(1

D'Orbigny

p 18 ─ I had better describe it add quartzose rocks of Rio de Janeiro under Corcovado ─ Nothing Else ─

p 20 Describes Banda Oriental into 3 Basins

p 22 The mount of M. Video Rocks Amphibolitic on authority of M. Isabelle

[South America, pp. 1-2: "At Monte Video, I noticed near the town, and along the base of the mount, beds of a living Mytilus, raised some feet above the surface of the Plata: in a similar bed, at a height from thirteen to sixteen feet, M. Isabelle collected eight species, which, according to M. d'Orbigny,* now live at the mouth of the estuary.
* Voyage dans l'Amérique Mérid. Part. Géolog. p. 21."]

p 23 mentions 5 recent upheaval, salt water shells at M. Video 4 to 5 metres also, at foot of the Mount 3 other recent shells must have required a very general elevation then it change salt water area ─ Their shells do not now live in actual bay ─ but further out at sea ─

x p. 25 x on an affluent of the S. Lucia great fossil

[South America, p. 107: "M. d'Orbigny refers (Voyage, Géolog. p. 24) to another found on the Pedernal, an affluent of the St. Lucia; and Signor Angelis, in a letter, states that a third skeleton of this family has been found near Canelones. I saw a tooth of the Mastodon from Talas, another affluent of the St. Lucia."]

p 26 Agrees with me in considering superficial beds all about Las Vaca's in Pampæan mud, do in note say true Pampæan mud no gypsum ─

[South America, p. 170: "I may observe that at the foot of several hills of this class, where the porphyries are first seen (as near S. Fernando, the Prado, Las Vacas, &c.), similar harsh quartzose rocks and granular mixtures of quartz and feldspar occur, as if the more fusible constituent parts of the granitic series had been drawn off to form the overlying porphyries."]

p 27 on chasm of B Oriental & relation to gneiss & granite

p 29 Where Parana bends, Bonpland found singular amygdaloid with green earth & wacke

[South America, p. 94: "I now find that M. Isabelle in his "Voyage à Buenos Ayres," has described closely similar beds on the Itaquy and Ibicuy (which enter the Uruguay some way north of the R. Negro) and these beds include fragments of red decomposed true scoriæ hardened by zeolite, and of black retinite: we have then here good evidence of volcanic action during our tertiary period. Still farther north, near S. Anna,* where the Parana makes a remarkable bend, M. Bonpland found some singular amygdaloidal rocks, which perhaps may belong to this same epoch."]

p 30 in his Guaranien formation, which contains rognons de sardoine above the ferrugin sandstone

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a bed with 4 4 ft ft thick of calcar calcaire argileux caverneax ─ with pebbles of quartz & fer hydrate passes into clay without iron, with gypsum.─

p. 34 westward this latter uneven in demensis ─ as yet i see no reason why this upper clay shd not be Pampæan.─ these 3 beds seem to vary in thickness─

(p 35) Along shores of Corrientes the East bank of Parana shows the Guarani deposit & Eastern bank only Pampæan ─ The alluvial along the fault viz improbably from Patagonia, has no faults I shd think old Coast-line Guaranien succeeded, (but no capped) by his Patagonian Tertiary with Toxodon Paranensis, ─ sandstone, quartz ─ & iron-stones (probably same with his Guaranien), resting on marine bed ─ passing into limestone cavernous with gypsum & clay ─ & thus structure

[South America, p. 102: "But as, at the very commencement of the Pampean period, if not at a still earlier period, the Sierra Ventana formed a boundary to the south,—the Cordillera or the plains in front of them to the west,—the whole province of Corrientes probably to the north, for, according to M. d'Orbigny, it is not covered by the Pampean deposit,—and Brazil, as known by the remains in the caves, to the north-east; and as again, during the older tertiary period, land already existed in Western Banda Oriental and near St. Fé Bajada, as may be inferred from the vegetable debris, from the quantities of silicified wood, and from the remains of a Toxodon found, according to M. d'Orbigny, in still lower strata, we may conclude, that at this ancient period a great expanse of water was surrounded by the same rocky framework which now bounds the plains of Pampean formation. This having been the case, the circumstance of sediment of the same nature having been deposited in the same area during an immense lapse of time, though highly remarkable, does not appear incredible."]

p. 36 passes into grey clay ─ with gypsum. ↘

3/

His reasons for putting his Guaran above this Patagonian Tert─ (consider them only as subdivisions no as distinct epoch of same Tertiary system) & considering them different is merely presence of fossils (this is something) in the latter & slight change in course of river! ─ yet we see

p 37 minute section of Bajada 2 pecten & 2 Ostrea

Evidence not good of beds of Bajada by above his foregoing Tertiary Patagonian ─

p 40 From Bajada to P. Gorda, the Pampæan beds dip rapidly to south

p 51 data for extension of Pampas Bed.

4

p 42 Cliff by Carcarano 30 metres ─ river flooded, when he was there ─ the plains here full of small lakes ─ way by S Nicholas Rosario &c &c ─ Near San Pedro, (below St Nicholas elongated banks

(p. 43) of conchillas 2 to 3 yards thick ─ on summit of 30 metres cliff ─ species now living near M. Video & even B. Ayres ─ shells called Azara labiate d'orbigny ─ shows estuary water remained long on surface of Pampas. ─ Says I do not mention them conchillas ─

p 44 descent from M. Parchappe medanos or Pampas near Cruz de la Sierra.─

[South America, p. 3: "During the elevation of the Provinces of La Plata, the waters of the ancient estuary have but little affected (with the exception of the sand-hills on the banks of the Parana and Uruguay) the outline of the land. M. Parchappe,† however, has described groups of sand-dunes scattered over the wide extent of the Paupas southward of Buenos Ayres, which M. d'Orbigny attributes with much probability to the action of the sea, before the plains were raised above its level.‡
† D'Orbigny's Voyage, Geolog. p. 44.
‡ Before proceeding to the districts southward of La Plata, it may be worth while just to state, that there is some evidence, that the coast of Brazil has participated in a small amount of elevation. Mr. Burchell informs me, that he collected at Santos (latitude 24° S.) oyster-shells, apparently recent, some miles from the shore, and quite above the tidal action. Westward of Rio de Janeiro, Capt. Elliot is asserted (see Harlan, Med. and Phys. Res., p. 35, and Dr. Meigs, in Trans. Amer. Phil.. Soc.) to have found human bones, encrusted with sea-shells, between fifteen and twenty feet above the level of the sea. Between Rio de Janeiro and Cape Frio, I crossed sandy tracts abounding with sea-shells, at the distance of a league from the coast; but whether these tracts have been formed by upheaval, or through the mere accumulation of drift sand, I am not prepared to assert. At Bahia (lat. 13° S.), in some parts near the coast, there are traces of sea-action at the height of about twenty feet above its present level; there are also, in many parts, remnants of beds of sandstone and conglomerate with numerous recent shells, raised a little above the sea-level. I may add, that at the head of Bahia bay there is a formation, about forty feet in thickness, containing tertiary shells apparently of fresh-water origin, now washed by the sea and encrusted with Balini: this appears to indicate a small amount of subsidence subsequent to its deposition. At Pernambuco (lat. 8° S.), in the alluvial or tertiary cliffs, surrounding the low land on which the city stands, I looked in vain for organic remains, or other evidence of changes in level."]

p. 46 at Tandil M. Parchappe brought home quarry-rock allied to gneiss & granite─

[South America, p. 147: "It appears from M. Parchappe's* observations, that at Tandil there is a range of quartzose gneiss, very like the rocks of the S. Larga near Maldonado, running in the same N.N.E. and S.S.W. direction; so that the frame-work of the country here is very similar to that on the northern shore of the Plata.
* M. d'Orbigny's Voyage, Part. Géolog. p. 46. I have given a short account of the peculiar forms of the quartz hills of Tapalguen, so unusual in a metamorphic formation, in my Journal of Researches (2nd edit.) p. 116."]

[4v]

p. 47 an ancyloceras from T. del F. a cretacean fossil─

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P 47 Due South of Tandil S. Tinta, marble in strata.─

[South America, p. 147: "This ridge is only a few hundred feet in height, and runs from C. Corrientes in a W.N.W. line for at least 150 miles into the interior: at Tapalguen, it is composed of unstratified granular quartz, remarkable from forming tabular masses and small plains, surrounded by precipitous cliffs: other parts of the range are said to consist of granite; and marble is found at the S. Tinta."]

p 47 all about Bahia Blanca & R. Larga bank of clay over hard Pampæan deposit at well at B. Blanca

p 48 make Patagonia formation commence at R. Colorado ─ thinks I mean that S. Ventana has elevated the Plain ─

p 49 ─ think B. Blanca fossils wd have been washed about by sea, if left so long exposed as far separate to grow upon = = Thinks my shells different formation from mammifers =

p 51. Limits of Pampas bed at B. Ayres 10 miles 30 thick ─ makes gneiss gneiss, up the Rio Negro on sand beds Paraguay & other gulfs ─ 38 square degrees or 23,750 square leagues, which exceeds any known formation ─ (look at Geological map of Europe─)

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p 54 In San Blas, shells in position in which they lived. All recent ─ 14 shells! half a metre above highest tide; elevation 10 metres, because they live beneath lowest tide.─ also scattered shells in higher banks.─ Porphyritic pebbles & sandstone [lustre] on coast, with sand in interior of country

p 56 Rio Negro northern section ─ Unio & fresh water bed, & land-mammifers = bed of argil Calc

p 57. South barranco above 65 metres, lowest bed full of sea-shells ─ bone ─ sandstone above the calcaire dentritique ─ above Unio-bed & fresh-water fish-bed.─ sandstone ─ bed with Patagonia oyster ─ loose immense increases in thickness in going West.─ same formation gone or to Bay of S Antonio ─ About Ensenada greatest thickness ─ 100 metre high ─ Meganys patagonica Calcaire Ostræa at Ensenada, divided into 3 beds yellow grey clay with gypsum & sandstone

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p 59 in valley between Negro & Ensenada believed in sandstone above great oysters found 3 fossils identical with those from Bajada! & none others ─

Strata horizontal, though thickening to West

p 60 Strata on coast show themselves all way up rising rather more than stream of river Negro ─ the grès arzUre's ─ is prevalent rock all up Rio Negro E at Carmen ripple ─ gypsum

p. 62 great depressions on Patagonian Plains have identical altes NE & SW or E & W coincident with slope of plain. some with issues, & some without one.

─ enumerates 8 Salinas ─ depression 40 to 60 metres, from denudation ─ sea-water dried up.─

p. 64 Trachyte rocks (supposed) above Choleechel

[7v and 8]

p. 64 & 65 considers all Patagonian formation one

1s Both the formations have & at Entire Rios have at bottom at both grès marine with external shells

2 at both gres with fossils bones & wood

3. at north -alternating sandstone & clay with gypsum at south gres arzures

4 at both beds with Ostrea patagonica in middle part, & lying above 3 species of identical fossils

all common genera on existing coasts C. B.

{1. Ostrea alvarezi

2 ─ Ferranii

3 Venus Munsterii

4 Arca Bonplandiana

5 Cardium Platense

6 Pecten Paranensis

7 — Darwinianus}

To N. all this is covered by the {Pampas Beds & lies on the Guaranien

p 68 Good Resumè of whole Tertiary geology

p 71 says in my Paper, that I state the Unio from Rio Negro recent!!! Geolog. Proc. May 1837.─

[Darwin, C. R. 1837. A sketch of the deposits containing extinct Mammalia in the neighbourhood of the Plata. [Read 3 May.] Proceedings of the Geological Society of London 2: 542-544. F1646.]

p. 73 repeats no stratification in Pampas Deposit.

p. 80 calls Patagonian formation only "assez ancienne, puisqu'elle ne contient que des coquilles d'espèces éteintes

p. 80 thinks Corrientes & Entre Rios elevated before Pampæan mud, because none none is deposited on it. Course of elevation shown by cliff Bank of River

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p 81. admits period of Pampæan mud "très voisine de la nôtre, est nèanmoins de beaucoup antérieure à nôtre creation." then grand catastrophe:

p. 83. says more bones (& quotes me) on borders of Pampas basin then in centre.

["J'en vois une preuve évidente dans le nombre d'ossemens et d'animaux entiers plus grand au pourtour qu'au centre du bassin, comme l'a trouvé M. Darwin '. Ce fait annoncerait au moins que les animaux flottaient, et que, dès lors ils durent être plus par ticulièrement déposés sur le littoral."]

p. do {accounts by debacles for the denudations & depressions.

p. 84. same clay in caverns of Brazil – Entire animals only found on borders of Basin.

p. 85 argues temperature must have been warmer from large animals Edentata & Pachydemata. ─ Falconer says India must have been colder ∴ also S. Africa: ─ also from their identity with the Brazilian fossils which lived in their own ground.

Argument against flood ─ where could all the Pampæan mud come from without a pebble! Cordillera not elevated suddenly.─

p. 87 says Pampas not elevated by slow movement, but by steps like West coast, judges from the vertical shells at San Blas (─How little use is geolog, except when many observers can verify each other.

[10]

p. 85. argues against megatherium having lived on mountains of Brazil & sterile plains of B. Blanca ─ (look at upheaval of Africa!

p. 86 denies that wild animals get drifted down by great rivers─

p. 86 quotes me p. 96 as believing that Pampæan mud was formed near shores!!!

[South America, p. 48 n: "The underlying sandstone contains true layers of salt; so that the salt may possibly have come from the beds in the higher parts of the island; but I think more probably from the sea-spray. It is generally asserted that rain never falls on the coast of Peru; but this is not quite accurate; for, on several days, during our visit, the so-called Peruvian dew fell in sufficient quantity to make the streets muddy, and it would certainly have washed so deliquescent a substance as salt into the soil. I state this because M. d'Orbigny, in discussing an analogous subject, supposes that I had forgotten that it never rains on this whole line of coast. See Ulloa's Voyage (vol. ii. Eng. Trans. p. 67) for an account of the muddy streets of Lima, and on the continuance of the mists during the whole winter."]

p. 90 gives list of fossils from Concepcion, considers Tertiary, but old. ─ genera different from recent genera (N B my Baculites!!!) yet thinks them of same period with Patagonian Tertiary.

p. 92 Coquimbo Beds ─ Consult Cuming about the genera of Bulla, Cardium Mya & Perna not now found on this coast S. of the Equator. Report & M. Domeykos account of Acolacero rocks of Cordillera of Coquimbo p. Comtes Rendus. t. XIV. no 15. 1842. p. 560

(look again)

[South America, p. 211: "This formation is intersected by numerous metalliferous veins, running, though irregularly, N.W. and S.E., and generally at right angles to the many dikes. The veins consist of native silver, of muriate of silver, an amalgam of silver, cobalt, antimony, and arsenic,* generally embedded in sulphate of barytes. I was assured by Mr. Lambert, that native copper without a trace of silver has been found in the same vein with native silver without a trace of copper.
* See the Report on M. Domeyko's account of these mines, in the Comptes Rendus, t. xiv. p. 560."]

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p 94 Elevated identical with living shells of Copiapo 10 to 15 metres in a Bed even to N., 20 metres high shell upon rock even 100 metres high (& p. 98 an elevation of 200 metres & all & sudden!!) ─ must have been a sudden elevation; merely because these shells otherwise would have been rolled!!!

Crust Cones of Diowt, & generally Porphyus ─ beautifully amygdaloidal often with many suturas copper veins

p. 98 beds of old torrents near Cobija with many old land-shells of an existing species.

This fact not exceptional, & requires great changes of climate

p 99 believes all coast from Cobija to Iquique porphyritic.─

p. 112 says superficial crust = to 200 or 300 ft high of salt on coast of Peru, corresponds to old line of sea & is result of sea-water = always boulders under salt, these boulders being also encrusted = // as seen the Phænomon from 17˚ to 23˚ Lat.─ The salt never found in the valleys of the old unknown torrents. The water of these old torrents must have come from the Cordillera. p. 103.

[11v]

d Orbigny

[in margin:] Species Theory

p. 226. Silurian Rocks fossils of E. Cordillera appear 10 all identical, (except one Calymene, but very close to Europæan (p. 230 7 Devonian distinct) Same facts holds with carboniferous fossils

p. 234.─ 23 mollusca of which two XX

p 239 apparently do with cretaceous fossils

─ p 244. 5 Columbian actacerus fossils identical with Parisian ─ fossils of cretacæus beds of Chile & of T. del Fuego offer analogies with Mediterranean basin!

XX natica antisiensis

Spirifer Roissyi

{Hence cretaceous period shells were more like than they now are on the west coast

p 242 Coquimbo Cretaceous

nautilus Dombeyi

Turritella andii

Ostrea Hemispherica

Pecten Dufreynoyi

Trigonia

Pholadomya

Hippurites

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p. 104. Much trachyte all about Arica & Tacna

p 107. Resumè on W. flank of Cordillera same views as mine

p 110 to 209 on Colombia (not read) (Read when on Cordillera)

p 211. M Pisis on Brazil must be read Comptus Rendus to XIV p 1045. June -42

p. 217{M. Hombron on Trachyte on T. del. Fuego on coast whole of cordillera specks of a granitic triangle augitic trachyte on Cordillera} long discussion

p. 241 immense hist of cretaceous fossils

p 249 Will not compare Patagonia Tert any of 11 stages of with [illeg]

p. 250 limits of Pampas deposit to north at 4000 ft metres high like Tarija

p. 252. List of mammifers, picked from Sun & Clausen.

258. Alluvium with pottery in Moxos bears 18 ft thick

[South America, p. 97: "In the provinces of Moxos and Chiquitos (1000 miles northward of the Pampas), and in Bolivia, at a height of 4000 metres, M. d'Orbigny has described similar deposits, which he believes to have been formed by the same agency contemporaneously with the Pampean formation."]

259. Refers to Ulloa description of elevated shells between Lima & Guayaquil with list of References to his own work

p. 260. Refers to the dry valleys of Arica