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Tubularia I procured off C. Virgins one single cell or stem of this coralline: the tube contracted towards its base, was horny, sides covered with contained numerous linear, slightly serpentine cavities, which were concentric & gave a ringed appearance to it. (contained a little red matter) The living stem, arms retracted, white & soft: by dissection I imagined I saw some arms or tentacula: stem [sketch] itself is a circular aggregation of transparent sphæres, with a central opake mass [sketch]: the coat is granular, interior matter pulpy; soft; At base, or near root these are easily detached from the viscous matter, in which they all are enveloped; at anterior parts they adhære much more firmly.— The sphæres with the highest parts showed no orifices.— I record this for any future dissection.—

Sertularian (Flustra) PL 12, F 63 2006 (not spirits) (a) 972 Off S. Cruz. I procured a bad specimen of this Coralline, which is miserably drawn.— The central living stem (which I believe is pulpy matter contained in a vessel) is slightly zig-zag & comes in contact with the base of each cell.— When first watching this Coralline, I was astonished at seeing, as I then thought, 2 different sorts of polypi protruding themselves, not only from different cells, but from the same: I presently saw two distinct Polypi, each furnished with eight arms, protrude themselves from a cell; the tubular case, which always in the Flustraceæ comes out with arms, was here dilated into a funnel about 1/4th of length of arms; the membrane of which

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(a) May 27th off C. Virgins I had the luck to obtain some specimens, but could not examine them till they had been for some days in the spirit.— A slight pressure would force out the two polypus-like funnel shaped cups. the rays I believe are either 24 to 28.— Some other cells only contained one Polypus, in which case generally there was a dark red oval ball enveloped in a transparent case.— in other occupying the place of the other Polypus.— in other cells, there was the appearance represented in another Sertularia (Plate 12, F 7, D & E). I saw one where the footstalk was nearly length of cell, in the same cell with a fully developed Polypus: it occurred to me that very likely the red ball united itself to the base of cell & the living axis & thus grew into another Polypus.— this occurrence of a granular red ball in place of a Polypus has been noticed in some of the Flustræ (with moving capsule).— I could by no means (softness from spirits) detach an entire Polypus. I could see that the "case" was united to a long "œsophagus". I could see 2 dark red small globular viscera. I could see a transverse connection of two main vessels.— but I am not certain that the structure is the same with the Flustraceæ.— (although far most probable).— Each Polypus seems to be enveloped in transparent sack; closely connected at base.— (I should not be surprised if the viscera were united).— the central living axis is enveloped in case, is brown, & from central transparency must be hollow.— doubtless its structure is same as in Dynamena (PL 13, F 3); in some cases the axis seems to fill whole vacuity, in others sends off branches V (z) next Page as in (PL 12, F 7).— The "case" is much enlarged & seem

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Sertularia this is formed is so delicate as scarcely to be visible, but it contains & is supported by at least 30 rays, Hence the exact appearance of a small Polypus with numerous arms.— AC shows a Polypus partly protruded through the case with the funnel termination: There is an appearance of separation between the two Polypi when in the cell, but the cell itself is not divided by any solid substance such as the outer integument: the Polypi seem (a) closely attached at their bases.— I in vain tried to separate a Polypus, case & viscera entire from its cell.— I detached organ A [sketch] by pressure through the funnel & I could see [sketch] a globular organ with an intestine shaped appendage filled with dark red pulpy matter, possessing peristaltic motion:—

The arms of the Polypus were vibratory on their internal surface.— By reading over my descriptions of the structure of the Flustraceæ, it cannot be doubted that this Sertularia belongs in its body to same divisions.— Shape of case & double polypus strongest are difference; the connection of (A) with Case must be different from what I imagined (V P 234) in the Flustraceæ (or that conjecture is wrong); because the brush-like termination of the case is the last part which is withdrawn.— (I forgot) — the vessels or organs (A) lie (I imagine believe I saw) for the two polypi on opposite sides of the cell; convex side outwards:—

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(a) The two Polypi are withdrawn in parallel lines & apparently similarly to the Flustraceæ by the flexure & turning bending upwards of basal parts of œsophagus.— the funnel case is but smally irritable; the Polypus having withdrawn itself from a touch, the funnel remains protruded: upon again being touched it retires & from the contract approaching of the rays resembles a brush. The funnel often is seen projecting without its Polypus.—

(z) = globular beneath the funnel, more than represented: The coralline has numerous false articulations or globular impressions beneath above root & at branches: Each cell branch has on each side a delicate ligamentous vessel, which forms a square at base of each cell & sends up a branch on external edge.— This band or vessel is easily detached from horny envelope of Coralline: In one place in specimen there was is a large bivalve-shaped capsule; it springs from between two cells.— is I suppose the ovarium; was empty & ruptured.—

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 Sertularia PL 12 F 7 (= Clytia) 959 2005 (not spirits) Found a small fragment off C. Virgins, & from its great general similarity, thought it same as one last described, first found my mistake by wonderful difference in Polypi. These I only saw by dissection; (& this sufficiently imperfect) Stem filled with granular matter, which at b through base of cell sends off forms a narrow stem connected with Polypus (in last Sertularia I could not see this actual connection & branching off) Polypus (as drawn) lies obliquely in the a straight line across the cell, base reddish. over this is the mass of the Polypus, & the arms coiled up on it.— It is all represented as seen by strong light in cell.— Arms short 24 in number (I certainly believe this very number perhaps 22) seated on a wide extensible collar or ring: Polypus (I believe firmly) not contained in the case. I tore open & dissected many Polypi but could see no trace of the organs characteristic of the Flustraceæ: but all agrees with the Clytias.—

(a) If my observations are nearly exact (& I have no reason for doubting it, for I was myself at first quite incredulous) it establishes a wide difference in material structure in the genus (even distinct from Dynamena ) Sertularia of Lamarck2.— Yet some of the familys Sertulariæ, Flustra & Celleporareæ have the same structure!!! Perhaps the connection junction of central living mass with Polypus may be an important character?— Coralline coloured yellow.— V next Page.—

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(a) I omitted; Coralline much but irregularly branched; on basal parts of stem there are many false articulations & some on medial parts.— This Coralline Polypier most singularly agrees with that Sertularia = Clytia (V 250) in external characters; excepting by comparative ones, it would be difficult to describe them specifically; only differences are stem of this is more thickly branched: broarder, cells more projecting, curvature of upper part of Cells rather different.— What trivial characters when we consider the wide difference of the inhabiting Polypus.— In the same manner, I think the Polypier of Sertularia (P. 234) would be with difficulty distinguished as a genus from the creeping Clytias.—

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Sertularia = Clytia (1st species) Perused some more specimens (I do not know the reason, but all these & following species had the greater number of their cells empty, as if Coralline was dying). Coralline springs from a creeping stem: generally very little branched: basal part of stem with those false articulations (globular enlargements & contractions) [sketch] which are so common in Clytia: stem with few true articulations, especially where branches occur; tufts about an inch high.— There is an obscure central vessel in the pulpy axis.— The arms of the Polypus are certainly not contained in a case.— Many of the cells contained (as drawn at D Fig 7) instead of a Polypus a red mass of shape as drawn: in others this became more developed (E) into a broard stem or base, with a crown where rudimentary arms might be seen; the base continues to develop till the Polypus is inclined in an opposite direction as at (B) & is then perfect.— Young Polypi.— In one specimen many of the cells contained dirty orange egg-shaped ova (?), rather more than 1/100in in length. there were others about ½ this size, almost colourless.— a cell only contained one; they were easily liberated.— there was no Polypus in these cells.— I conjecture them to be ova.— When branches occur, they are formed at base of cell as at (K) by prolongation of the pulpy matter, & its central vessel, which has belongs to that cell.—

Sertularia = Clytia 2d species 961 Coralline, delicate white, not much branched, which spring from long creeping stem, adhæring to Terebratulæ2: stem zag-zig, many false articulations at basal parts; the medial ones obscure.—

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Sertularia Clytia Cells more detached from stem, spindle shaped, with obscure concentric lines.— The Polypi were in bad condition; but I could make out, that they at least possessed 20 thick short arms seated on large mouth or ring & not enclosed in a case: I could also see junction with central living axis.— 16 Fathom

Sertu: Clytia 3d species 900 Coralline pale yellow; much branched, generally in regular alternations; tufts inch & 1/2 high: cell different shape from both foregoing species: none or very few basal false articulations: many on branches.— I could make little for certain respecting the Polypus; but have not the least doubt from what I saw did see that the structure is same as in the 2 foregoing species.—

Eschara PL 13, F 1 963 Brought up from 48 fathom off S. Cruz: being kept a week in spirits, the description of Polypus is necessarily very imperfect.— Coralline, coloured "Brownish purple red", stem quite inflexible, very hard, branched (like a Flustra) 4 or 5 inches high.— Expansions or branches formed of a double set of small cells, placed back to back & in regular "seriales".— Cells as seen at surface hexagonal, about 1/50th in length, near anterior or superior extremity (E) is mouth, nearly circular; beneath this is a small oblong orifice which is furnished with a membranous, red, pointed lid, which works on a hinge, & opens downwards.— (m. n. represents it open; H. L being hinge): this orifice & its lid is generally rather indistinct from smallness in the middle cells: On the edges of the expansions, these lids may be seen projecting upwards; they are here are 3 or 4 times as large as the central ones; they are membranous

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Eschara with the extremity pointed & bent at right angles: (O. 2. is a side view; it can be moved backwards & down-ward to P, or upward to 2 so as to cover the orifice.— This organ being larger for the external cells than for the internal, is as it happened in the first of the moving-capsule Flustra's.— A transverse section appears as at (D) where pairs of cavities rest on a double plate: when a cavity is accurately divided, we see it as at A.— this cavity contains its the Polypus, with its arms is coiled up in the same manner as in Flustra; the pipe (B) [illeg] opens into the mouth on external surface: I several times pretty clearly saw a very small stony vessel, running from the orifice with lid to base of Polypus cavity, where it becomes slightly enlarged, I could not trace any certain junction with it or with central plate.— The intervals between C & B is filled with stony plates & the pipes from the cells above & beneath them.— The Polypus has about 14 or 16 delicate arms, contained in a case, which is contracted at bottom & joins on to œsophagus & intestine (R), both filled with dark red granular matter.— at T there was a general appearance of other vessel being torn off.— I never succeded in seeing the Liver! (organ so called) in its usual position.— But the Polypus was so soft & tender, it was impossible to detach it from cavity without tearing the body.— It is pretty certain that the Escharæ are allied closely, in the structure of their bodies, to those curious Flustræ which possess moving capsules or beaks.—

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Alcyonium PL 12, F 5 962 Abundant in 9 Fathoms off C. Virgins, on shingle.— Colour white, with pale salmon color.— branched appearance very elegant.— extremities so thickly studded with Polypi, that the circles from which they protrude touch each other.— surface coriaceous from white stony striæ.— Polypus consists of cylindrical slightly tapering transparent tube, surmounted by (A B) a trans crown, (F) viewed from above, formed of eight bluntly conical pieces, these rise from a collar formed of concentric stony striæ; the pieces on the external surface are strengthened by longitudinal striæ, the curvatures of the striæ between these & those on the collar very graceful; the extremities of the internal surface of their arms, have a row on each side of short papillæ; these are seldom to be seen; but a contracted head being torn open a bunch of about 10 papillæ will be found at the base of each arm & attached to its membranous lining.— in the centre there is a large tubular mouth, which conducts to a passage, within a vessel containing pulpy matter, & all within transparent tube (AC).— At the base of tube, there is a collar formed of strong striæ; hence the transparent tube appears to rise through an orifice; When the Polypus is touched, the collars (B & C) are brought into close contact by contraction of tube, but there is no absolute withdrawal of Polypus.— A transverse section of any main branch shows a number of hexagons (G) packed closely together, formed of a ligamentous substance they contain (H) a circular opake mass, which

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Alcyonium is roughly divided by about 8 rays, & a central passage.— A Longitudinal section (Z) shows the sides of (KK) the hexagonal tubes each contains a delicate vessel (L) which contains & is enveloped in pulpy matter.— These tubes pass to the very base of the Alcyonium & are separated from the stone by no fleshy base: Each Polypus however, doe cannot send its tube to the very base, from their great number. They hence thin out, as represented at (Z): In all parts of the Branches, there are ova, oval length about 7/200th, containing a yoke colored fine "Carmine R" (it is curious how general the assumption of brilliant colors for the ova is amongst all low sea animals): When procured by a transverse section & pressure, (a) they are forced out through the central vessel in the circular dark mass (H).— There are immature ones, colourless, furnished with a pointed tail or placenta, which grows from a truncated extremity (n); the central yoke points to this; length with tail about 2/3 of full-sized one; without tail 1/2.—

In longit: section, these immature ova may (m) be seen firmly attached to delicate vessel (L).— I believe they are enveloped within it; for the perfect ones when free, are ejected by this vessel; three or four adhære in a line:— The pulpy matter within (L) most likely forms the ova:— When examining the ova, I saw much granular-pulpy matter of different sizes & shapes, with a rapid revolutionary motion.— I only saw this

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(a) If the stony striæ had been so numerous as to form solid envelope, if the outer tunic of each body (which externally is striated) had been internally stony; this polypier would have formed an aggregation of stony tubes in a common stony envelope; allied to what Zoophite would it then have been?

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Alcyonium once.— V. a similar appearance with a Virgularia at B. Blanca: there also connected with ova.— There is little communication of sensation between one Polypus & another; if one is cut off, his neighbour does not shrink; if however the whole mass is torn from the stone, the Polypi & whole stems contract & do not again expand; they then appear like cheese, & shaped like a Brain-stone.— When the Polypus is closely retracted — crown contracted, it can hardly be seen.— The Alcyonium is very tenacious of life, lives in same impure water far longer than most animals can do.─

Escara PL 13, F 2 2007 (not spirits) (a)

Coralline in foliaceous expansions, quite hard inflexible: Cells in regular series, on both sides.— A transvers section of branch shows (B) merely cavities, separated from each other by double plate & from external surface by stony matter; here & there a smaller cavity (C) will be seen.— I was puzzled to understand this, but a longitudinal section showed (A) a longer, oval, cavity connected with mouth by bent tube: these cavities are placed length-ways in branch, so that small cavity (C) was section at (E).— All I could see of the Polypus (it had been for some time in spirits) were intestine shaped masses of granular red matter & in stony tube (B) a transparent cylindrical case as in the Flustraceæ: Mouth of cell with a pair of oblong points inclined to each other ∴ cells as elongated hexagons.— edges of cells, superior surface joined by crenulated suture: the double plate (H) being separated, base of cells is seen as at [D]: the short lines are vessels with red matter, they form ridges at internal base of cavity, & extend a short way

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(a) up sides.— These perhaps strengthen (& produce?) the cells: I believe the Escara has Polypus of same general structure with the Flustraceæ.— Color "Brown purplish with some Cochineal R": 48 Fathom growing in.—

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Sertularia Clytia 968 PL.13, F.3 Coralline. white, branches proceeding from long straight creeping stems: Cells only on one side: False articulations at base of stem or tuft, at branches & in stem.— Polypus had 26 short arms on wide ring &c &c (if not 26, there were 24): As the stem was very transparent.— I have drawn what was apparent. The central line (A) is of a brown color, it must I think be a hollow vessel, because it is more transparent in the centre, as shaded: it is enveloped in a case, & both branch off to join Polypus.— We have then a tunic (B B), which is not affected by the false articulations in the outer coat (CC).— (BB) lines the cell of Polypus.— Polypus lies obliquely in cell, the basal parts reddish.—

Hab: V infrà I saw in some young tufts Polypi appearing in cells in the manner described P. 249.—

Dynamena 968 (b) Coralline. long delicate branches; dirty yellow colored.— very few false articulations, excepting one or two just above roots.— The structure of stem & Polypus is the same as in the above: the tunics are not so clearly separated: the base of Polypus is not oblique in its cell.— Polypus has (I believe but am not certain) 16 arms without case, on larger ring. short. thick.— 8 Fathoms.— Off Sts of Magellan.—

Crisia (?) Lam. x 970 PL. 13, Fig 4 10 Fathoms.— off C. Virgins.— Colored "tile R with little Vermilion R". The structure of the Polypier is complicated; I have but very roughly examined it: Cells alternate, opening on one side: (A) represents this; (B) the ovary's: between which are the orifices of cells, irregularly semilunar protected by an inclined plate; within this a short truncate spine (F): the divisions of cells are but little shown, at the point there arises, a long moveable

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(a) There are punctures on this surface? this side of branches very complicated.—

Coralline semi-stony. bipennate. growing in minute fan-shaped, curved branches.─height .2 or .3

(b) This Dynamena has sometimes (pear-shaped?) faintly purple Ovaria, attached between two of the cells.—

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Crisia bristle which will be particularly described.— (L) the back view shows these bristles & the cells divided by a double line, (which I believe is tubular). The Polypus lies at the bottom: at the back there are ligamentous bands, which I believe are connected with the roots.— The young terminal cells have on external angle two obtuse spines, internal angle one, & between them (2).— These spines (R) are hollow (proved by air bubbles).— they are lined internally by Membrane, which is suddenly contracted near base.— I imagine by the growth of these spines the edges of the cell are formed.— The external ones spring from just above & upon the plate which protects the mouth.— The ovary lies directly over the basal parts of the anterior cell (represented by dotted line E in A).— I am doubtful whether the ovary & bristle belong to the anterior or (posterior & inferior) cells.— I believe to the latter; so that young cell in (L) could not have them.— The ovary opens towards the inferior.—

Common Character of structure of what I call Flustraceæ excepting nor of arms

Crisia The polypus has 12 arms enclosed in case & has same structure as the Flustraceæ, that is the arms rise from a cylindrical long base, which joins to another transverse vessel (place of junction rather enlarged; one end half of this transverse vessel is an intestine-shaped mass with red granular matter: the other a long vessel containing having central enlargement containing red oval organ & united to (or about) the case of the arms.— The extraordinary organ the bristle is drawn up at (H). it is about 1/20th long; arched, serrated on outer margin, supported on basal concave side by ridge: connected to its cell by a hinge, & has a membranous

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Crisia appendage or vessel (K) leading into cell or polypier: These bristles stand out at right angles, on the outer edge of the alternate cells: I was perfectly astonished, when I first saw every bristle in one branch, suddenly with great rapidity, collapse together on the branch & one after the other (apparently by their elasticity) regain their places. Directly other branches commenced, till the whole Coralline, driven by these long oars, started from side to side on the object glass.— the motion of the Coralline & the setæ was visible to the naked eye: a bit of Coralline being dried on blotting paper, yet for a short time in the air moved its bristles.— Irritation would almost always cause the movement in a branch, & when one branch began, generally the others followed.— They likewise moved (even after being kept a day) spontaneously.— Any one bristle being forcibly moved, re-took its position & would move by itself.— The Coralline placed on its face entangled must entangle the bristles, they often made violent efforts to free its themselves: Generally the bristles on each side of a branch moved together, but one side sometimes would remain collapsed for a longer time than another: this generally was only a second or two.—

The Sp bristle was never depressed much below the rt angle: when collapsed on branch the concave & smooth side was on the branch. & in the extreme cells, the bristles were mingled with the spines.— A bristle, when detached, never moved, the power must lie in the hinge.— Polypus sometimes protrudes its arms during the motion of

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Crisia the bristles.— The above facts are very important as showing a co-sensation & a co-will over whole Coralline.— I think the bristle is not directly connected with the Polypus.— What is its use? As the serrated edge is external it an cannot be to collect food: as the motion is most vigorous & necessarily first towards the branch, it cannot be to drive away enemies or impurities.— The motion must cause currents.— Does it give warning to the Polypus that danger is at hand? When collapsed it does not protect mouth of cell.—

The ovaries contain dark orange ova; some of these I liberated, others liberated themselves; when immature they are simply oval, with included opaker mass.— When more mature the form varies.— (m) is a common form; when in this state, the ovum can move by starts in a zig-zig line & revolving very rapidly (so as not to be followed with 1/4th focal distance): its length is about 2/300th: on upper surface there is a collar or projection: on one side four or 5 long curved setæ, (which sometimes seem to rise in a depression). ovum singularly resembles some of the Ostracodes.— the whole mass is surrounded by what appears to be a rapidly revolving transparent ring.— This is best seen, when the ovum is at rest, by the long setæ (which are prehensile) being adhæring to some fibre.— This appearance of a revolving ring (which is most faithful & exceedingly curious) is caused by numerous, curved, minute fillets, moving very rapidly in one direction one after the other;

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Crisia (a) the motion of the longer setæ is totally distinct from this & often at right angles to it.— (n) is a more developed form; the collar (z) is here much larger; the base is slightly pointed; an internal sack is visible, which contains three small dark red organs.— the apparent revolving or ring is present.— When in this state, the motion was (I daresay always) slower; the collar always was first; there was revolutionary motion, round an axis joining collar & base.— Viewed from right above the collar, we see it, as at (P), where the three small organs are placed, triangularly: here also, & from every point of view, the apparent revolving ring was to be seen.— Hence doubtless the whole surface is covered by fillets such as described: when at rest, it was curious to see the rapid, oddly curved, & extensive currents produced by these setæ.—

from impurity of water (n) having died, the setæ appeared like a faint halo, (the appearance of ring having vanished). The collar, hence, appeared to project further; on dissection, short the collar was certainly formed of the short arms of a Polypus enveloped in membrane: I fancied I could trace some resemblance (it probably is the case) between the three little organs, with the three in the old Polypus.— The pointed base is probably point of attachment for young cell, which perhaps is formed by outer tunic of the ovum; when the setæ have dropped off.— The motion of the minute fillets is continued with equal rapidity, when the ovum is at rest & when moving.—(Respiratory?).—

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(z) Shot in Port Famine decided old female: Bill, Cere & legs as in descript. of "Vulgaris" in Dic. Class: Head "Lines & Blackish Br" all the dark brown, are this color: pale are "yellowish Br", Gorge rusty yellow — — breast & under tail coverts banded with (1/10th of inch) pale brown & do. yellow.— Back banded darker: wing coverts pale do.— .6 first tectrices remiges, central parts whitish. Rectrices broarder bands, outer margin of outer feather darker.— Under parts of secondaries broard bands: Length (full stretch) 18 1/2 inch; breadth tip to tip 4ft 7 inch.

Jany 1835 (a) At Lowes Harbor — Chonos Archipelago. Lat: 43°.49′ Found some of this Crisia & again clearly saw the motion of the toothed setæ caused by irritation.─