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Coast of Patagonia

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Fish (a) 347 Above pale, regularly or symmetrically marked with "brownish red" (by the tip of each scale being so coloured).— Beneath silvery white: side with faint coppery tinge: Ventral fins yellowish.— Pupil of eye intense black.— When cooked was good eating.—

Fish (b) 348 copied Many specimens exceeded a foot in length.— Above aureous-coppery; with wavelike lines of dark brown, then often collect into 4 or 5 transverse bands.— fins leaden colour.— beneath obscure: pupil dark blue.— When caught vomited up small fish & a Pilumnus.— Mr Earl states these fish are plentiful at Tristan d Acunha, where it is called the Devil fish, from the bands being supposed the marks of the Devils fingers.— Was tough for eating, but good.— This sort was taken in very great numbers.—

Fish (c) copied 354 354 Above pale "Chesnut brown" so arranged as to form transverse bands on sides: Sides, head, fins, with a black tinge: beneath irregularly white: under lip pink: Eyes, with pupil black, with yellow sclerotica iris.—

Cellepora? Nr 356 August 26th — Lat 38°..20′ Sounding 14 fathoms.— Coral, stony; brittle; branched; orange coloured, white at tips of branches white; stems composed of numerous irregular circular small tubes, the former cells of polype.— Surface rough with little transparent cones, obliquely truncate, open.— I never saw polype protrude from these.— but from regular minute circular apertures with no external rim.— Polype very numerous.— Tentacula 12 round the mouth seated on a tube;

[77v]

(a) For some particulars of Coraline somewhat resembling this (VP219).—

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Coast of Patagonia

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Cellepora This is contained in a case: tubular with rather wider at mouth protrudable.— Vide Pl 4: Fig: 3.— (a) Tentacula on tube, (b) the case: drawn as fully protruded from coral (c).—

Flustra 355 (a) Habitat same as last: Coralline is closely allied to Flustra, but is a distinct & new genus.— Stem much & irregularly branched, flexible, about 2 inches high, coloured reddish.— Cells in 2, 3 or 4 rows according to breadth of branch, opening on one side.— Cells applied rather obliquely so as not to form distinct lines. On the face surface, when the cells open they overlap each other.— The other & back side, smooth, channelled by as many lines as rows of cells: thus seen (Pt 4, Fig 4) the cells appear of the shape drawn at (k), each anteriorly ending in point: widest in middle. Seen on upper surface quadrangular & oblong: the anterior opening with a spine at each corner.— Polype with 16 approximate, long (length 1/40 of inch), curved tentacula, seated within a lip on the extensible tube or mouth.— When in inaction, this is withdrawn to nearly the base of cell.—I clearly saw at a spot where the tube & red intestine joined a sort of pulsation or rather a rapid revolution of small grains particles.— at the very base of cell, I saw in many a small mass of collected granules, which I suppose to be Ovules.— at the very base of cell, I saw in many a small mass of collected granules, which I suppose to be Ovules.— But what renders this coralline singular is the occurrence on the

[78v]

a)] I mean by laterally that the cheek of the head is applied to the side of cell: but that at either it is & that the mouth or lower mandible opens in opposite direction in the

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Coast of Patagonia

1832 August

Flustra edge of the cells of a peculiar organ.— In shape it curiously resembles the beak & head of a Vulture: is transparent, colourless, 1/75 of inch in length: is attached to the superior external edge of cell at its middle, by a short peduncle.— This peduncle appeared to communicate by a delicate tube to base of cell.— The head or capsule is connected to the peduncle at its superior base (above situation of neck in Vultures head).— The peduncle has great power of motion in a vertical direction (vertical being applied as to birds head).— Head empty oblong: upper mandible curved & much hooked at extremity; grooved within:— lower mandible closely fitting to superior with sharp projecting tooth at extremity, which fits into superior mandible; has the power of being opened so far as to make straight line with the other: at the joint is semicircular opening, which appears to lead by delicate tube to the peduncle.— The capsule (a) (or head) lies close to the cell laterally & rather obliquely in direction: its point is base is towards base of cell: with respect to the surface in which cells aperture of cells are, the beak opens in different ways.— generally towards the under or back surface; but I saw a branch in which on one side the upper mandible was upwards, on the other, downwards.— Each cell has a capsule, but with this remarkable difference that when there are more than two rows, the central

[79v]

(a) And the absence of communication with intestinal tube.—

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Coast of Patagonia

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Flustra ones have a capsule not more than 1/4th the size of the external ones.— Moreover the terminal cells in which the Polype are colourless have not them?— Pla: 4. Fig 5: represents one seen obliquely from above. (a) upper mandible: (b) lower with dot representing tooth: (c) head: (dd) sides edge of cell: e the delicate tube within:— Fig 6 represents the mouth wide open so that the peduncle is not seen.— F is the semicircular opening or gullet at base of upper mandible.—

When the Coralline is in water, whether the Polype is within or out of cell, the capsule generally is wide open (as in Fig: 6), & the whole head on peduncle turns backwards & forwards, vertically going through at least 90°. — They perform the whole motion in about 5" seconds.— Most of the Capsules perform it isochronously.— Occasionally they close for an instant the lower mandible.— In a small branch so many capsules moving caused in it a trembling.— A point of needle being inserted within the jaws was always seized so fast, as to be able to drag small branch.— The motion in these became fainter, as the Polype lost strength.— Polype, although so irritable of motion, took no notice of the motion of Capsule.— What office does this organ perform? It would appear superfluous for same animal to possess tentacula & another organ for seizing its prey.—

[80v]

the regularity of movement, & independence of the position of polype favors this idea.—

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Coast of Patagonia

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Flustra Although its movements with the needle would indicate this.— In all probability by its motion a stream of water might be forced into base of cell. Can it have (a) any relation with respiration & the revolution of particles (above mentioned) with circulation. It is difficult to believe in so complicated [an] organization.— As far as regards generation (which is the last resource in all puzzling cases) what utility can so complicated an organ [have]? How different from the simple vesicles in other Zoophites.— Assuredly at base of cell there was an appearance of ball of ova.— I am quite at a loss from the want of all analogy.— But in any of these cases, how can it be explained that the old central cells have such small & comparatively speaking inefficient ones.—

Squalus Linn. 359 Copied August 28th. Lat 38°.25′ S. Soundings 14 fathoms. Caught by a hook a specimen of genus Squalus: Body "blueish grey"; above, with rather blacker tinge; beneath much white:— Its eye was the most beautiful thing I ever saw.— pupil pale "Verdegris green", but with lustre of a jewel, appearing like a Sapphire or Beryl.— Iris pearly edge dark.— Sclerotica pearly:— In stomach was remains of large fish.— In the uterus the young ones for a long time after the viscera were opened continued to move: good specimen for dissecting:—

[81v]

(a) by depressing the soft substance of body

(b) Sept: 3d. Having procured a small & very perfect specimen (Lat. 39°9′) I am fortunately enabled to correct some errors & to certify the rest.—

(c) Sept 29th This is not accurate, the part described as membrane is a transverse ridge or developement of longitudinal vessel; its shape is thus [sketch] it is not external, but within the gelatinous external surface; the vibrating ciliæ, or rather fillets solely project; the fibres described as muscular arise on each side between the greater ridges.— The motion in the fillets is either instantaneous in whole line or runs down it rapidly but regularly: high nervous communication.— This animal abounds in Baia Blanca, being 2 inches long

(d) Decemb: 7th. Lat 43°S.— on calm day float in great numbers, from near the surface to some feet deep: when then in water their shape is conical, & power of motion seems to be confined to expanding their bodies.— They seem to supply the place of Medusæ in this Zone:—

April 17th St Josephs bay abundant: There were also many Medusæ Lat. 42°, 30' These vibratory ciliæ are really transparent fillets [sketch], ragged at extremities: about 5 on each disc: motion lies in base of each one separately: when alive showed most beautiful prismatic colours: I should think only locomotive.— Those fillets, which are placed in the simple festoons.— have a vessel running near their bases but I could not see any actual connection, any more than than in those of the discs with the longitudinal vessels: The animal floats generally some way beneath surface & is continually revolving: one specimen in basin, being torn, had only fillets on one side at extremity, but these were sufficient to make it steadily revolve:—

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Moll: Tunicata allied to Biphora Nr 360 In Lat 38°.39′ S: sea contained great numbers of an animal of this division. On calm days floating near the surface, (d)

but in other weather they were brought up in a dredge.— (b) Varied in length from one & 1/2 inch to a few 1/10ths:— perfectly transparent: colourless: shape a little flattened oval egg-shape; at base apex reflected inwards at the pole for 1/4th of the total length: Plate 4. Fig: 7: on the external surface are 8 bands, possessing vibratory organs, are clearly visible, they rise near to the base, pass over the apex & approximate in central depression: at apex they give cause ridges in the outline: round the mouth, in central depression, the bands are united in pairs; 2 pairs being approximating on one side & 2 on the other: so as to enable in describing to divide the animal in two halves: the plane of division being at right angles to the broarder or flattened one.—

PL: 4: (a b Fig: 7): (Fig: 9 is a view of central depression & mouth from above:) The bands consist in a tube on which are numerous semicircular rims of membrane; & from these, curved pointed fillets depend: these are in very rapid motion, directed towards apex.— between these are seated much smaller ones (V Fig: 10 a & b): on each side of the membrane are fibres which appear to act as muscles: also oblique ones.— (V Fig 10 b).— The motion in the ciliæ or

[82v]

(a) Between each long cilia there is a minute one, in same manner as between each semicircular ridge is a small one.—

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Coast of Patagonia

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Biphora allied to fillets sometimes commences at apex & thus runs down the vessel, but more generally is irregularly continued through its whole length.— When not in motion they lie close down (as 10 a). I should conceive when all in motion they would propel the animal with its base first.— Only the vessels are continued reflected within central depression.— At the base, the bands of each division are united, but in different manners: the 2 central ones of the four are united at the base by a simple curved ridge or membrane on which is seated a single row of vibrating ciliæ: but the lateral ones have a ridge running up 1/2 length of body forming acute angle, on the external half (a) of which is seated row of ciliæ.— these vibrate in a direction at rt angles to the main ones on the longitudinal band, & towards these: they would have a tendency to move body round its axis.— At Fig 7. the bases of the bands of the two divisions are seen disunited: but the lateral ones in each joined by the acute angled ridge.— Within the vessels is a rapid circulation, the globules moved to & fro at the base of the vibrating fillets: so that I suppose they are connected with respiration.— Within the body, beneath the mouth, the corresponding & opposite pairs from each division unite & form 2 central vessels in body.— For sake of simplicity, I will describe the organization of the one set (I now in describing divide the body directly oppositely to what I did before).—

[83v]

(a) Sept: 2d I could not exactly in this specimen see the heart; but most clearly the centres of the double circulation lie at the upper extremity or junction of central vessels with the external ones.— Neither could I perceive the order of circulation; in junction of external vessels I saw a globules rapidly move backwards & forwards, till at last having entered the external vessel were carried onwards with great celerity.— In the same external vessel I saw circulation proceeding in opposite directions.—

(a) Sept: 2d Or more accurately just beneath junction of two external vessels.—

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Coast of Patagonia

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Allied to Biphora (Plate 6 Fig: 1). At the point within body, beneath where the two pair of vessels unite, there is a semilunar shaped organ which performs (a) the functions of heart: the two vessels after uniting form one central one: At the heart the circulation is exceedingly vigorous, but not very regular; as far as I was able to judge (from great motion in the ship) the fluid passes down central tube & is returned by the branches.— but at the same time it is (a) certain that this was by no means universal, the same globules travelling some short way distance in one direction & then return.— Near the heart there were numbers of globules, slightly coloured, answering to blood; these appeared to be propelled in every direction, so that they entered different vessels, but by some power were driven back (a) till they found their right course.— the heart lies within the main vessel, & it is difficult to understand to understand how it acts.— I cannot help imagining that the heart in some of these animals acts more in the manner of a fan, than of a pumping receptacle.— There was nothing like a systole & diastole: the particles globules only revolving with rapidity round a centre.— Just (b) beneath the heart a narrow vessel arises which is continued in an arch close under the external surface to the base of the body. (In Pl 6 Fig: 1, This is drawn on one side, its real course; it is in same line but above the central vessel): At the extremity

[84v]

(a) Pl 4. Fig 11.— Here the drawing represents a plane at right angles to the one mentioned, so that both central tubes & both livers are seen.— the greater part of this drawing is incorrect: it only serves to show the relative position of the organs.

(b) Sept. 2d The intestine-shaped threads seen under 1/10th lens is composed of numbers of globules, united in irregular lines in a pulpy mass.— The globules resembled those in the circulating medium & were about 1/6000 in diameter.— A circulation is visible in the vessel which connects this organ to the central vessels: as mentioned, they do not open into stomach: my supposing the organ bears an analogy to liver is I think absurd. Is it generative?

(c) Sept: 2d The stomach is capable of much motion, expand<ing> itself & contracting itself, irregularly.— much flattened; The central vessels do not pass within it, but lie close on the outside (I am not surprised at my mistake):— In this case I did not see absorbing tubes: The central vessels, having reach<ed> base of body, turn off (as described) vertically at rt angles; after which I see it obscurely branches into two which communicate with the external vessels, one on each side the Liver. This explains case in Pl 4 Fig: 12; where I did not perceive the first rectangular turn, or perhaps from transparency, the depending part (K) might be this.—

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Allied to Biphora the tube is widened into an oblong cavity. the posterior half projects beyond body. (Pl 4. Fig 8) Within this receptacle is a bundle of darker coloured parallel threads or filaments, (b) viscous & extensible & capable of slight motion.— I at first thought these organs (of course there is a corresponding one on opposite side of body) connected with generation: but finding them as perfect in specimen only 3/10th long (b) it does not appear probable: if they were connected with respiration, there would be a circulation in the connecting tubes: from their opening just above neck of stomach (b) (vide infìa) & from darker colour I conjecture they perform function of liver; the gall tube is certainly very long & it is most strange its being exposed to the open water:— If another system of vessels, precisely the same as above described, be placed directly beneath (a) (as far as I was able to perceive) it will be a correct representation of internal organization. PL 6. Fig 1:─What I am now going to describe is common to both systems.— Within centre of body there is a tube or bag formed of soft pulpy membrane.— at its superior extremity it receives, just beneath the heart, both central vessels & opening from the mouth.— at its base it widens & is united to the external covering of body.— This central vessels I imagine to be the stomach.— From the superior (c) half of central vessels, there are delicate

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Coast of Patagonia

1832

Allied to Biphora tubes sent off, which become gradually finer; these I suppose to be absorbents.— The central vessels having being continued to the extreme base of the body turn off at right angles, & gradually become obscure; I could however pretty clearly trace the fluid into the lower branches of the external bands on vessels: (Pl 6. Fig 2. this turning off is represented; in Fig 1 it is not seen because the branch is in same plane as central vessel):— Thus it would seem generally to exist; but I saw two instances where instead of a single rectangular branch, there were two: this appearance is shown Pl 4 Fig 12: In the specimen from which this was drawn.— the central vessel appeared likewise to open at base of body by a projecting tube, as shown in Figrs 12 & 11.— This must remain in uncertainty.— I was unable from the motion in ship to trace the course of any globule; the whole system of vessels is thus united, the four external ones (with ciliæ) are on each side united at their bases; but opposite pairs of each join at the heart with the central vessels: I suppose the circulating medium being put into motion by the heart flows down the central tubes, where it is joined by lymph which is separated from the stomach by the absorbents; passes on into the external vessels, & is then acted on, by the agency of the ciliæ, by the water, is then returned to

[86v]

(a) I can hardly say that I could actually trace the gullet into the stomach; but just over it.

(b) Sept: 2d The situation of mouth is strongly marked by a black dot: it always appears closed.—

(c) Sept: 2d I am not much surprised at overlooking the anus basal orifice: the body is so very soft & tender & transparent, that without a small specimen can be placed under microscope it would be difficult to find it.— The stomach at base opens by a long slit (in direction of flattened side, i.e. at rt angles to the plane in which central vessels & (Livers!) are).— This orifice can be very accurately closed & widely expanded; so as rather to form a passage (as in Biphora) than an anus. The orifice was very sensitive & would instantly close.— When open I could fairly see into the stomach or internal tube:

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Coast of Patagonia

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Allied to Biphora the heart & again undergoes the same course.— of course I cannot say whether any globule in the blood always goes through one heart or otherwise; I have shown that there is a complete communication between all parts:— The internal bag, or stomach, is joined by the gullet between the two hearts.— & as far as I was able to judge from excessive transparency also by the bile ducts.

PL: 6 Fig: 1 The mouth is situated in centre of square funnel shaped projection, which becoming narrower forms the gullet.— The situation of the mouth, as before mentioned, is in rather a deep depression;— the edges of this contract very suddenly if touched; & I suppose by this manner any minute object is caught, which may afford support to the animal.— I was totally unable to (c) find any anus & I cannot easily believe that the mouth in so highly organized an animal performs this office :— When I saw specimen figured PL 4: Fig 11 & 12, I thought the projecting paps (kk) were connected with this organ.— Round the gullet, beneath the funnel shaped mouth, is a collar of most delicate filaments; from each side a bundle is sent off & floats in the body between external coat & stomach: their direction is between central vessels & therefore at right angles to the bile ducts.— The bundle filaments reaches to the base of body, in its course

[87v]

(a) The nervous system is represented in Pl: 6 Fig 1 by the arcs of dotted lines.—

(a) Sept: 2d The nervous system was very plain in this specimen, following the course of lateral edge of stomach (as described).

(b) Sept: 2d If the organ which I have described as the stomach is considered as the inner tunic as in Biphora; the most wide anomaly in this animal is the absence of stomach, intestine, anus & Liver.— I never perceived any signs of water flowing through the body.—

(c) I do not think I ever saw any animal more beautifully so:— Sept: 6th.—

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1832

Allied to Biphora sending off some threads, it becomes both fewer in numbers & finer:— This clearly is the (a) nervous system:— The animal is highly sensitive & irritable & in a manner quite different from the Medusæ, to which in outward appearance it bears a great resemblance:

I could find no Generative organs: Animal is slimy: body very luminous, chiefly in the bands of ciliæ, to such an extent that the form of animal might (c) be traced by the green light.—

I suspect from what I saw that the Petrels feed on them.— This animal from its organization belongs evidently to the "Clerphales sans coquilles" of Cuvier; & although so widely different comes nearest to Biphora.— if my observation is accurate, (b) the not having the two open perforations, or the mouth & anus is the most wide difference.— The organ which I have described as Liver (??) bears some analogy to an organ in animal (Page 70).—

Erichthus 361 Septem 2d. Lat39°.9′. Sounding 15 F, 4 miles from shore: This species comes near to '`rmé' of Desmarets2. length .2. (Organs of locomotion named from analogy from Squilla): 1st pair of "pieds machoire" long, cylindrical, terminated by ciliæ: 2nd strong with "griffe", penultimate joint broad, receiving griffe in a grove protected on each side by recurved spines: 3rd & 4th pairs, with claw, & penultimate joint enlarged, globular; vesicles at base: 5th rudimentary without claw.— True feet 6 in number, mere stumps: 5 pair of circular

[88v]

(a) Sept: 4th.— Lat 40° S.— The sea contained vast numbers of this species.—

(b) In the membrane were dark coloured vessels, much branched.— & I suppose by these pouches convey nutrition to the young animal.—

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Coast of Patagonia

1832 Erichthus ciliated caudal swimmers, when at rest they are applied indifferently either towards head or tail.— Terminal plate excised, finely dentated, with spine on each side, also others at base.— On the under surface there is a longitudinal slit, which is the anus.— this intestine opens into an enlargement of intestine. Lateral antennæ shorter than plate.— Frontal spine very long: also so is likewise the posterior Lateral.— Within these latter, there is a vessel in which I could perceive a circulation.— Dorsal spine long recurved.— on each segment of tail there is a small spine bent in same manner as the last.— Respiratory organs in form of plates, situated under edge of shell at base of "pieds machoires".— Body transparent, colourless, excepting the eyes which are dark green; all that was to be seen, when animal was in the water, were two black spots, the eyes.— In its motions not active; swims in oblique direction; & frequently rolls from side to side:— Has the power of withdrawing large part of body from beneath shell.—

Mysis 361 (a) (b) Habitat &c same as last:— Species allied to "integer".— Body coloured slightly red: especially 2nd pair of "pieds machoires", inner part of: (a) (b) Females had attached near to base of last pair of legs, a curved circular ciliated membrane, when folded in, forming prominent pouches; in each of these were two young animals, length about 1/15 of inch; differed from old

[89v]

(a) Emitted small quantity of ink

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Coast of Patagonia

1832 September

Mysis Specimens by the greater proportional largeness of eyes; also by the less distinct separation of thorax & tail.— They possessed but very little irritability.— The females with young were larger & darker coloured than the others.—

Amph: Heteropodes new genus 361. Habitat &c same as last:— lateral antennæ & their peduncles very long: internal short: Thorax divided into many segments: 4 anterior legs, with very strong claw; the next 6 with claw less so: next 2 simply natatory, very long: last 2 simple natatory shorter:— Extremity of tail, with 2 jointed sitaceous appendages; beneath it 4 double stylets; on dorsal surface there is a short cylindrical fleshy projection: Body flattened, narrow, long; colour orange:

Loligo 363 Calmar (Cuv). Lat 40° S. Sept: 4th: caught in open sea, together with great numbers of Mysis.— Arms 8 unequal; 2d pair rather longer than (a) first; & 3d pair finer, but equal to 1st.— the 5th very delicate, half the length of others.— The 2 feelers (or long arm, making 10 in number) are .4 long, & about twice length of other arms: suckers at [fr] terminal half.— Suckers small, in double rows, alternate, circular, pedunculated.— Anal tube short, in line between eyes: body bluntly pointed, with 2 irregular rhomboidal membranes at apex. Body .6 long: pure white with angular obliterated scattered red markings. Eyes large, pupil black, iris pearly; base inferior base of sclerotica coppery red:—

[90v]

(a) Dianœa (Lamarck).— All the species mentioned by him are North of Equator. I have found two species south of the Tropic Capricorn.—

(b) Outside of the tentacula there is a short depending membrane.—

(c) I have seen much larger specimens.—

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Coast of Patagonia

1832 September

Pelagia 364 Body transparent, shape half an oval spheroid; internal cavity flatly arched; membranous sides not so transparent: surrounding its edge (a) on the inside there are about 40 tubular tentacula; extremities dark coloured, tuberculated, (b) adhæsive.— These open into the space between internal cavity & exterior surface. In this, 4 delicate vessels, rising at base unite at summit of interior cavity forming a cross at their junction.— On each side of these vessels for their whole length, there are short transverse fibres which act as muscles & are capable of contracting so much as to give body a four lobed appearance.— Depending within cavity is a short peduncle; terminal part coloured dark red.— Surrounding this there are four, small irregular shaped oval, membranous, flat semi-transparent sacks, placed cross wise (in centre in base of peduncle). The four delicate vessels run along (at the apex) the edges of these sacks, if they do not empty themselves into them.— Diameter of body .2: Habitat &c same as last animal (Loligo).—

Molluscous Tunicata 365 (c) Septemb: 5th.— Lat 40°.— Soundings 10 fathoms: Body, nearly spherical; transparent; diameter .3. On the surface there are 8 opaker lines; arranged in two sets: they reach from near the apex longitudinally for 2/3 of whole length:— Each line is a shallow sack filled with granules, at centre of under surface arises a tube, which uniting with one from the next, forms a pair.—

[91v]

(a) Do these outer longitudinal sacks perform any office similar to respiration?—

(b) September 6th.— in a small specimen I observed the important fact of vibrating ciliæ, placed in numerous transverse rows on these lines or sack.— In direction, manner & appearance of motion, they precisely resembled those in animal (described page 82). And to which animal I show there is a relation in other respects: in this case the sacks were very empty.— I forgot to mention that the ciliæ or fillets are easily separated, & that they then possess much irritability.— It is to me inexplicable the occurrence or absence of such important organs in the same animal:—

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Coast of Patagonia

1832 September

Mollusc: Tunicata Two of these pair lead (thus connecting four of the external lines) on each side to a main transverse vessel.— Pl: 6. Fig 23 (a a a a) represent two pairs belonging to the opposite sides: (b) (H H). Main transverse vessel: at K. on right side, the brother pair would join if drawn:— Through the centre or pole of sphere a tube runs (c c). A little below the middle it unites with the main transverse one.— Beneath this it increases in diameter breadth, but is very flat.— it terminates (F) on outside membrane, but I could not see aperture.— At the upper extremity or mouth (D) there is an appearance of an internal tube: mouth square, with central black spot which perhaps is the orifice closed:— in Fig 4.— the mouth is seen from directly above, (a a) is the central vessel:— In this system of vessels there is a very powerful circulation.— The fluid is composed of variously sized globules, very faintly coloured.— The circulation varies much [in] intensity.— I only saw it once in full play.— Fig 3 will then show its course, generally it returns on inner side of the smaller branches & flows out on the outer: In central vessel the circulation reaches to both extremities; in the transverse ones to the point where the smaller vessels unite with external (a) (near the surface) superficial sacks.— it even enters within these, but does not extend far, by degrees however the whole of the included grains or globules I have no doubt pass into circulation.— As I have said, the

[92v]

(a) Sept 6th: Found small specimen where the interior receptacle or capsule was empty, having apparently ejected all the intestine-shaped granular cylinders.— this only occurred on one side of body:—

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Coast of Patagonia

1832 September

Molluscous Tunicata circulation suddenly becomes languid; in this case the order (Fig 3) ceases: when most so languid the globules may be seen moving in the last bifurcation, & especially at the point where the membranous stomach (below T) unites with central vessel.— Also in this case each part of vessel becomes a centre of a circulation; a globule may be seen for some time performing a small circuit & then pass on.— The blood likewise takes of different courses; for instance I saw stream (b) (Fig 3) instead of passing to right hand, flow round (D); thus proving that separate vessels do not conduct the complicated circulation in Fig: 3:— I frequently observed one pair of vessels with their blood in rapid circulation, whilst the others were nearly quiescent.— From these facts I do not believe there is a heart4; but that the parts of the different vessels by some unknown power act on the contained fluid.—

On the posterior & broard part of central vessels there lies a delicate very flat membranous gradually widening sack.— it is highly expansible & contractile.— till I saw project beyond the line of central vessel, I thought it was contained within it.— The sack can be largely opened at its base, but is generally kept closed.— at its apex I do not know whether it communicates with central vessel or whether it has a separate tube leading to the mouth; at the mouth, there is an appearance (as already mentioned) of this:.— The sack has on each side two serpentine approximate vessels, which send off minute branches: Fig 5.(b)

[93v]

(a) I fancied that just above (T) there was a collar of nerves.—

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1832 Molluscous Tunicata

These unite & from each go to surround basal opening.— These tubes are situated on the internal surface of sack.— When the latter (as is generally the case) is contracted, these tubes present a very different appearance; they are so much doubled up as to look like lobes in some organ a membrane.— this I have represented Fig 5 (a).— In one instance there were two small oval organs attached to them; what were they?.— I was much surprised by seeing a rounded opake mass, slowly revolving at base of sack.— at last it was protruded through basal opening; it appeared to be the fæces, it was pulpy & adhæsive.— I presume the object of the revolving was to form into a properly shaped pellet.— From extreme transparency I am not certain of what follows.— the lateral serpentine vessels at the summit unite & send off a delicate tube into the lateral circulating system.— I have represented these uncertain vessels by dotted lines in Fig 2.— I presume the sack is the stomach & the serpentine vessels the absorbents; the food is taken in by mouth, but I am ignorant of its course to the stomach.—

I have mentioned that when the two primary branches on one side in the circulatory system unite & form a pair, Fig 2. behind (k), another similar joins & so forms main vessel.— Within the segment of body contained by the latter & greater bifurcation, there is a curious organ.— It consists in cavity of form of bag with neck

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Coast of Patagonia

1832

Molluscous Tunicata which rise has its orifice not far from the mouth & reach half way down the body.— Of course there is a corresponding one on opposite side of body; they lie in same plane as broard side of stomach: At the base of this bag, on the inter interior side, there is a flat opake irregular receptacle, this from this protrudes & is partly contained (a) a mass of intestine shaped cylindrical tubes, full of granular matter.─ This is capable of motion; & so extensible as when unwound to project beyond external orifice.— Behind the receptacle, this organ communicates with the main transverse vessel at its great bifurcation.— I may mention that I saw a small body moving with great rapidity in this cavity: was it an Infusoria? In Pl 6. Fig 2. the sack is drawn only on the left hand; it is beneath the two external lines: on the other side it would lie at (k):— Between the external lines or cavities there are narrow bands about 5 in number; they are so fine as scarcely to be visible, & act I suppose as muscles. in Fig: 2 I have shown a few (m):— In the cavity of the body there was a very minute Intestinal worm (Fig: 6).— body capable of much contractility.— tail with minute terminal sucker.— internally there appears to be an irregular cavity & intestine.— This is a low animal to be infested with parasites:—

[95v]

(a) The cavity (Fig 3 Pl 5) will almost do for either animal.—

(b) Decemb 2d Lat: S.40° Coast of Patagon: 493 Caught several specimens of animal; still more closely proving the identity of that described at P 70 & this one:— Length of body from from .3 to .4: Vide Plate 5: the bags (Fig 3) opened externally: also the bag or stomach (H) does: In these respects, I have no doubt the animal of P 70 agrees.— & that I did not before observe it: at E the vessel is not so suddenly rounded, as shown by dotted lines: but the most important fact is that at k a pair of vessels were given off, which were themselves divided precisely in same manner as in the animal of text.— on the other hand, on the superficies there were no sacks corresponding to the 8 vessels: nor were there bands, such as in Pl 5 Fig 4; but merely lines as at P: there was a strong circulation at (a) which extended a little way within main transverse vessel.— The stomach (H) is closely attached to the longitudinal vessel: Upon the whole, considering animal of Page 70 & of text; the real essential difference consists in the superficial sacks or bands.— these organs we have now seen in four states; as simple sacks with included granules; as sacks with transverse plates, with vibratory fillets; as bands with numerous transverse lines; & as simple lines or scratches on the surface.— What can their office be ?? (I may mention in this case, some of the external lines were half & finely spiral in places?) In this case the 4 convoluted vessels at stomach were coloured red.—

96

Coast of Patagonia

1832 September

Molluscous Tunicata This animal is closely connected with that described (Page 70, Pl 5).— it differs (a) chiefly in the form of vessel where the central & transverse meet; in the external bands & (b) their muscular arrangement; it is not impossible I might have overlooked the circulation, if so it must have been very obscure.— With animal (Pe 82) it is related by its complicated circulation; by its internal sack or stomach widely open posteriorly; & especially by its lateral organ (described as Liver! I am yet unable to guess what its real nature is), in both cases they are united to central circulation & are open to the water, although by different means; are composed of extensible moveable tubes threads or strings in a receptacle: (the most marked difference is the absence of the vibratory ciliæ. Vide Suprà)

Crustaceæ Schizopod 366 Sept: 6th.— Lat 39: Long 61 W: new genus allied to Mysis: 8 pair of locomotive organs; the exterior branch of all these simply natatory; of the internals the 1st is short, rudimentary, 2 longer, with terminal joint flattened circular; both these help to close the mouth, & are capable of curling themselves up: the 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th are long, & have on internal side a double row of fine straight ciliæ, inclined to each other at an obtuse angle: the last & 8th pair natatory: When the animal swims, the 10 5 pair of ciliated internal branches directed anteriorly almost form a complete circle round the mouth: any small object caught by these might easily be

[96v]

(b) The specimen (366) is with other crustaceæ at the top of tube; it is a perfect specimen: those in (369) are imperfect wanting lateral antennæ

(c) The external division of pieds machoires resembled Palpi?—

(a) Decemb. 2d Lat, 40°S. The swimmers on the tail or abdomen are very small with a little jointed branch with internal ciliæ.— Mandible corners formed of a curved plate, square & smooth, with one of its corner raised & toothed. this portion resembles the mandibles of Apus figured by Desmarets; there were two sets: there also was an organ connected with the mouth in this shape [sketch] a tuft on a peduncle: the organs with claw are seated before the mouth & doubtless are palpi: This specimen was found dead & is female, from the capsular membrane at base of posterior legs: the central piece of the tail is not excised: strongly toothed: is this a different species, or is it sexual diffe: or is my former description inaccurate. I do not think the latter probable: (I presume by 2 sets of mandibles, maxillæ a

97

Coast of Patagonia

1832 September

Crust: Schizopod (a) carried into the mouth, by the involving movement of the two upper pairs of internal branch:— Before the mouth there were two fine arms terminated by a curved claw.— I once imagined there was a small internal branch from this; if so there are 9 pair of legs.— now I observed in Macrourus (Page 98) that between ventral swimmers & legs there were jointed setæ or rudimentary legs; is it possible that the last pair in this animal, both branches of which are natatory, may correspond with this:— Tail formed of 5 pieces; central one excised, finely dentated; ventral swimming plates, narrow: peduncles of eyes rather long.— Superior antennæ with two long divisions: inferior with protecting plate.— Body nearly transparent; except stomach & intestines, which are like quicksilver; This animal differs from Mysis principally in only having 2 divisions in antennæ & in form of legs.— They could swim well & jump a little: were taken at night in vast numbers.—

Crustac: Macrourus (b) 366 369 (c) Habitat &c same as last.— Characters will not apply to any of Cuvier families, but most approximates to Salicoques.— Body one inch long; colourless or of a faint red: peduncle of eyes long.— External antennæ situated beneath the central ones & protected by large ciliated plate: these are of the extraordinary length of 2 & 1/2 inches, coloured red.— Superior antennæ with peduncle very long, basal joint thick, hollow.

[97v]

(a) Have vesicles at base

(b) Decemb: 4th 491 At Bay of San Blas took some specimens of a crab.— same genus as this, but 1/2 the length & I should think differing in other respects: anyhow it is sufficient to show that the description in text is most inaccurate.— the 3rd, 4, 5th pair of legs are terminated by an almost invisible (yet certain) "pince": the first pair of swimmers, which are single, have a small branch at base, which expands into a foliaceous organ & again contracts into articulate limb.— this fold covers eggs.— these are opake in transparent envelope, much oval: the mandible & palpi are distinct large, the former has anterior tooth, & very much longer than any of others: I could not understand the pied machoires.— they are evidently of a very simple structure.— the 1st pair of legs I almost suspect are the external pied-machoire.—

[sketch]  The organs which I saw are these 1st with simple palpi, oblong concave plate.— 2d more rounded: Palpi very transparent 3d & 4th united but at rt angles to each other: I thought at first (3) was 1/2 the labium.— there was also an obscure rounded organ plate behind all these: the pharynx was remarkable.—

98

Coast of Patagonia

1832 September

 Crustac: Macrourus carrying 2 very unequal branches, the longer one very fine; total length .3:— None of the legs are terminated "en pince" 1st pair are shortest, & when in rest form a circle; the 4 other, long, slender, with double row of setæ, forming obtuse angle.— These precisely resemble interior branch in the last Schizopod animal: Ventral swimmers 5 pair; the 4 posterior approximate; each one divided into two ciliated plates; the 1st pair are distant from the other, & single, & more formed for walking.— Between these & the true legs; there are 4 articulated setæ or arms, in line of legs; of these the anterior pair are much the longest:— The external division of caudal swimmer largest, central stylet pointed: Thorax with anterior sides, bi-dented.— This animal would in some respects connect the Salicoques & Schizopodes.—

Isopod Cymothoudes 370 Habitat same as last &c.— taken in the sea.— is I think a new genus, comes nearest to Livoneca (Leach): Differs in having the eyes large, circular, black colour, faces very distinct: Mouth protected by shield, beneath which are 4 equal antennæ.— superior ones of same thickness even to terminal joint.— inferior ones pointed finer: Claws on feet strong, equal. received in penultimate ultimate joint by double row of short teeth:— Tail composed of 5 pieces; central one oval; lateral foleaceous ones equal; external plate pointed, oval — internal obliquely truncate:—

[98v]

(a) The stars were only visible with a lens.—

(b) Mr Bynoe has another & distinct species : (Trigonocephalus) Octob 4th. Monte Hermoso. B. Blanca.— Found this latter species on sandy hillocks near the sea.— Above marked with a chain of "umber brown", the intervals being "wood brown".— Aspect most hideous.— I think finding these two species will establish the sub-genus "Heterodon ".—

Octob 8th copied: The triangular nose quite deceived me: this snake has no connection with the one Heterodon described. I caught a much larger one, coloured as above.— It is a Trigonocephalus, but does not exactly agree with any of Cuviers subdivisions.— Habits slow, strong, courageous. as long as it had life it would open its mouth very wide & protruding its fangs struck any object with great violence: Iris Pupil a vertical slit; iris mottled coppery: Tail with a pointed hard button at extremity.— When irritated the animal vibrated the last inch of tail with great rapidity, & this as it struck the blades of grass, & still more any sticks, made a distinctly audible noise.— As often as the snake was touched, its tail vibrated.— How beautifully does this snake both in structure & habits connect Crotalus & Vipera. As far as habits go Cuvier is right in ranking Trigonocephalus with Crotalus, contrary to Dic Class.— Inhabits the sandy hillocks & cannot be uncommon:—

Octob: 12 Found two more; the noise from tail audible at about 6 feet distance: live in holes: lizard in stomach: The orifice of the fang is very elliptic & placed on the anterior surface near extremity.— at the base the canal enters the fang at interior or concave surface.—

99

Coast of Patagonia

1832 September

Isopod Cymothoudes Colour pale, with minute stars of reddish brown colour [sketch]; (a) these are thickly scattered on the back, so as to give it a dingy tint; (a) there are a few on the lower surface:— Animal could swim very swiftly, & when at rest always turned its stomach upwards: could adhere even to a needle with great force:—

Bufo 377 Mr Bynoe has another specimen (For more particulars V P 191.) Copied Appears to approach nearest to Breviceps (Cuv.).— No tympanum or Parotid:— Mouth pointed: but the colours are the most extraordinary I have ever seen.— Body "ink black". under surface of feet, & base of abdomen & scattered patches of an intense "vermilion red" (the animal looked as if it had crawled over a newly painted surface).— back with scattered spots of "buff orange".— Inhabits the dry sandy pampas; there was no trace of water.— Sept: 11th.— Baia Blanca

Coluber 383 (433 (b)) Copied Heterodon (Cuv:). Above cream-coloured with symmetrical marks of dark brown; beneath with black & irregularly bright red.— The first of the maxillary teeth much developed & distinct.— Mouth dilatable & tongue very extensible, by these characters & shortness of tails, approximates to the Venimous serpents.— Was caught whilst eating a Lizard: Sandy plains: Sept 15th. Baia Blanca.

Perdrix-Scolopax Vaginalis ? 710 (not spirits) 388 more particulars V. 192

This very singular bird was shot near the Fort.— In its first appearance partly resembles a lark & partly a Snipe.— In its flight & cry the former; inhabits dry sandy plains occasionally overflowed by sea. In small flocks.— Covering for the nostrils, soft: Baia Blanca Sept. 14th — Feeds on vegetable matter: Mr Bynoes has a good specimen.

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(a) This is probably the old fish of the small ones (367) taken at sea.

(b) The situation of the Ovules or eggs on the shell must be almost necessary, as the animal inhabits extensive sand banks, where there is no hard substance to fix them on.—