spirits) Corall.— much branched, stony, fragile, colour "honey yellow".— 2 or 3 inches high; branches cylindrical, rather globular at extremities: surface covered with punctures & waved lines.— Transverse section composed of irregular tubes or cells, rather hollow in centre.— Cells not projecting placed irregularly over within branches.— aperture circular, lower lip rather prominent & at the

143

Tierra del Fuego

1832 Decr 15th

Celleporaria? summit of branches ending even in a point: so that these parts are rough with points: Polype with 16 delicate tentacula situated on a long tubular body, which is enclosed in transparent case.— This latter is protrudable & rather bell shaped, but contracted at orifice (as described in Corall P 77).— Found growing in 30 fathom water. Lat 53° S. Dec 15th: It is allied to that described P 77.— I am ignorant whether it exactly agrees with any described genus.— perhaps Celleporaria, Lamouroux.

Corall Celleporaria? 888 (not spirits) Habitat & many characters agreeing with the last: Corall. with branches rather longer; centre more compact: colour pale "scarlet red", surface of branches granular.— & covered on every side by small projecting hoods; or they may be described as projecting slightly curved tubes, divided anteriorly, contracted at summit.— Scattered irregularly at the base of these are circular apertures for the Polype.— These hoods correspond to the truncate cones of the Corall P 77.— The branches of are essentially composed of these hoods.— so that looking down vertically on summit of young branch, a circle of these hoods are applied with their back towards the centre: [sketch]: & there is no orifice for cell at the summit.— The cells seem to be in the central space when the branches have increased sufficiently in diameter.— These hoods are so numerous near tops of branches as to be imbricate:—

144

Tierra del Fuego

1832 Decr 15th

Favosites (a) 890 (not spirits)

Habitat same as last: Corall, stony, hard, strong, white coloured: growing in very short vertical curved thick plates: short, height about 1/2 an inch, breadth of plates varying from 1/10" to 1/20".— sides smooth, most finely punctured.— Extremities truncated, slightly convex.— entirely composed of the orifices of cells.— these are of different sizes; properly hexagons, becoming however circular.— a little way within each cell orifice is a plate with small aperture, which leads into cell of polype. This Corall appears to be a Favosites of Lamouroux:

Corall ⸮ ? 891 (not spirits) Habitat same as last: Corall, much branched, about 2 inches high, white: branches flattened, on one side they are rugose, with ribbed lines running lengthways.— on the other are the orifices of cells — these are placed irregularly & consist in short tubes truncate obliquely: these project also laterally from branches: the termination of branches rather wider & consists of an aggregation of angular tubes, generally hexagons & in but not orifices of polypeferous cells: Corall elegant, very strong. For remarks about its classification see next Corall, which is of same nature:

Corall ⸮ ? 892 (not spirits) Habitat same as last.— Corall. Much branched about 2 inches high, white, brittle: Branches with one side punctured & with longitudinal lines.— the other long curved punctured tubes, which are the orifices of cells.— These are placed most symetrically on the branches, in parallel oblique rows & tubes equidistant: [sketch]: These tubes project

[144v]

(a) May 19th 1834. 2010 not spirits Procured specimen, 48 fathom: the plate within orifice of cell is a mistake (probably the Polypus itself: cells not being truly hexagons, there are spaces between tubes, sides of interwall tubes perforated with puncture, but more especially the external ones. Branches entirely composed of these hexagonal tubes: the pate plate-like masses of tubes spring & branch from a short stem.—

145

Tierra del Fuego

1832 Decr 15th

Corall ⸮ ? laterally so as to give a toothed appearance to the sides of branches.— Extremities rather wider & composed of numerous angular orifices of tubes, generally hexagons.— & out of these the regular projecting tubes are formed: the oblique line might be perceived amongst them: reminding one of the formation of vessels in the cellular system of Animals!— I do not think this corall agrees in its characters with any genus.— Catenepora is described as composed of parallel tubes, arising through plates anastomizing in net work: This would appear to bear an analogy to the formation of the present Corall:—

All these 5 specimens of Coralls were taken by swabbing the bottom; hence rather injured & Polype would not show themselves:—

Cryptogamic Plant 503 & 980 (not spirits)

In general habit resembling a moss.— colour pale green.— peduncle of capsule transparent, colourless.— capsule oval, dark brown, tough.— containing an infinite number of globular, light brown sporules.— diameter 1/2000 of inch: with these were bits of fibres, resembling necklace (each bead being about 1/4 of the sporule). I should think these acted as placenta to the sporules.— Capsule opens into four longitudinal pieces, which curl backwards.— When placed in Alcohol no action, but the specimen was not fresh.— The immature capsules, when first bursting from sheath, appear involved in gelatinous matter: Grow in tufts in wet places. Near a cascade, in mountainous woods. Hermit Isle Decr 25th.—

146

Tierra del Fuego

1833

Fish 515 (a) Myxinus (Cyclostomes?) copied Caught by hook amongst the Kelp, Goree Sound & other parts of Tierra del F.— Above coloured like an earth worm but more leaden; beneath yellowish & head purplish: very vivacious & retained its life for a long period: had great powers of twisting itself & could swim tail first: when irritated struck at any object with its teeth, & by opening protruding them, in its manner much resembled an adder striking with its fangs.— Head most curiously ornamented with tentacula: Vomited up a Sipunculus when caught:—

Coralline 512 Clytia

Coralline, transparent, colourless, delicate & most elegant.— Stem short erect with simple alternate branches; stem jointed, each joint bearing a branch.— Branches with simple small terminal cups, also as likewise on the upper surface at regular distances. in these latter the cup is applied to the branch or rather the branch passes through it.— so as to resemble the cell of Sertularia: Internal semi opake vital matter not filling up the transparent case.— Polype with long body, not retractile within cell cup; mouth broard with no fine tentacula around it.— This very beautiful little coralline from its general habits & structure is allied to the Clytias P 145 &c &c.— Growing on Fucus, 6 fathom water, Goree Sound:—

[146v]

(a) This fish is abundant amongst the rocky islets, having found one on the beach nearly dead.— I observed a milky fluid transuding through the row of lateral pores or orifices:— It would appear to be Myxinus with no lateral branchial orifices.—

147

Tierra del Fuego

1833

Edible Fungi Excrescences esculent 528 (a) In the Beech forests, the trees are much diseased: on the rough excrescences vast numbers of yellow balls grow.— These are of the colour of yolk of an egg.— & vary in size from a bullet to a small apple.— in shape globular, but a little produced towards the footstalk or point of attachment. They grow both on the branches & stems in groups.— When young.— they contain much fluid & are tasteless, but in their older & altered state they form a very essential article of food for the Fuegians.— The boys collect them, & they are eaten raw uncooked with the fish.— When we were in Good Success Bay in December, they were then young.— in this state, externally they are quite smooth, turgid & of a bright color, & with no internal cavity.— Upon keeping are The external surface was marked with white spaces, as of a membrane covering a cell (in this state, but rather more advanced, the specimens 528 are).— Upon keeping one in a drawer Esculent excrescences my attention was called after some interval by finding it become nearly dry.— the whole surface honeycombed by regular cells & possessed of the decided smell of a Fungus.— & with a slightly sweet mucous taste:— In this state I have found them during Jan: & Feb over the whole country (with the exception of specimens 528, which were found in Feb, high amongst the mountains).— Upon cutting one into two

[147v]

1834 (a) Feb. Port Famine. Color "ochre yellow & dutch orange" of the Wernarian nomenclature. when young, or central part soft & [sweet], strong fungus smell, & sweet taste.— no larvæ.— From the root a hollow vessel passes to the centre, from which white ligamentous rays pass through the semi-gelatinous mass to the bottoms of the cells.— I can have no doubt it is a Crypt: plant.—

1834 June 984 Found some more very turgid ones, highly elastic; a section of the central parts white: the whole under a high power looks like a Vermicelli pudding from the number of small thread like cylinders.— at about 1/20 of inch from exterior surface, there were placed at regular intervals small cup shaped balls 1/12th in diameter, of a bright "dutch orange".— the cup was filled with adhæsive, elastic, colourless, quite transparent matter (hence at first appeared hollow).— the upper edge of cup was divided into conical points about 10 or 12 in number [sketch], & these terminated in an irregular bunch of the above threads; the cup was easily detached from surrounding white substance excepting at its fringed superior edge. [illeg]— Right over the cup there was a slight pit in the exterior surface: Which This afterward became an external orifice to the cup (where the gelatinous matter perhaps has formed seeds(?))— Some of the balls were attacked by Larvæ, but their entirely irregular course showed that they had no connection with the structure.—

148

Tierra del Fuego

1833

Esculent excrescences halves.— the centre part is found partly hollow, & filled with brown cellular fibrous matter.— this evidently merely acts as a support for the elastic semitransparent ligamentous substance which forms the base & sides of the external cells.— The development of these cells would appear to be main end to which the growth tends: It is however especially to be noted I cut open great numbers & scarcely ever found the central cellular part without one or more larvæ of the same sort.— In the young state I unfortunately neglected to examine them.— Now I am in doubt whether it is an excrescence formed for the nourishment of some insect or a true cryptogamic plant.— The very general occurrence of the Larvæ may be explained by observing how universally Larvæ occur in the Boleti in England: Some of these balls remain on the trees nearly the whole year. Capt. FitzRoy has seen them in June.— but great numbers fall on the ground.—

Fuegian Paints 974 (not spirits) (a)

The Fuegians paint their faces, bodies & hair with white, red & black in various figures & quantities. The red is the oxide of Iron & is prepared by being collected near the streams, dried & burnt. The White is of a more curious nature — in the state fit for use it is of very little specific gravity.— it is collected from under water, is made into balls (as J Button expressed it, 'all the same Ostrichs egg') & burnt: did not effervesce with acids.— & with bit of cobalt gave a permanent

[148v]

I found some of the feldspathic greenstones decomposed into a white substance to the depth of 3/10 of inch.—

149

Tierra del Fuego

1833

Fuegian colours blue.— I suppose therefore it nearly pure alumina.— It occurs in the Slate Mountain, I imagine from the decomposition of the beds of Feldspathic rock.— The black I have not obtained: the black is I believe only charcoal & oil:—

Heteromerous insects 1021...24 (not spirits) copied

The habitat of these insects was the most singular I ever observed: it was in the fissures of slate rock & in which the genus Capulus was adhæring to the stone alive, & therefore of course beneath high water mark.— from the wet condition of the insects & their inactivity I do not believe they remove themselves.— There would appear to be two sorts, or in different states of maturity.— from the soft state of some specimens, the larva must have undergone its metamorphosis in this site:—

Gasteropod 559 March 7th.— Falkland Islands: As far as I was able to observe without dissecting the specimen, this would appear to be a curious animal.— Mantle orbicular, much convex, bordering over the foot on all sides: it evidently contains within it a [illeg] much developed shell.— On the anterior surface, near to margin, there is a projecting tubular orifice, formed by the division & overlapping of the mantle.— (perhaps would be better described as anterior part of mantle echancrè; but in its action it is a perfect tube). this conducts to a large cavity, lying behind the head & extending down a short way the right side: it is open, as in Crepidula for instance

[149v]

(a) The right left side of the mantle is largest:

(b) March 25th 584 Colour uniform "orpiment orange", with "vermilion red" brighter in regular spots.— length 10½ inch: foot larger, anterior part with not so large lateral horns:— head forked in front, antennæ more approximate.— body very convex & smooth.— I think it is a distinct species.

These animals are closely allied to Sigaretus, perhaps differ in spite of shell not being so lateral.— Shell highly developed, spiral.— sexes distinct: Branchiæ obliquely transverse, basal row with long fillets; the two superior rows with minute fillets:— I could not clearly see anus.—