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Clytia enlargements of the outer case, which cup-like contains the rt-angle of the living mass (C).— The living stem besides this outer case, which in the younger stages buds enclose even the mouth of cup, is enveloped in other & more close case.— this is best seen at the angle (D), & at base of cup, where it lies near to the outer case.— it is traversed by central vessel, which being surrounded by granular matter forms the cell stem.— this granular matter can be forced to circulate in the its case.— the living stem having passed through the two semi-globular enlargements at base of cell, is much contracted, & chiefly consists of the central vessel; it is then suddenly enlarged into cylinder almost (E) filling the cup: which contains is filled by granular matter in which I twice perceived corpuscular motion.— In the middle of the tentacula there is the mouth; this when contracted is an inverted conical projecting tube, with round top & central vessel (B): when expanded it only forms a largely labiate mouth & this enters into the organ E.— the tentacula are 30 in number (am nearly sure) are short, thick, granular, with granulated surface are seated on superior & outer edge of (E).— We may imagine E & B to be enlargements of central vessel of stem & the tentacula, the coat of granular matter in a different form.— I consider E to act as a stomach.— The specimen was very poor; the tentacula, I think, could never be entirely retracted in cell.—

[in margin] Plate bad in this respect.

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Clytia There is a retraction of the outer case above the angles (F).— At extremities of branches stem (DC) is not so horizontal, & after the cup is nearly perfect a fresh branch springs out at (F).— There were elongated oval ovaria attached by the enlargements at base of cell.— This Clytia grows on creeping stem in furrows of leaves of Fucus, throwing up short branches bearing alternate cups.—

Flustra membranous 895 Hab: same as above Clytia: encrusting Fucus stalks: is very remarkable from being extremely soft & membranous (disproving classifications such as Lamouroux3) Cells hexagons, with pretty regular cells; orifice tubular lipped.— Polypus in every main feature resembling that of (PL. 9, F 1, Page 223). Arm D & AB full of red granular matter; revolving organ K was evident, but I do not know of what figure.— the organ L was more sphærical & separated by very much longer & more narrow junction.— was united to case of tentacula, the point of union appearing near to upper edge: (the difference in this point in the various Flustra, is owing I believe to the transparency of the case & greater or less retraction of the arms).— the swallowing or peristaltic motion was present at base of tentacula; D & L were more in a straight line.— but every essential point is the same: Arms I am nearly sure 16 in number: delicate long (with central vessel?) the inner surface is lined with very fine, rapidly vibrating, fillets; which create rapid revolving motion in neighbouring fluid.— This is remarkable.—

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Cellaria (a) 915 Growing in short branches. semi-stony Coralline, growing on Fucus G: branches, cylindrical composed of many cells placed in lines & each cell placed between four others: allied to Cellaria cerealis5.— Pl. 12, Fig. 1 is Polypus as seen far protruded out of cell: represented by dotted lines.— Arms 12. 14. 16. I know not which. I believe 14.— inside parts vibrating, especially at base.— are seated on inverted cone in which swallowing action may be seen.— unites at base entrance of cell with vessel which is enlarged (Liver?) into oval organ containing dark oval mass & this is attached to side of case, not far from its mouth.— Whether this attachment is tubular I do not know.— (But this is certainly its arrangement, which probably holds good in all Flustraceæ; but is difficult to be seen by dissection) The dotted bag is supposed place of cæcum.— The transparent cylindrical case (is not drawn sufficiently cylindrical) is first protruded, bringing with it the Liver & then almost at same time the arms.— Coralline dirty "flesh red".—

Flustra with moving (or rather Cellaria). Is allied to that of page 219, but differs in many remarkable respects.— Polypus with 20 arms. body with essentially the same structure: Each cell has one lateral capsule, these are squarer, or shorter footstalk. at hinge of lower jaw an excisement; it is very remarkable; although the Polypi were active I never could perceive the slightest motion in these beaks; again all the beaks were tightly closed: in these respects diametrically different from the two kinds: that the beaks are opened is certain, because I saw a fibre in one of them had been firmly caught & held. Mouth of cell

[230v]

(a) I recognise it.— it is bifurcate, cells placed in oblique lines: about 8 in the circumference: extremities of branches formed of the cells.— I have often found it on the beach & very seldom on the leaves of the common Kelp: but yesterday I pulled up other sort with smooth edged leaves & thicker tree-like stem, & this abounded with this Coralline.— (Point of attachment stronger?)

231

E. Falkland Isd

1834 March

Flustra with capsule I believe labiate, protected by four spines: on each side of cell there is a straight line of short curved spines (like teeth of comb). there are 12 or 13 on each row, the points interfold & overlap in middle of front of cell.— These teeth are not very regular in their shape; often forked; extremities pointed: in young cell are blunt: give very curious ribbed appearance to cell: must form protection to it.— each one can with a needle be moved separately: It appears At back of cell there is a branch or vessel as at (P 219). but in this case is terminated by root for attachment; resembling the root in miniature of F. giganticus.— This proves that the simple organ in other kind was, as I supposed for this end.— There the attachment is much slighter, growing in irregular patches, edges free.— Here in circular patches much more firmly fixed to leaf of Fucus.— The cells are more adnate: the basal brackets are shorter than the anterior grow as before from the back part of inferior one. these brackets seem to be divided in middle. I could only trace a connexion of the capsule, root & brackets with the polypier & not body of polypus.— The young terminal cells grow as in other; arms of polypus in case, beak & brackets knobs &c &c.— In many of the basal ( old) cells. have a large dark oval organ in oval transparent case, close to which is a revolving organ: nothing else is clearly distinguishable: but I believe it to be a highly developed Liver for an immature Polypus. Young terminal cells have it not so much developed, or regular cells: What causes the absence of Polypus in these cells? — Is it connected with generation? This family of Flustræ is most truly remarkable.—

 

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1834 April

Flustraceæ 927 Stony: in more or less globular masses: formed of cells united by their sides, not closed at base, but attached to Barnacle — colored dirty "flesh red".— Orifice of cell thus shaped [sketch]; on each side of hinder part is small projecting orifice: & in front there is one or two others (this can easily be afterwards ascertained).— This gives the Coralline a most remarkable appearance.— Polypus dark orange color: arms (certainly) 14: body in every respect as in the family.— peristaltic motion, revolving organ, liver & cæcum: total length about 1/25th of inch: it is however peculiar: 1st in having a thin transparent plate thus shaped with edges orange [sketch], & which forms a valve some way down in the orifice, the hinge being at parts A: it is attached to the case of arms, so as to be pulled close down.— 2d at the base of arms, about 1/4 diam: of arms, there is a nest of delicate white transparent vessels or threads, external to the body & round the tops of inverted cone.— Have these & the lateral small orifices any connection? When the valve, as in defence, is closed do these supply communication with the water? Anyhow no other part of body passes through these orifices; but I could not trace these threads into them:— Mem: the Flustra with open capsule like Vultures head, had its cell closed by a lip.— Is there any parallelism in the cases?— Ova oval. with dark included, kidney shaped mass.— I believe generated between the cells or internally in the Coralline.— I was glad to find this change of structure in the Polypier followed or produced by one in the Polypus.— & the valve is an important one.—

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Flustra with capsule 932 4th species Cells — pear-shaped encrusting; placed without order at base of cell there is a fixed "vultures head". (of less regular form than hitherto): the lower beak or jaw is generally open & but rarely closed itself, excepting when touched & then it firmly seizes the object.— I believe there is a membranous valve to the orifice.— Polypus with 14 or 16 arms). There is a human-ear-shaped indentation or orifice on each side of cell.— Upper rim of mouth transversely ribbed. Body of Polypus same general structure as in the family.— This Coralline in the simplicity of its structure: fewness of arms of Polypus. fixed "vultures head". evidently approaches to the common encrusting Flustræ.— Grows on a smooth leaved Fucus.

Flustra (a) 1424 (not spirits) Encrusting: upper surface of cell with stony ribs, projecting like rays from the sides: orifice of cell thus shaped [sketch].— Polypus. with 18 (certainly) arms; vibratory at base: Cæcum & Liver remarkably small & globular in proportion to length of arms.— I believe shape & size of viscera depend much on quantity of food &c &c.— It is interesting seeing this Coralline, so closely allied to many other species, with its Polypus with 18 arms showing of how little consequence is their number in distinguishing genera.—

Flustra 931 (b) Cell oval. Mouth square, with membranous valve, hinge superior: surface of cell with symetrical arrangement of hyaline stary points.— a central small orifice into cell, with its edges toothed.— Covering ovum, beautiful radiated structure: Polypus same general structure 14 or 16 arms:— Coralline orange color.— Growing Encrusting leaves of smooth leaved Fucus:

[233v]

(a) I mention these particulars about Polypier from my own recollection

(b) The number of arms of Polypus is in all these cases difficult to be counted.—

(c) Found a better specimen in which the greater number of cells had anterior to the orifice an enlargement containing dark orange ova.— (These ova appeared in early stages to be connected by a vessel to the Coralline beneath them?). The cells with ova possessed equally active Capsules with those which did not: This proves they have no direct connexion with the ova: from the great similarity of this Coralline even in external character & much more in body of Polypus with common Flustræ, it is certain that the Capsule is connected with any important viscus.— In this species where there is only one kind (viz lower beak) of motion it entirely resides in the organ, for when separated it continued for some time to open & close itself — I believe there to be a direct communication between it & cavity of cell: Where there were Ova, the Polypi were not visible: Where there were none, I think they had lately burst forth, these cells contained a dark oval organ (as in P 231), which I believe to be commencement of growth of a fresh Polypus.— If this is the case how completely is the Polypus the flower of the Polypier.— (NB. The Capsule in this case more resembles a Crabs pincers than Vultures beak)

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1834 April

Flustraceæ 937 (b) Cells nearly cylindrical, nearly a little narrower at summit & enlarged in lower half; substance entirely soft membranous transparent: length nearly .04, breadth .01 invisible to the naked eye from transparency.— the cells are attached by a narrow junction to straight cylindrical creeping stem or vessel .004 in diameter. The cells are entirely separate, excepting by their springing from the same stalk: the structure of the body proves it to belong to the Flustraceæ.

PL 12. F 2. represents as forced out through the base of the cell: the only difference is the greater size of (c) where all parts unite, & the partial separation of cæcum (E) into two parts: The liver F is precisely the same as is others general.— the revolving organ motion was visible in two parts of (c) & I am not sure about its exact site: the swallowing motion was seen at base of arms: Arms 8 in number, rather short & thick: When as thus drawn, an inner case is seen much stretched.— When the arms were protruded (giving them a total length of .06), a transparent case was also protruded with its included vessel: Now from this (V Fig 1) I think in all these cases of the Flustraceæ the structure must be a cylinder at one end united to orifice of cell, at other to base of arms.— As represented in the Flustra Fig 1.— Now this turned inside out lying close on the arms would show the liver as in F 2.— Hence there always is a resistance in forcing out the Polypus at base of cell & we explain the protrusion of case & arms where the latter, untill fully expanded is 1/2 enveloped in the case.

[234v]

(a) The cæcum has a pointed termination & lies at very base of cell.—

(b) Speaking merely from recollection I think (891) is perhaps of same genus with this, but a different species.—

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E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Flustraceæ F. 3 is drawn too narrow as F 2 is too broard: the former represents the Polypus as seen quietly in its cell. (C & E) are in one line from which vessel of liver runs transversely.— the base of arms (perhaps from their shortness) are not, as is generally the case, drawn down to the bottom of cell, from which œsophagus (C to A) ascends, but this part would appear rather to be contracted & coiled in middle of the cell.— The very orifice of cell is slightly colored red, & when Polypus is withdrawn is contracted.—

This curious little Coralline generally is attached on Cellepora (933). the stems run in straight lines, sending off at intervals little groups of four or 6 cells: it appears that when the stem crosses the Fucus, on which the Cellepora adhæres it does not often bear cells.— I have seen stems crossing each other thus: they extend for several 1/10ths of an inch.— the structure is excessively delicate & tender.— The stem must I think contain granular matter for at the cut extremity there was an exuded mass.— there would appear to be an internal tunic: this best seen at the first enlargement, where a cell commences (D).— Perhaps the development of this forms the Polypus. The cell in a more perfect state than at D is oval, with rounded summit & broard junction with stem. (chief difference with old cell). Polypus can be indistinctly seen within.—

This Coralline by Lamx. arrangement would be one of the Sertulariæ8. Yet how truly different from the only one I have examined, the Clytias.— At first sight however it resembles in its appearance the creeping sorts.—

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E. Falkland Island

1834 April

Lepus Magellanicus 1885 (not spirits) 1902 (a) The black rabbit of these islands has been described by M. Lesson Rang as a distinct species, the Lepus Magellanicus.— I cannot think so: my reasons are.— The Gauchos, who are most excellent practical naturalists, say they are not different: & that they breed & the grey breed together: that the black are never found in distinct situations from others: they have seen piebald ones: then other varieties such as white &c but not common (it would be curious to see how long varieties have remained, if the time of introduction was certain; the same idea applies to the cattle & horses which are of as varying color as a herd in England): there are no black rabbits on any of the small islands:— These rabbits do not travel far of their own accord, the Gauchos have transported black & others together to different places & hence know they do not breed.— I saw none to the South of the main chain of hills.— The spots on head of the specimens on board are not the same one with another nor with M. Rang description.— I have a head (1902) with broard white band, the sides of which do not correspond: this was a young animal, it had grey & brown hairs on its back, & a white patch on one thigh: Weight of my specimen 3 £b: of another 6 £b.— M. Rang states that Magellan found this animal in his Straits.— Is it not the wild Guinea pig or Aperea, which is of a dark color & is to this day very frequently called a Conejos (rabbit): these are very abundant on N shore of Sts of Magellan: I have seen a small mantle made of their skins with the Indians.

[236v]

A Sealer has taken some of these rabbits to an island in Skyring Water in Patagonia.—

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E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Vulpes Antarcticus (c) Common in both islands. (M. Rang states only in one) They are extraordinarily tame. The Gauchos have frequently taken them by holding a piece of meat in one hand & a knife in the other: they are inland as well as on the coast: dig holes in the ground: do not hunt in flocks: are generally very silent: but in the breeding season make a noise, like a Fox.— Gauchos & Indians from nearly all parts of Southern part of S. America have been here & all say it is not found on the Continent: an indisputable proof of its individuality as a species.— It is very curious, thus having a quadruped (c) peculiar to so small a tract of country:

The rat (1159) is also an aboriginal: it is evidently become partly domesticated & attached to the houses: There certainly are field mice, (I could not procure one), besides English ones now living far from the houses: The fresh water fish 553---555 (a) (which are found in inland lakes) & the number of common earth worms probably belong to the same class.─ The plants & insects might easily be transported from Tierra del in the SW (b) furious gales!— Rats occur on the small islands.— The Sealers say this Fox is not found or any other land quadruped in the other Islands, as Georgia, Sandwich, Shetland &c &c.— Very few of No foxes are found in the NE peninsula of the East island (between St Salvador Bay & Berkeley Sound).— very soon these confident animals must all be killed: How little evidence will then remain of what appears to me to be a centre of creation.

[237v]

(a) Earth worms, from salt water being so deadly a poison (hence probably to the eggs?) is a difficult animal to account for accidental transportation?

(b) I may mention besides my collection plants as common to this island & Tierra del F. 1157: 1163: Bog plant: Rush-looking plant: tea plant: Celery:

(c) Gauchos state there is no other quadruped whatever: With respect to the fish the Grebe (1918) was plentiful in a lake where there was no communication or very small streamlet with the sea.—

The Gauchos state there are no reptiles now that this place is settled, in a few years this animal [the Falkland fox] will add one to the list of those perishing from the inhabitants of this globe.—

Out of the four specimens of the eyes Foxes on board, the three larger ones are darker & come from the East; there is a smaller & rusty coloured one which comes from the West Island: Lowe states that all from this island are smaller & of this shade of color.— There is a specimen of eyes from the 979 East Island to show whether Fox or Wolf.—

I have seen the Culpen of Chili mentioned by Molina. it is quite different from this Wolf-like animal.—

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E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Ornithology Caracara N. Zælandiæ 1882 (a) (not spirits) Is a young Specimen (1882) is a young bird: but there are old birds precisely colored in the same method: the proportional length of wing feathers is different (specimen [no number given] of wing of old bird) & the skin about beak is quite white. There are others, but in considerably smaller proportion, where the legs & skin about beak is bright yellow, thighs rufous &c &c as described it is rather larger: now the Gauchos state this latter is the female & the grey legged one the male. The only one old one male I dissected confirmed this.— It appears to me that all naturalists have ranked these latter as young birds.— They build in the cliffs on sea coast, but only in the islands: an odd precaution in such very tame birds.— They are excessively numerous in these islands; are said to be found on the Diego Ramirez & Il Defonsos. (hence live entirely on dead marine animals), but never on Tierra del Fuego: Are not found in Georgia or the Orkneys:— They are true Carrion feeders; following a party & rapidly congregating when an animal is killed; are extremely tame, especially when gorged with their craws projecting: in general habits much resemble the Carrancha; same inelegant flight & patient watching position: they however run much faster, like poultry or like the Cuervos (Cathartes atratus?). They have several harsh crys; one very like an English rook; when making this, they throw their heads quite backwards on their back.— are very quarrelsome, tearing

[238v]

Mr Mellersh having wounded a cormorant, it went on shore & immediately these birds attacked & by blows tried to kill it.— Connection in habit as well as in structure with true Hawks.— I have now seen the bodies of three specimens which the Gauchos would call male birds, & which were so.— in some, as in (1882) the feathers appear young, but in others they were old.— Capt F. & Mr Bynoe have such.— Specimen (1932, unfortunately injured by fire) was a female with eggs as large as goose-shot; it generally agrees with the specific description of C. novæ-zelandæ:— legs & skin about beak bright "dutch orange", beak "ash-grey", in the male it is nearly black:— Specimen (1933) is remarkable, it is like the female, larger: black back blacker; thighs & under parts of wings partly rufous: tail without white band: feathers on neck same shape.— soles of feet slightly yellow, legs ash-grey, skin about beak with yellow margin. Beak lower mandible grey, upper black & grey.— By dissection could not see an granulated surface in generative organs, so must be male or more probably young female — (bones rather soft, but feathers completely developed). Perhaps this bird, among the females does not acquire full plumage for 2 years, which together with males will account for larger proportion of blue grey legs over orange.—

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E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Ornithology (d) the grass with their passion: are commonly said to be very good to eat; flesh quite white.—

Vultur Aura (a) copied The Vultur aura? (1915) is tolerably common; is rather shy. may be known at a great distance from the Caracara by its lofty soaring elegant flight: I may notice, that for many days I saw scarcely one near the settlement, when suddenly one day I observed considerable numbers, as if they moved in bodies.— Is found near Port Famine.

Carranchas Cop The Carrancha does not come from Patagonia to these islands.— It is found but very sparingly on that coast: it there builds in low bushes: generally however in cliffs or banks: I have seen this bird tormenting horses with sore backs, trying (c) to pull off the healing skin: the horse stands with back curled & ears down & the hawk hovers over his back.— Mr Bynoe once saw this Carrancha seize a live partridge, which escaped from his hold & was again pursued but on the ground.— This is very rare: the Caracaras, although placed amongst the Eagles, are in their habits inactive flight, cowardly disposition, protruding craw are true carrion feeders.— The (b) Carrancha must be the Caracara vulgaire or Braziliensis of Dic Class:—

Cop I do not believe the Chimango (1294) is found South of the R. Negro, without the one Caracara seen & shot at Port Desire (1772) is the same: anyhow it is very rare.— For more particulars V 185(bis).—

M. Lesson states that three sorts of Penguins are found about these islands: Capt. FitzRoy has a fourth

[239v]

(a) This bird if at all found in La Plata must be very rare.— for I have never seen one.—

(b) Cop North of B. Blanca, I saw (& believe one or two others) a Caracara in figure & shape like the Carrancha, but differing entirely in color; legs & skin about bill blue: whole body light brown, excepting crown of head & round eyes which are dark brown.— I believe this to be Caracara shot at R. St Cruz (2028).

(c) All these particulars refer to the Carrancha of M: Video Tharu of Molina

(d) Cop From the accounts brought by the Adventure3, these birds in winter are very bold & ravenous: they come on board to steal from the vessel; & will pick up anything laid on the ground: a hat was carried a mile; a pair of balls: & a Katers compass.— they picked the very hide from the ropes on board.— It is said these birds wait, several together, at mouth of rabbit hole & seize the animal as it comes out.— They frequently attack wounded geese, & seized hold of a dog which was asleep.—

240

E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Ornithology Penguin which kind I have seen in the Sts of Magellan. I saw much amused by watching a Demersa, having got between the water & it.— it continually rolls its head from side to side (as if it could only see with anterior portion of eye), stands quite upright: can run very fast with its head stretched out, & crawls amongst the tussocks by aid of its little wings so as extraordinarily to resemble a quadruped: throws its head back & makes a noise very like a Jackass, hence its name: but when at sea & undisturbed its note is very deep & solemn, often heard at night.— When diving (can do so in very shoal water) uses its wings very rapidly & looks like a small seal: from its low figure in water & easy motion [looked] crafty like a smuggler.— is very brave, regularly fought & drove me back till it reached the sea.— nothing less than heavy blows would have stopped: every inch he gained he kept, standing close before me erect & determined.—

Steamers A logger-headed duck called by former navigators & now race-horses & now steamers has often been described from its extraordinary manner of splashing & paddling along: they here abound; in large flocks: in the evening when pruning themselves make the very same noise mixture of noises which bull-frogs do in the Tropics: their head is remarkably strong (my big geological hammer can hardly break it) & their beak likewise; this must well fit them

241

E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Steamers Ornithology for their mode of subsistence: which judging from their dung must chiefly be shell-fish obtained at low water & from the Kelp.— They can dive but little; are very tenacious of life, so as to be (as all our sportsmen have experienced) very difficult to kill: they build amongst the bushes & grass near the sea.— Mr Stokes once shot one which weighed 22 £b

Lark (1898) is tolerably common over the island. Mr Sorrell4 states it is found in Georgia & South Orkneys; & that it is the only Land-bird: this may truly be called "antarctica"; reaching to Lat: beyond which in this pole perpetual snow must reach to waters edge.—

Goose also Anas Hybrida The Upland goose is common in small flocks, 3 to 7 & pairs, all over the island; does not migrate, but builds in the small outlying islands, it is supposed from fear of the foxes: from which same reason it is perhaps wild in the dusk but very tame by day.— it lives entirely on grass & vegetables. is good to eat.—  

The black-necked swan is an occasional visitor in winter.—

(a) It is proverbial The extreme tameness of the Furnarius has been remarked on by M. Lesson: it is common to many every bird: Geese, Hawks. snipe; the emeberiza, & the thrush in flocks will in the stony valleys surround a person, within two or three feet of him. This tameness is remarkably seen tameness of certain birds in the water fowl, as contrasted with same species Tierra del Fuego; where (c) for generations they have been persecuted by the inhabitants.— many individuals there must have seen as little or less of man, than here

[241v]

(a) I suspect this Furnarius is of different & much darker color than that of Tierra del F, (1823).— & sometimes frequents inland parts.— Did I send a specimen last year?— (I have now a Specimen (1931), in its stomach there was a small Cancer Brachyurus & a Buccinum .25 of inch long.— I think my collection of land birds with the Troglodytes of last year is nearly perfect.—

(b) The egg is pale blueish white.—

(c) The goose or Duck which is so tame here, up the river of S. Cruz, where they are entirely unmolested by man, are very wild.— What can the cause be?— The Puma? or migrations to Tierra del Fuego.—

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E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Ornithology Zoology (marine) so that the wildness seems hereditary.—

The Zoology of the sea is I believe generally the same here as in Tierra del Fuego: Its main striking feature is the immense quantity & number of kinds of organic beings which are intimately connected with the Kelp.— This plant I believe (the Fucus giganticus of Solander) is universally attached on rocks. from those which are awash at low water & those being in fathom water: it even frequently is attached to round stones lying in mud. From the degree to which these Southern lands are intersected by water, & the depth in which Kelp grows, the quantity may well be imagined, but not to a greater degree than it exists.— I can only compare these great forests to terrestrial ones in the most teeming part of the Tropics; yet if the latter in any country were to be destroyed I do not believe (a) nearly the same number of animals would perish in them as would happen in the case of Kelp: All the fishing quadrupeds & birds (& man) haunt the beds, attracted by the infinite number of small fish which live amongst the leaves: (the kinds are not so very numerous, my specimens I believe show nearly all).— Amongst the invertebrates I will mention them in order of their importance. Crustaceæ of every order swarm, my collection gives no idea of them, especially the minute sorts.— Encrusting Corallines & Clytia's are excessively numerous. Every leaf (excepting those on the surface) is white with such Corallines or Corallinas & Spirobæ & compound Ascidiæ. Examining these with strong microscope, infinite

[242v]

(a) I refer to numbers of individuals as well as kinds

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E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Zoology marine (b) numbers of minute Crustaceæ will be seen.— The number of compound & simple Ascidiæ is a very observable fact.— as in a lesser degree are the Holuthuriæ & Asterias.— On shaking the great entangled roots it is curious to see the heap of fish, shells, crabs, sea-eggs, Cuttle fish, star fish, Planariæ, Nereidæ3, which fall out.— This latter tribe I have much neglected.— Amongst the Gasteropoda, Pleurobranchus is common: but Trochus & patelliform shells abound on all the leaves.— One single plant form is an immense & most interesting menagerie.—

If this Fucus was to cease living, with it would go many: the Seals, the Cormorants & certainly the small fish & then sooner or later the Fuegian man must follow.— the greater number of the invertebrates would likewise perish, but how many it is hard to conjecture.

Time of generation I may mention that last Autumn as well as this, I noticed that most of the marine animals had their ova nearly mature; for instance, very many encrusting Flustraceæ, Doris, Synoicum, Asterias, Shell fish, Crustaceæ & Corallina.— The motion of the sea seems necessary to the life of its productions: this island is much intersected by water (Capt FitzRoy has compared it to the arms of the Cuttle fish). these far inland seas are nearly motionless, they seem to produce scarcely any organic beings. Creusia occasionally encrust the rocks. even where streams enter: The grebe (1917) proves that some few small fish are present; the water instead of cherishing (a) the elegant forms of sea-weeds & Corallines throws up

[243v]

(a) a putrid mass of rubbish.— The powers however of Geology are quickly covering up these unproductive specks on this our globe.— V 157 & 158 for more particulars.

(b) The number of Corallinas inarticulæ, encrusting & coating rocks & shells both in & out of Tidal influence is very observable.

(c) Mr Stokes states that the furthest point North he has seen the Kelp on the East coast is about St Elena in Lat 43°.— It not uncommonly grows in 10 & 15 Fathom water.—

It may be remarked, as rather curious, that the Kelp Fish so abundant in T. del F. here scarcely seem to be found.—

Near the Is of Chiloe Lat 42°, Kelp grows with no great vigor — but it is very curious to see that here neither the numerous shells & Clytias & Isopod Crust are quite absent; some few encrusting Flustræ, but they are much rarer; & some different compound Ascidiæ.—

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E. Falkland Island

1834

Polyclinum 940 Synoricum Blainville Didemnum Savigny Very abundant: coating Fucus G in large irregular masses: when undisturbed in water, the superior surface is studded over with very numerous, circular more transparent spaces, rather less than .01 in diameter: within this is an hexagonal orifice, the sides of which are rather convex, giving it a star-like appearance.— the edges are composed of white dots like rest of body mass, hence when closed very difficult to be seen: The mass is coloured pale "buff orange", is composed of transparent substance containing infinite minute globular granules: upper surface transparent membranous: the orifices lie in this: they are seated in valleys on the irregular outline of surface & without any fixed position: There was not the slightest sign of orifices being placed in pairs: three would be close together & no other near them. The thickness of the substance is from 1/10 to 1/20th of an inch. it presents a section presents this appearance.—

[sketch] where (1) is transparent case in which the orifices lie: (2) granular matter: (3) cells with animals: (4) same as (2) & as partitions between the cells, these are generally very thin.— With respect to the cells I am much puzzled, the lower ones are in the most regular line & rather the largest being more than .01: their connection with the superior ones is obscure & must be by a very narrow junction: in not more than one or two case could I see appearance like (A). the upper cavities communicate directly through (2) with the orifices: each cavity having only one.— In the upper sack I believe I could perceive a most delicate pale orange sack, with 2 orifices, & a transparent globular organ with dark viscus, in the lower one an intestine shaped mass.— If each orifice has two cavities (Branchial & Abdominal)

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E. Falkland Isd

1834 April

Polyclinum from their very numbers these cavities would be packed irregularly: yet I do not understand not being able more clearly to trace the junctions. The membrane which forms the external orifice is highly contractile; & animal whole mass very sensitive: if one orifice is most lightly touched all close for some 1/10 of an inch round.— this appears to the naked eye like a white cloud passing over the substance; (from dark apertures closing).— In parts of the lower granular matter there were globular masses, dark red, few in number. I do not believe they were ova.

Tubularia- Clytia 943 (a) Growing abundantly at the bottom of the Beagle; therefore an inhabitant of these latitudes: in general appearance resembles a Tubularia, but in the apparent articulations a Clytia.— From a very short examination I believe the structure of the Polypus to be very curious. PL 12, Fig 4.— The living stem is enclosed in transparent case which (I believe (AB) specimen not fresh) terminates in a small cup not large enough to confine polypus.— The polypus, or rather the enlargement of the central matter, is a very elongated oval: summit rounded with an orifice; contains red matter: surface studded with numerous cylindrical thick papillæ, transparent colourless, which have a granular slightly enlarged head.— These I believe to act as tentacula in the common polypus, & the whole mass to be a production of the mouth:— Amongst these papillæ, others may be seen, enveloped in transparent case (C), larger & containing central red matter: the superior extremity of which appear divided into papillæ. & there were young Polypi?— Santa Cruz.— April 16th.—

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(a) After being a month in spirits I reexamined this most curious Coralline.— There is a cup but I could not see a perfect one: I think from its shape it never was intended to receive more than 1/4 " of Polypus: indeed from its oval shape the Polypus could not protrude & retract itself into any cell which at all fitted it; the arms or tentacula or papillæ are slightly enlarged, probably from contraction, caused by death: in each longitudinal row there are from 5 to 6 & from 10 to 16 of such rows, seen when held vertically.— length of oval or Polypus, 4/100th: breadth 3/200th.— length of arm rather more than 1/200th, probably when alive nearly longer.—

2009. Dry specimen.—