159

Falkland Islands

1833 March 15th

Creusia 574 Shell formed of four quadrilateral pieces overlapping each other, with no calcareous support.— Operculum bivalve each may be considered as half an oblong, one end of which is bent obliquely at right angles: the line shows the direction of the bend: at the exterior corner there is a tooth (where a dot is) [sketch]: it is at this end that the tail or Cirrhi are protruded.—

(b) Animal, to begin with the tail, there are here seated 3 pair of the usual bifid articulated arms, approximal, the central ones longest from which they gradually decrease in length on each side; stipes formed of 2 joints: between the central pair is the trunk (there is no projecting joint as described by me in Pyrgoma). behind, or beneath as relates to position of the animal is a longitudinal anal orifice:— 4th & 5th pair of arm are short, thick, conical, articulated, seated together & between 3 first pair & the mouth; 5th pair rather shorter than the 4th, as also the 6th than the 5th. This 6th pair is seated in same line as other but at base of mouth; this pair is remarkable by the internal branch being finer & nearly twice as long as the external.— it reminded me of the external "pied machoire" of the Crustaceæ.—

Mouth seated on a projection.— Part answering to the Labium (lower lip) formed of two a pair of closely approximate simple, short arms, with ciliæ. Labium formed of a hard plate, bilobed, & bent into N.B. (a) an angle, so as rather to form half of the gullet:— within these organs are the pair of mandibular organs [sketch], which work lie vertically & parallel to the side of the Labium.— the one nearest Labium seen vertically is an elastic plate enlarged at extremity, truncate & fringed with spines.

[159v]

NB (a) On the Labium [illeg] or plate are attached two very small flattened arms or palpi with ciliæ, which fringing the sides of Labium close the mouth above.

(b) March 31st Upon reexamining the animal, I suppose it is a Conia, but the descriptions are very imperfect; the anterior palpi are closely approximate & seated on a footstalk, the front part of which is flattened & closing the mandibular organs acts as a Labium as lower lip.— the bilobed organ has (called upper lip Labium) has within it a projection, which more truly acts as a labium.— the posterior palpi axis at base of mandibles, & continued & united along the edges (with bristles) of bilobed pieces, terminates as described in a flattened organ.— The generative trunk lies behind on right side of body & passes backwards between 5th pair & external pied-machoire, & thus separates the two groups, the cirrhi & Trophi.— If we consider the bilobed organ, as palpi or pied-machoire altered, we shall 5 pair of such organs & mandibles; also these 5 pair of bifid cirrhi or legs.— It is impossible not to be struck with the analogy with the Crustaceæ as Schizopedes.— (Generative trunk with bunch of few setæ at extremity & few scattered ones of sides.)

160

Tierra del Fuego

1833 March

Creusia They more resemble the Maxilla of Crustaceæ: the other pair is stronger & larger & true mandibles, hard with 5 strong teeth; superior one very large & decreasing in size to the 5th, which is rather a crenated surface.— So that of the Trophi, we have 5 4 pair of articulated organs, & the part called Labium.— Of the arms (legs or Cirrhi) then [illeg] 6 pair; one of which rather acts as external palpi for the mouth & indeed the intermediate ones I should think conveyed food from the beautifully constructed extreme 3 pair to the mouth: The body is attached behind the mouth to the Operculum: The trunk arises from the very extremity of body, where it is much contracted, varies in length.— sometimes 3 times as long as the arms, elastic with fine rings, tapering with internal tube.— appears to lie on right side of body:— This animal would be a Creusia of Cuvier in Dic Class.— The habitat is remarkable, it was found but little below high water mark, about 15 inches at most, & in a stream of fresh water.— In a note attached to (No 323 in spirits) I mention a Creusia found at M: Video under similar circumstances.— & that the animal then would expand its arms in fresh water.— These facts would appear conclusive that this genus of Balanidæ is especially fitted for brackish water, & for a certain time even for fresh.— At M: Video I thought the habits of the individual species had been changed gradually by the less salt water of the Plata.— but here there was no gradual change:— the water emptied itself over rocks into the sea, & on these rocks the Creusia was attached.—

[160v]

(a) March 31st 590 [El…. Kungu] There is a common sort in the sea, exceedingly like this one in general habit.— but differing in the operculum being quadratic.— Within there is the same external tooth, & in addition several processes.— the suture is simply serrated.— The sutures of the shell are plainer.— The animal is precisely the same in every most minute part even of the mouth.— It is clear if the bivalve & quadrivalve operculated shells are not the same species.— they are same genus.— The only difference is the sutures being united & processes connected with articulation removed; yet this character is used as essential amongst the Balanidæ! — Can the fresh water have any action in obliging the animal to keep its operculum more throughily closed?— There were however some quadrivalve ones near the Bivalve:—

161

Falkland Islands

1833 March 25th

Corallina Linn: (inarticulata) 585 & 1153 (not spirits)

Coralline, stony, brittle, inarticulate, encrusting rocks & sending forth lichen-shaped thin expansions.— Growth concentric, shown by lines & changes in the tint of colours; Colour darkish "crimson red" or that of Corallina officinalis: a section shows that the superior part is composed of horizontal layers of a stony & slightly coloured substance.— (b) the other softer, white, & of a more granular nature:— the inferior surface is rougher (for attachment) & paler (z) coloured than the upper: the border or extremity of the expansions is thickened; edges semi pellucid, covered with a delicate transparent membrane, & containing a soft granular cellular tissue; in all these latter respects, the similarity of this with Corallina & its subgenera is very great.— On the superior surface, & in the more central parts, in some pieces there are (a) numerous small cones or paps, with a minute circular orifice at the summit.— They precisely resemble those described at P 56 in an Amphiroa.— (These cones are formed in any point by a separation in middles of the superior stony layers; & the upper part gradually assumes the conical shape.— At first they have no aperture, when it first appears it is small; but in time increases to a diameter of 1/500th of inch; after this epock, the cone becomes white & brittle & its surface exfoliates.— the concavity on which the younger ones rest is partially filled up & it is clear the little cone has performed its office in the economy of Nature.—) If the cone is removed in one of the early ones, the bottom is concave & on it there is a layer of the pulpy cellular

[161v]

a) X The ovule-bearing cones are very un-common; I only found one specimen with them, & out of many cones which I examined only three had the regularly formed ovules: The rarity of this generative process may perhaps explain the general ignorance of method of propagation in Corallina.—

(b) For similar particulars, in an Halimeda2, V 211.

(z) 3557 On tidal rocks at King George's Sound, found a Corallina5 growing in nodules to a Granite rock: color such as is universal to the family in the Atlantic & Pacifick oceans, in T. del Fuego & Australia: consists of numerous, strong, cylindrical, inarticulate parallel small columns, partly adhæring one to the other. Many of them show an obscure globular necklace like structure, centre of each column white.— Some of the smaller & irregular arms were covered on all sides by the generative bladders. These in every segment resembled those already described: the older ones scale of with in form of an irregular particle of white crust.— Size of each pap or bladder rather more than the square of 1/100th of inch & the circular aperture has a diameter a shade larger than 1/1000 of inch.— I was not fortunate enough to extract an ovule: This Corallina is evidently a connecting species, most closely allied to the division of Inarticulatas.—

NB 3557. I saw in a delicate transparent articulate Corallina that the branch appeared to be composed of several hollow transparent ligamentous vessels, which in the solid parts between the articulations were filled up with calcareous granular matter.— Species with flattened joints & symetrical lateral branches.

162

E. Falkland Island

1833 March

Corallina (z) tissue or granular matter, such as occurs at the extremities of the branches.— this lies on the white softer substance of the Corall.— so that the stony layers are perforated.— At a later age, the granular matter is collected into (semi-opake spherical or oval bulbs, with a transparent case: these are slightly coloured & between 30 & 40 in number.— in diameter 1/500th of inch.—) They are ovules & the cones ovaries.— The simplicity of this generative process is shown by its the similarity to ordinary growth.— the external border is thickened, composed of precisely a similar substance & enveloped in a transparent membrane; it may be considered as formed by a juxtaposition of cones, or rather the cone & ovules owe their origin to the creative power acting on a point (a) where the growth or extension cannot take place, hence the granular matter is enveloped in a spherical case & seeks an exit through the stony layers instead of increasing laterally.─

In some specimens these cones were absent; in others there were white spots with the surface exfoliating, & there I imagine cones to have existed.— The Corall abundantly coats the rock in the pools left at low water. According to Lamouroux it would be in the III Sous Ordres Corallinées inarticulees; but from the description of genus Udotea it cannot belong to it.— Upon reading over description of Amphiroa P 56, it will be evident how very close a relationship in manner of growth & cones

[162v]

(a) It is to be remembered that the cones do not occur near the margin, where the X Corall is growing.— In some specimens these cones were absent; in others there were white spots with the surface exfoliating, & there I imagine cones to have existed.—

(z) Decandolle & Sprengel Botany P. 92 Consider that propagation in Lichens & Confervæ is a kind of budding & not true generation. In Halimeda & in the Inarticulatæ such certainly I think is the process.— In the method described in Corallina of Hobart town of the extremities of branches being "laid" in branches of trees, & when from the foliaceous expansion buds appeared, perhaps in this method we see the only kind of propagation known to this genus, in which the bladder-formed cones have not been discovered.—

163

E. Falkland Isd

1833 March

Corallina (inarticulata) there exists between that Corallina & this. The absence of articulations is the chief difference: I think we may hence expect that the propagation in the whole family Corallinaæ will be somewhat similar to the one described.— I have never been able to perceive any Polypus or true cell, & till I do I must rank these beings as belonging to the Vegetable rather than animal world.— the simplicity of the reproduction would seem rather to favor this idea.— I suspect the strongest argument against it is the a false analogy of form with respect to Corallines; in this case however there is a stronger one to Lichens.

Holuthuria (a) 586 (b) Body cylindrical, transversely wrinkled, rather pointed at posterior extremity or anus:— length 1 & 1/2 inch: colour pale salmon: covered with 5 longitudinal irregular rows of (2 or 3 broard in each) long papillæ.— these rows extend whole length of body.— Mouth surrounded by 10 tentacula, these are unsymetrically branched & long.— much resembling a tree in growth.— Not uncommon under stones.— same as (522) in Tierra del F.—

Sipunculus (allied to) 586 Body cylindrical, smooth, finely wrinkled, colour "yellowish brown", posterior extremity suddenly & much pointed; trunk about ½ length of body, total length between 4 & 5 inches. Mouth surrounded by several rows of small, short, flattened lancet-shaped tentacula, closely approximate so as to form a tuft.— Anus minute white speck at base of trunk; internal anatomy precisely as

[163v]

(a) April 1: 594 Holuthuria closely allied to last: body more elongated, coloured "peach blossom red", coriaceous.— Tentacula long, irregularly branched, [illeg] like.— On side of body generally used as attachment there are two clear longitudinal spaces clear of papillæ; but on each side they are thicker, hence look like three rows of papillæ. On back papillæ scattered irregularly.— There is a short smooth neck free of papillæ.—

(b) Holuthuria (586) with short smooth neck with few papillæ; body coriaceous, transversely wrinkled. Bony collar round neck of œsophagus, simple, form of 5 double pieces, or 10, the alternate ones being slightly different.— the parts drawn rim only was white & calcareous, the intermediate parts cartilaginous.— Fig. collar cut open.—

Port Famine June 1834 One of the papillæ examined, shows its whole surface reticulated (rather broard plates) with stony substance.— termination a saucer shaped depression.— I believe no sort of aperture: it is only a locomotive organ.— [sketch]

164

E. Falkland Island

1833

Sipunculus described by Cuvier for true Sipunculus.— Body was exceedingly distended by water, so as when dead to squirt it out with force.— Animal was under stones in sandy mud.—

Corallina (inarticulata) 1153 (not spirits) This species somewhat resembles in appearance that of P (161). Corall, exceedingly hard, stony, compact; a section shows no horizontal layers & no great difference of hardness in different parts: is coated by thin layer of the soft cellular tissue, of which the cells are very minute.— The covering is so thin that it requires a microscope & lancet to procure any.— Superior surface coloured blackish "crimson red"; smooth, very regular:— expansions thick (about 1/10th or more), strong:— grows in large circular patches, when two interfere the junction rises in a crest; these were nearly the only ones which I could procure as specimens. Is not very common, chiefly distinguished from that of P 161 by the much greater thickness of expansions.— Amongst organized beings, few could be found which would show fewer of the signs of structure & life.—

Corallina (inarticulata) 1153 (not spirits) This, as that of P 161, most abundantly coats the rocks, or growing on itself forms bosses: in its structure it is likewise closely related, although different in external form.— Corall mamillary, composed of numerous small oblong pieces, with globular heads; these often grow into each other & are always close together, so that the surface is very irregular. the summit of each nearly all its rounded head is marked by irregular line or suture, as if originally formed by the

165

E. Falkland Island

1833 March 27th

Corallina (inarticulata) junction of two pieces; colour pale with faint tint of purple.— Structure same as others, central parts of nearly uniform hardness; external coat of cellular tissue (or granules, for I am not yet sure whether each hexagon is a cell or grain) is thin, (but thicker at summits), but composed of rather larger cells, than the other species: If that of P 161 from its figure called to mind the Lichen which grows on rotten wood: this is equally like to a dry crumbling sort which grows on stone.—

Corallina (true) 1143 (not spirits) Trichotomous, joints nearly cylindrical; those which give off branches triangular. others round; articulations semi-pellucid; colour same as usual, grows in small, low, tufts:— A longitudinal section of extreme part of limb gives following appearance: beneath a thin transparent coat is a mass of cellular tissue (such as so often described) & within this, parallel longitudinal darker coloured fibres surrounded on all sides by the cellular tissue: the extremities of these follow the same arched line as the external surface, & it is probably by the successive hardenings of these that an occasional appearance of concentric lines is seen in a section of older joint limb.— At base of ultimate limb, the outside part first becomes stony:— A section of old limb gives first a very thin coat of cellular tissue, & I think the external transparent membrane.— then then a semi-pellucid hard stony case, which by the appearance in microscope appears to be part of cellular tissue of young extremity filled

166

E. Falkland Island

1833 March 27th

Corallina (true) up with stony matter; the lines are rather transverse in it.— the central part is white, softer, yet calcareous & with longitudinal lines; this is clearly the horny fibres of extremities also hardened.— The distinction between the central & external stony parts is best seen in the penultimate limb.— as the external case becomes perfect before the former.— The connection between the whole Coralline must chiefly be carried on by the external soft cellular tissue: (Vide infrà) The articulations have not much motion, & that must only be from increased elasticity: within these is a largish cavity, with arched roof & filled with a soft substance, which I imagine to be the central mass, not lapidified:—

I am convinced that it is out of the question to suppose these beings have any connection with Polypi.— What claims have they to be considered as animals?—

At the articulations the stem is contracted & the external stony case bends in & is not continuous with that of the adjoining limb.— A Section gives the appearance of a cavity; but is really formed of a globular mass of tough semi-pellucid inelastic matter. This at its base unites with the central softer stony part, & above articulates into an arched cavity in the next limb.— hence motion is tolerably free.—

167

E. Falkland Island

1833 March 31st

Balanus Linnæ: 591 Shell depressed quadrivalve: base membranous with narrow calcareous rim: externally rough, irregular.— Operculum quadrivalve, suture doubly serrated.— [sketch] within plain, & no external tooth. Animal, with 4 pair of the usual bifid articulated cirrhi (like the three pair of animal P 159): 5th pair short strong.— Then the generative trunk passes on right side backwards, it is rather short & rings plainly marked on it.— External pied machoire with equal arms.— Maxillæ with the truncate spinous edge irregular: Mandibles with superior tooth not larger than others, than in regular proportion.— In other respects mouth agrees well with animal P 159.— Mouth, Trophi & Cirrhi all coloured dark greenish blue.— This is the commonest sort, which at low water mark covers the rocks.—

Synoicum 595 April 2d.— Aggregate body, oblate spheroid, seated on a footstalk, which tapers at root to a fine point: gelatino-membranous, external parts yellowish transparent, internal reddish orange. Formed from the aggregate of numerous animals, the bodies of which point towards common centre or footstalk, hence the central ones are longest & others gradually decrease in length towards the sides.— They adhere side by side, & from each a narrow elastic ribbon goes proceeds to the footstalk & passes down to the root.— External surface slightly mamillated, with apertures each of which is common to the branchial cavity & other orifices of

168

E. Falkland Isd

1833 April 2d Synoicum each animal.— Orifice bean shaped, edge slightly fringed.— near to convex side, there is a white internal mark formed of collection of (b) dots.— this side is external to pole of sphere on inferior.— From these white marks & shape, consistence & colour, body resembles some fruit, such as a Strawberry: size of large specimen, breadth of sphere .8: height .6; length, including head & stalk, about 2 inches.— Grows on the leaves of the Fucus giganticus.— separated

Body of animal may be is divided into two parts;— branchial cavity,— & abdominal viscera.— Branchial cavity bell-shaped, furnished with slightly tubular lip, on which are two rows of differently (c) sized papillæ, about 16 in number (?): these project across the expanded aperture.— the sides on mantle is divided into two halves by vessels running up on each side; in both there is a most beautiful & symetrical trellis work of branchiæ. They It consists of 5 concentric rows (or combs) of parallel filaments, which are vertical; they are attached at each extremity to mantle; in middle rows they are attached to bands.— Perhaps they might be described as four concentric bands with filaments above & below, but where opposite united.—

V. Pl: 7 The filaments towards each end of the comb decrease in size length.— When the animal is undisturbed the two upper & larger rows can only be seen, the others were discovered by difficult dissection; On 1/4 & 1/3 focal distance these filaments, with a high power, a rapid vibrating motion is visible, as if of ciliæ, clearly a function of respiration.—

[168v]

(a) not separated or cut.

(b) I do not know what to make of these white dots, which are universally present: they can easily be separated.— numbers also occur about the region of the stomach, but in this latter place they are not constant in numbers or site.—

(c) The papillæ resemble on a small scale those on the arm of an Asterias.— When the animal is undisturbed, the branchial cavity is widely open & a slight circulation of water may be perceived at the aperture.—

169

E. Falkland Island

1833 April 2d

Synoicum The vessels which divide the mantle & the two sets of trellis work; are very clear near the aperture but by no effort could I trace them to a junction with others of the viscera.— On the external side, a clear space runs up, to which the concentric bands unite.— & in this is a vessel, containing (a) another, which runs up seems to unite to the white space by branchial aperture.— I could not see any orifice.— I could trace these vessels down the side of cavity, but not across it, which direction it must pursue if it unites to any of the viscera.— On the anterior & superior side there is a minute vessel, which seems also to terminate in a yellow dot by branchial aperture & right opposite to white space.— the interval between this vessel & intestine is so small, that I have no doubt that it is the anus.—Near base of Branchial cavity the œsophagus enters, & proceeding descending a short distance, bends nearly at right angles & passes under & through the liver.— forming together large dark reddish orange unequally sided oval.— the intestine taking a sweep ascends close by the œsophagus to near aperture of bran Mantle.— between the stomach & bend of intestine the heart lies, appears elongated & very transparent; pulsating strongly; I could trace the oscillations to within the Branchiæ, I imagine therefore the circulation is simple:— Resting on & beneath the intestine & stomach: there is a large sack of white pulpy matter, which generally often is divided internally into a star like mass.— it is in this state when most undeveloped.

[169v]

(a) Is it impossible that this vessel is connected with base of tentacula or papillæ & from thence leads to mouth of œsophagus at base of branchial cavity.— animal would then live solely by absorption!? — it is the simplest method of joining the vessels:

170

E. Falkland Isd

1833 April 2d

Synoicum When a little more advanced, the white matter is collected into globular ova.— from the centre of this sack a vessel descends & bending suddenly ascends close by the intestine & therefore on the outside of animal.— I could trace it as far as the end of intestine, but from these vessels & œsophagus all lying close between the trellis work of branchiæ, I could by no effort trace them to their orifices.— This last vessel is clearly the oviduct: I will first describe the most extraordinary ovules & then the process of generation.— From the first rudimentary globular collection of white matter, they pass into (2nd state) defined reddish orange spheres: 3rd with a point on one sides: 4th.— surrounded by clos a transparent band in which are transverse opake partitions: 5th a rounded oblong, with central dark mass enveloped by gelatinous transparent matter, furnished with a long tapering tail.— Tail has numerous transverse partitions, & in 4th state was curled around ovum.— it terminates by a fine hair & in different times is either filled with homogeneous matter or opake partitions.— Total length .11; breadth of head .015, so that the tail is about 5 times as long as head.— it Ovule is capable of rapid vibrating motion & hence progressive: it is evidently a young Synoicum in search of a Fucus on which the tail will be fixed & become a footstalk: From appearance of head it is a single

171

E. Falkland Isd

1833 April 2d

Synoicum animal.— This gemmule resembled in its habits some Infusoria3, as Circaria.—In the described ovarium, only those ova in 1st & 2d state are found.— For independent of this organ, there are, when the aggregate body abounds with ovules, two intestine shaped sacks, longer than the body & attached near to extremity of intestine, or supposed anus.— I never saw these except when with eggs. At lower extremity the ovule appears to be much in same state as in the true ovarium, but at the upper end or mouth they are in state 4th: & some even with when fused their tails uncurl: I should suppose that ovules pass down the oviduct & enter the two additional ovaria & there remain till ready to become independent animals.— In same proportion as the two additional ovaria contain many ova, the central one contains few & the whole animal becomes exceedingly shrunk; so that the aggregate body is of a darker reddish orange & appears to be composed of intestine shaped sacks with ova.— The number of eggs in each animal vary according to its size, so that those near the footstalk only contain a few, whilst the large central ones very many.— The ovules in same aggregate body were nearly in same state.— some with central ovarium only containing white pulpy matters, others filled with large bright coloured ovules:

172

E. Falkland Isd

1833 April.─

Synoicum Aggregate bodies of different sizes (therefore ages?) contained ovules; otherwise I should have thought from shrunk state of bodies that after parturition animals had died.— The footstalk is enveloped in strong membrane & consists of the elastic ribbons & some granular balls, the nature of which I am ignorant of, enveloped in gelatinous matter: I have called this animal Synoicum, as in external characters being nearest, but it is evidently distinct.— In the anatomy the generation is very curious & one more instance of ovules having a motion of which the parent animal is not possessed.— the number of tentacula round edge of mantle, & the curious trellis work of Branchiæ are all remarkable facts.—

Plate 7, Fig 5. represent, but stiffly drawn, an animal with branchial cavity expanded: tentacula about aperture: the vessels within branchiæ are disjoined from fault of observ: heart lies on under surface just by function of stomach & intestine, not (drawn): ova just formed: Fig 6 is the vessels which lead towards collection of white dots, with upper band of branchiæ of the two trellis works.— Fig 7. one whole set of trellis work expanded; miserably drawn, filaments longer & far more numerous & regular.— Fig: 8.— Ovule in 4th state: Fig: 9:— Ovule in 5th state.— Fig 10, piece of tail much magnified:—

173

E. Falkland Isd

1833 April 4th

Holuthuria 596 Body very smooth, soft, with three rows of papillæ on under side & on back two sorts of low crests formed of more rudimentary papillæ united by a membrane:— 10 tentacula round mouth.— simple short, irregular but not much branched, or rather tuberculated: colour "dutch orange", often with much darker specks: when first taken out of water, quite shapeless:— Bony collar round œsophagus exceedingly rudimentary: there is a mere vestige of calcareous matter on upper rim.— the rest being cartilaginous:— there are 5 double pieces [sketch]: at base of grand division is point of attachment for the longitudinal ligamentous band. 5 of these extend whole length of body & thus differ from Sipunculus.— Also intestine not spirally convoluted.— Found in great numbers between the roots of Fucus giganteus.—

Obelia (a) 597 & 1161 (not spirits) Corall, stony, brittle tender, growing in mass specks like incrustations of Fucus gigantes; polypiferous tubes, curved cylindrical growing in united groups, from 2 to 4 on stony plate, nearly in a direction from one centre; & pointing upwards nearly vertically; tubes & plate thickly covered with punctures; colour very faint yellow:— Polypus I only saw by dissection: tentacula 10 in number, fine simple, seated on a neck, which joins cylindrical body with central vessel.— nearly at base it contracts & is bent; perhaps lies in curved position in tube; body terminated by mass of reddish matter & above this (which is a very curious but certain fact) there was a collection of reddish grains, enveloped in transparent matter, which possessed a

[173v]

(a) 890 March 1834.— on Fucus leaves, in Ponsonby Sound, were minute specks of Coralline.— which perhaps may be same species as this in young state, when the punctures are not developed.— Arms 10 (?), terminal red, viscus nearly sphærical, at one side small enlargement near junction of basal vessel of tentacula, evidently [same] organ, as mentioned in note (a) to next species.—

1834 May 971 I examined a small species of Obelia: its body has the true structure of the Flustraceæ: as this was one of the first I examined I am not surprised at overlooking the curved vessel with the (Liver?) attached at both extremities: it was probably ruptured in detaching the Polypus.—

174

1833

Obelia rapid revolutionary motion; each separate grain might be seen with 1/3 focal D: revolving: when cut out of body they mingled with the water: the exact position of the ball seemed to vary & in one I thought there were 2 or 3, although only one with motion.— What is this, a heart? or preparation of ova?—

(a) On same Fucus there was what appeared to be a different species of Obelia, only differing from the last in the puncture being smaller, colour white.— tubes not so high & generally united in rows, which, like fibres from the mid-rib of a leaf, branch off on each side; several of these leaves sometimes form a star: Both these species belong to Obelia of Lamouroux:— Are very abundant:

Phocœna 711 X Body, above & before dorsal fin, depressed, before tail compressed & arched:— belly tapering gradually to tail: Head forming about an equilateral triangle, conical.— Upper part slightly "bombè": Outline of the junction of the upper jaw with head straight, but on each side junction there is a slight depression:— Eye with iris dark brown placed above & behind corner of mouth: Teeth slightly curved, placed regularly; in upper jaw 28, (on each side) in lower 27; the two most anterior teeth are in the latter lower jaw: lower lip projects beyond upper; Eye & breathing vent in same circle around head; concavity (or horns) of vent point towards anterior extremity of body: Dorsal fin posteriorly simply excised: Pectoral, placed rather below a line joining under lip & tail, posteriorly doubly excised. Tail, between extremities straight, with central deep division. The specimen appeared to be of the common

[174v]

(a) 1834. AO. March 1st. East entrance of Beagle Channel; there is an abundance of these white stars on the Fucus. highly polypiferous Polypus, with 10 or 12 arms, very delicate, only the arms were protruded; body resides in the tube: body lengthened cylinder, which near base (as described in other species) contracts & slightly bends & in extremity contains a red viscus is of an oval shape.— there is a central vessel.— just before the bend, this vessel seems to pass by another & smaller viscus also of a red color. (liver?) This same vessel or another conducts to the main terminal reddish mass; in this were two spots where rapid revolution of the contained fluid was evident.— one & the upper centre of motion was most energetic.— the site of both is close above the terminal viscus where the arms are extended; whole body moves.—

175

1833

Phocœna size: Length (following curvature of back) from tip of nose to end of tail 5ft : 4 inches.—

From do to Anus 3 : 10.9

From do to anterior base of dorsal fin 2 : 6.5

From do . . . . . . . . . . . . pectoral . . 1 : 4.5

From do to eye 0 : 9.9

From do to vent (following curve of head) 0 : 10.7

From do to corner of mouth 0 : 7.9

Girth of body

Before dorsal fin 3ft : 0.6inch

. . . . pectoral . . 2 : 8.2

. . . . . . tail fin 0 : 7.8

Over the eyes 2 : 0

Length of dorsal fin following convex each edges 1ft : 0.5 in a perpendicular dropped from tip to the back 0 : 6.4 inch — Length of pectoral following anterior or convex edge 1 : 2.8— Width of tail from tip to tip 1 : 4.5.—

(a) Colour: beneath resplendent white, above jet black, most of junction the two generally shading into each other by grey: extreme of snout, edge of under lip, ring round eyes, & tail fin, jet black: dorsal & pectoral fins dark grey.— this latter colour is continued from corner of mouth to the pectorals; but above them there is an oblique white band, which gradually shades into a pale grey above the eyes.— Again the dark grey is continued from back in an oblique line to anus.— but within this tail part, there are two white & grey bands which run parallel to that above the pectoral; thus forming the diagonal white & grey bands on the side: the two posterior ones I should think would

[175v]

(a) There were several small Crust. Læmodipodes adhæring to the skin near to the dorsal fin: colour dark reddish brown with white spot near base of leg.— By mistake these were lapped up & put into spirit without number being attached to them.

176

1833

Phocœna occasionally coalesce & be subject to variation: This specimen was a female & harpooned out of a large troop which were sporting round the ship in St Josephs Bay; Lat 42°.30′ S.— April 17th.— Vide drawing of animal by Capt.— Fitz Roy.— X

Snakes taken at Maldonado for May & June.

Bipes 608 Copied Beneath white gradually shading into a light brown above, with four dark brown lines.— the 2 central ones being the broardest was caught near the water of a lake.— motions inactive.—

Coluber 623 & 702 Copied Above of a uniform blackish lead colour, with an opaline bluish gloss; beneath pale, at the junction of the two sorts of scales the gloss is least seen; differs from the following one in shape of scales, & proportional length of tail &c

Coluber 624 Copied The commonest species in this country; is it not same as taken at Bahia Blanca, reaches 3 or 4 feet long.— The first maxillary tooth is very large: by aid of microscope I saw a narrow deep groove running down on convex surface.— Is it for conveying poison?— Specimen of tooth is in pill-box (1320)

Coluber 639 & 705 Copied Beneath cream-coloured with irregular rows of blackish dots as if of interrupted chains; above all the scales, "yellowish" 1/2 "wood brown", with lateral darker band on each side; chiefly on anterior part of body, the interstices between scales are coloured in symetrical small spaces of white, "tile red" & black, (the latter most strongly marked), this gives a singular mottled appearance to the animal.— Inhabits not uncommonly the sand dunes.—

177

1833 May 14th

Limas Ferussae (a) 614 Body narrow, of a uniform black-lead colour, beneath & sides paler.— Superior antennæ short, thick, blunt, with terminal eye, same colour as body; inferior as usual, much shorter, rugose: Branchial orifice seated on right side of shield & about 2/3 from the its anterior margin.— Shield covering about half the body; leaving a little of the neck exposed when the animal crawls — on the shield there are parallel furrows, following its curvature:— tail moderately pointed; body length .1 inch, but slightly wrinkled, found crawling in a field near head of the R. Tapes.— North of Maldonado.—

Ornithology The following are a few scattered observations on the habits of various birds in the vicinity of Maldonado during the months of May & June.

Furnarius rufus (b) Copied No. (1200) is commonly called the oven bird, from the form of its nest.— this is composed of mud & bits of straw, & in shape about 2/3 of a sphere: within & much afterward is a large semicircular opening; within & fronting this there is a sort of partition which reaches nearly up to the roof, so as to form a sort of passage to within the nest.— The bird is very common, often near houses & amongst bushes, is active in its habits, & utters loud reiterated peculiar & shrill notes.— The nest is placed in the most exposed situation on the top of a post, stem of cactus or bare rock.

(1201) Icterus. Exceedingly abundant, in large flocks, generally making much noise, in habits resembling our starlings: Found also at R. Negro.

(c) (1202) Anthus. resembling in most of its habits a lark, very common; not in flocks; alights on twigs:—

Ornithology (1203) Scolopax. flight irregular as in Europe; makes

[177v]

(a) May 29th.— Found some more specimens crawling on plants in a very wet place; their length, colour, & general appearance the same, so that I have no doubt they are full grown:— body very narrow linear, when crawling .9 long & sup: antennæ (protruded) 1/12th of inch long.—

(b) Is now (end of May) working at its nest: it walks on the ground like a dove; & thus feeds on Coleoptera:— Is called "Casera" or house maker.

(c) Eggs, spotted & clouded with red. nest on ground, simple. No (1592)