(C

1881

Aggregation

Geranium Sept 4th 9˚ 45' a.m F placed several leaves on growing plant in Sol. of 4 to 1000—

Sept 5' 10˚ 15' taken out of sol & washed — pieces of one leaf examined: in every slice some aggregation, extreme in some parts; in same slice, great in one part & none in other parts, & in the latter parts, swollen grains of Chlo. of potash colour can be seen sometimes, appearing like ghosts, & apparently some homogenious green pulpy matter, but this always doubtful, as the grains may have been smashed in the slicing, The spherical green? agg. balls abound chiefly in the pallisade cells, but some in parenchyma beneath. The spheres appearing to be in epidermis I imagine have been swept by razor out of pallisade cells.

Sept 7th 8˚ 30' Examined a part of same leaf (which inn parts killed by sun sun) appearance very different, nowhere great masses of spheres— Here & there a very few spheres; these always with granular centres or wholly granular. Some cells filled with minutest spheres, the result of breaking up of the larger spheres. Most of the cells full of pulpy-granular green matter— Still heaps of chlorophy grain at bottom of some cells & ghost of grains — & granular grains, whether new or old I know not.

D

Geranium

Sept 7th 11˚ a.m soaked a bit of one of 2 young terminal leaves which had been immersed, as above, in the sol.— (I ought to have cut off a bit at first). In The pallisade cells filled with green pulpy-granular matter, which here & there can be seen to consist of pale swollen, ghost-like grains touching each other — Rarely a few aggregated mass which are of oddest shapes, (were these air-bubbles??) some like bottles with long neck — some few of the distorted aggated spheres adhering to the cell-walls. —

Sept 9th see Franks notes on this same leaf

Sept 11th— F. has examined this morning one of the older immersed leaf, the edge of which had been burnt by the sun; & the cells full of ordinary Ch. grains (after a little alcohol added) & no aggregated masses. — He also looked at another young leaf, & this was in same state. —F. observes that in lower surface of leaf, the grain still lie heaped together in masses.

Sept 11th— cut off the young leaf, described above on the 7th & placed at 8˚ 10' a.m. in sol. of 4 to 1000 to see after 24˚ 25' whether there is reaggregation (supposing that there had been aggregation after the 4th); there is the plainest aggregation into spheres

(E

Aggregation Geranium

in this leaf in parts— in most parts apparently green granular pulpy matter in pallisade & parenchyma cells. In other parts (after cleaning with alcohol which does not modify the form of the aggregated masses) Chlorophyll grains can be seen appearing irregular & white— A gradation can be clearly traced from the grains into granular matter & then into the spheres, & of these latter the smaller ones accumulate & blend into one another, so as to make bigger spheres. — Alcohol renders the spheres pale brown or colourless.

(F

Aggregation — Geranium

Sept 12th

Fine leaves on growing plant immersed in C. of Ammonia (4 to 1000)

Sept 11th 8˚ 40', taken out & washed at 10˚ 10'

Sept 12th.— Leaf (marked black thread) section examined by me at 10˚ 45': in every one slice an abundance of pale greenish spheres in pallisade cells; rather small, but some of good large size; many cells pulpy green matter.

After alcohol, aggregation, splendidly clear; much less, but some aggregation in the lower cells of leaf— In several sections I cd. not see a trace of Chlorophyll-green in whole section

White thread No aggregation of chlorophyll; the cells are many mostly filled with pulpy green granular matter in which the different grains cannot be distinguished. In some cells quite healthy looking grains— In many the grains are l massed into a lump in one corner of the cell.—

In a good many pallisade cells there are yellowish granular but highly refracting balls with which dissolve easily in alcohol leaving I believe a remnant

G

Pelargonium

Gray wool— The description of "white thread" will serve — except that there are no resin-balls

Yellow wool. Much the same, but has plenty of resin balls; I saw a granular remnant clearly left after dissolving a ball

(H

(Geranium continued)

Sep 13th

White thread Pelargonium leaf after being cut off & put for 48 hrs (in ammonia) There are very many of the resin balls, in the pallisade cells; they look like a translucent substance penetrated with cracks in all directions. Others have half clear translucent, the other half granular of cracked-looking. In one specimen alcohol merely took the translucent look out of them. In 3 other cases after the alcohol I added solution of I in KI and the balls disappeared or almost disappeared leaving only a pale circle. In one case the balls in 3 cells dissolved in alcohol, it does not look like the effect of alcohol on Drosera in which the cells become full of granular matter, but I saw the balls becoming more and more translucent, till they almost entirely left nothing or very faint circles. In one of these prepns the chlorophyll bodies looked were not distinguishable, & after alcohol and (I K + KI) they became distinct. In other sections the

(I

Chlorophyll grains were distinct visible though rather swollen & faint, without alcohol of iodine treatment, In one specimen treated with alcohol & then dilute fuchsin the resin-balls have become faint in some cells & not in others. This looks as if it was the water in the iodine solution which produced an effect.

The leaf specimen which had been alcohol showed extraordinarily empty cells, hardly any chlorophyll bodies and only some lumps which may be aggregated chlorophyll, and some shining horse-shoe masses lying in the corners of the cells.

bis I I.

Geranium

Sept 14th. The leaf on young plant marked with white Black Thread was reexamined (described p. F Sept 12th). I could find no spheres, but various oddly shaped bodies like dumb-bells, & no or hardly any chlorophyll grains & I thought this evidence that the grains had all been broken up; but F. sliced a leaf in water & then cleaned with alcohol & the grain had equally disappeared, whereas when sliced & not wetted & put at once into alcohol the grains were plain enough. — It thus appears that water acts on chlorophyll grains (& so with Drosera water causes aggregation) But there was not present those infinite number of granules, which 18 1/2 immersion in C. of amm. causes, as described next page p. K. —

[bis Iv]

[calculations]

(K

Sept. 14th

Geranium (granules)

A leaf examined which had been immersed for 18 1/2 hr in sol. of 4 to 1000 presented a new aspect, viz cells filled with minute irregular grains, becoming more or less confluent, with only in one place so-called aggregated spheres. The slices were cleaned with alcohol but this did not alter appearance, only showing more clearly that the pallisades were grouped into such grains. In some places Chlorophyll grain could be seen marked by black dots, giving me the impression that these grains were breaking up into the minute irregular grains;— & Therefore I F. thought that they might be starch. Therefore I added iodine of Pot, but the grain did not blue, but they all rapidly disappeared as single grain & became confluent into irregular amorphous masses & perhaps in part dissolved. Now F. found yesterday that the aggregated spheres were dissolved not when iodine was added after the slice had been cleaned by alcohol. Therefore I believe that the aggregation of these grains from the spheres, something of the kind in Drosera, where clouds appear before visible masses.

(L

Geranium

Sept 15. 11˚ a.m The same leaf as in last page immersed since 4˚ P.m on the 13th, in 4 to 1000 do show but little increase in aggregation. — The cells are filled with green granular matter. After Alcohol & Iodine of Pot. the granules & small aggregated spheres were acted on, but not so plainly dissolved as on a former occasion — There are brown spheres & crystals

Sept 15' a youngish & old leaf were immersed in the sol: on the 14' at 8˚ 10' a.m. & were both examined today at 11˚-11˚ 30' no true aggregation, much pulpy green matter. After alcohol, a good many, but not full complement of Chloro-grains visible; these generally heaped together, & I think sometimes confluent; often indistinct. —

Sept. 16th a leaf with horse-shoe mark from greenhouse was put into sol (4 to 1000) at 12˚ 45 15th, & examined at 11˚ on 16th — no true aggregation, but in very many pallisade cells, bodies of the most diversified shapes, many [sketch] many like this [sketches], apparently denser fluid, with the Chlo. granules, very pale, but distinct in the same cells, look as if going to form spheres.

(M

Sept 16th

Geranium

Another leaf out of doors placed at same time in the sol & examined at 11˚ 30' — innumerable spheres in the epidermis cells & in pallisade cells. F. added iodide of Pot. & thought that many of the spheres disappeared.

Those in epidermis cannot be chlorophyll for there are no grain in epidermis? nor protoplasm as in Drosera, else they wd. have been destroyd by the iodide: I believe (according to F) that [Twist] of Alkanet removed the spheres from the pallisades, but not from epidermis!

(Sept 17th The latter slice was left in the iodide all night, & there are yet some spheres in the palissade cells & in the epidermis.)

Sept 17. The 2 foregoing leaves which had been immersed in 4 to 1000 on the 15' at 12˚ 45, reexamined this morning— The Greenhouse leaf p. L now with abundant spheres in epidermis cells — swollen chloro. grains & perh a few spheres— left in alcohol till colourless & the spheres in epidermis certainly not acted on & some spheres in parenchyma, which do not look like resin & are too large for swollen Chloro-grains

(N.

Sept 17'

Geranium

(The out-of-door leaf p. M, reexamined at 11˚ 15', flaccid abundant spheres in parenchyma & epidermis — certainly not due to parenchyma being covered by shadow of epidermis with cells — look too large & few to be Chlorophyll grains — I think must be confluence—

Placed at 12˚ 45' in alcohol the slices & parts of same leaf.

Sept 18th examined the same slice spheres as plain as ever after this long immersion. It seemed to me that there was gradation from these spheres, some of which now contained brownish granular matter & the crystalline balls, which are in parts common. — In the cells containing what I thought were aggregated spheres, there are very few Chloro. grains, but then there are no grains in the cells containing the crystalline spheres.— I added strong muriatic acid, & the result was that much gas was evolved beneath the cover glass & all crystalline, brown & other spheres disappeared, empty ruptured bags being visible in some places. — My aggregated sphere are all an →

[Nv]

an error I believe.— I imagine C. of lime is held in solution by some veg. acid, & that the C. of ammonia; cause its prompt precipitation & aggregation. —

(O

1881

Geranium

Sept 19. A leaf from out of doors placed in strong sol of C. of Amm. 7 to 1000 at 5˚ P.m. 18th & examined at 10˚. 30' a.m 19th. The palisade & epidermis cells swarmed with spheres of all sizes, which I think are of very pale green; added acetic acid under cover glass all quickly absolutely disappeared & without any apparent effervescence. The disappearance took only 1' or 2'. Another slice has S. Ether added under cover glass., after several minutes the smaller spheres disappeared, the larger ones became brown & granular in middle; after a time the granular matter slowly & steadily disappeared leading leaving empty transparent bags quite distinct. This look like resin, but then why does C. of Ammonia cause their formation.

Sept 20th 11˚ a.m F. has irrigated a bit of same leaf, kept from 5˚ P.m. on 18th in the strong sol. with acetic acid & the many spheres instantaneously disappeared, sometimes leaving only a trace behind them. This leaf was flaccid & appeared quite dead. Chlorophyll grains in all the cells.—

P

Geranium

F. tried yesterday caustic Potash & it did not act quickly on the spheres.

A leaf which after the immersion in the strong sol. of ammonia from 5˚ P.m. on 18th to morning 8˚ a m. on 19th was then placed in alcohol. & examined this morning & in very many of the cells the protoplasm & Ch. grain form half-moon shaped masses at the bottom of the cells. In some of these traces of grain cd. be distinguished. Are these collapsed spheres? — The spheres remain in the leaf immersed in C. of ammonia from 5˚ P.m. 18th to 11˚ a.m 20th & are extremely numerous; the leaf itself being dark-coloured & flaccid.

Sept. 25 spheres still present in same leaf, which was immersed in sol 7 to 1000 on 18th now certainly dead. F. tried again acetic acid, after its application a ghost of the spheres remained, showing it was surrounded by some sort of membrane, as was shown after S. Ether. F. again tried caustic Potash, caused spheres suddenly to swell & to lose their shining appearance; after 1 or 2 hrs almost or quite disappeared.

(Q)

1881

Geranium

Sept 21' — examined 4 slices of a leaf no spheres; placed these at 11˚ 55' in sol. of C. of amm (7 to 1000) by 1˚ clock the chlorophyll grains had broken down into granular matter, but perhaps this wd [flow] from water. The granular matter like that formerly observed. At 4˚ 30' the granular matter certainly presented a different appearance to what it had done at first. In the fresh slices there were the bottle & balustrade bodies which I had formerly attributed to the Ammonia.— In one slice there were 22 crystalline concretions, which all disappeared after slice had been left in acetic acid for 24 hrs. —So I suppose concretions must be Carb. of Lime — ask Leonard.

The Sept 23d. The above slices rexamined 8˚ 20' a.m. by Frank & no aggregation. It thus appears that aggregation will not occur by long exposure to strong sol. of ammonia, if the leaf has been sliced.

(R

1881

Geranium

Sept 24. A leaf left in an infusion of raw meat first for 24 hr & then for 50 hr showed no aggregation, — no green spheres — grain of Chlorophyll visible in many places; in some heaped together

(S

Sept 30th

Geranium

A leaf placed in C. of Am (7 to 1000) on 28th at noon & examined 9˚ a. m 30th, quite flaccid & dead.— No grain in any of cells & thus distinct in the cells with large spheres.— Spheres innumerable mostly small, evidently formed in part from the Ch. grains.— The spheres in the epidermis (where no chlorophyll) & in the parenchyma of a very pale dirty green.— Whether the Ch. grains first swell & form the smaller spheres, I doubt; I believe first become granular & then form spheres.

Oct 1' Leaf put in 4 to 1000 at 12˚ on 29th 30th, examined 10˚ 20' Oct 1'. no aggregation, — (after alcohol) = 22 1/2˚ in many places Ch. grains distinct — often granular matter, but not, (except in 2 spots) the fine almost spherical matter — in one place the grain formed horse-shoe at base of cells.— [in margin:] One of best cases

Oct 2d. 9˚ am. after 24˚ more immersion this same leaf now rexamined, rendered colourless by alcohol & plenty of the shining spheres which disappeared instantly when Acetic A. added.

There were also many very minute shiny spheres, also many of which were smaller than the sh few still remaining ch. grains

(T

1881

Geranium

In some cells only fine granular matte. Therefore I conclude that Ch. grain break up by action of C. of amm & this matter together with the cell-sap. aggregate first into small spheres, which run together to form the large spheres.

(In another leaf kept same time in C. of amm. viz for 12˚ on the 31st to 11˚ on Oct— 2d. there was no aggregation & plenty of Ch. grains. After Acetic A. had been added, the gr. disappeared, & only the minutest particles were left, which were coloured blue by starch,— Oct 3d. I have now examined (a) B.

(A leaf was immersed in sol of Phosphate of Ammonia (4 to 1000) from 12˚ on Sept 30th to 11˚ on Oct 2d 23˚ & no trace of aggregation.

Same leaf reexamined on Oct. 3d. 11˚ 30' 24' hr additional hrs a.m & now distinct aggregated spheres in some of the slices

[Tv]

Back —(a) another spec. which had been in C. of amm & then in Alcohol & then Acetic A. & then glycerine for nearly 24 hr but ordinary grains of Chlorophyll still perfect— The disappearance of the grains with the particles of starch alone left, must have been due to the cleaning of the slice by the acetic A. so that the particles become visible; the protoplasm of the grains having been withdrawn, though not forming spheres.

U

Geranium

like those produced by the C. of Am.. The slices were cleaned with alcohol, & no ch. grains cd be seen in the cells with these spheres, but plenty of transparent grains in other cells. Acetic A. was added & the spheres, small & large, instantly disappeared completely, but not the Ch. grains. Phosphate of Amm. seem to act slower than the C. of A. which I believe is case with Drosera.

Oct 4th. 8˚. a.m — same leaf rexamined in 3 slices on in only 2 places a trace of aggregation.—

Nitrate of Ammonia (2 to 1000) leaf immersed from Oct. 2d 12˚ 15 to Oct 4th 9˚ a.m, no trace of aggregation; occasionally Chl: grains confluent & attached to wall.— The leaf had been much affected by the sol. as it was a good deal infiltrated & of a darkish colour.