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Nov 17 1880

Calc glands

Larger post. gland — milky fluid full of [illeg] spheres & organic matter rendered almost transparent by acetic acid — added ammonia & then oxalic acid & white precipitate, no plain effervescence — ant. gland small no trace of concretion in either.

2° worm no crystals in small ant. gland — endless minute spheres

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Nov 17 1880

Calc glands A

(1) worm: 2 glands on each side — when whole gland put in acetic acid much effervescence — endless spheres from 1 to 2 divisions of [illeg] in diameter with central granular matter slightly opake, when acetic acid added some slide effervesces — spheres rapidly disappear the opake centre first enlarging & then disappearing & ultimately whole cell — then neutralized by ammonia & oxalic acid carried white precipitate — When whole gland put in acid great effervescence & oxalic acid caused copious precipitate. When gland crushed white pulpy matter exude & then consists of masses above spheres — In one of glands a small globular & crystalline mass — Washed small concretion & broke it easily into small angular crystallinetransparent particles added acetic acid — effervesced. I could detect no evidence here of the spheres.

Nov 19th I saw spec. with ant. gland empty — but I am now not sure, whether what I have called the great post. gland is not 2 glands.

In a specimen in what I suppose ant. gland there were easily spheres, with some granular matter & nucleus & nucleolus & occasionally with several vacuoles or small sphere matter. (I imagine generating cells of C. of Lime) There are very little or at all acted on by acetic acid & numerous very small, mulberry-like collection of C. of Lime & whole seem to pass into rhombic crystals — anyhow in some minute mass — crystals in parts & mulberry spheres in other parts.

(21st crushed up 2 more concretions from other worm, being first washed in acetic acid no signs of spheres or oval bodies.

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Nov 21.

Calc glands

B66

I now feel almost sure that post. folded gland is 2 glands — The ant. one difficult to be seen according to Class: the other been overlooked — I dissolved one ant. gland out clear externally & internally was clearly formed of lamellæ like those of post glad & was united to it like the 2 folds of the post, glands. This ant. gland contained a multitude of so-called oil-drops (which Frank agrees with me effervesce in acetic acid & leave more ghosts of cell & fragments of finest tissue — They are certainly cells & the cell-wall must die & disintegrate & then the contained calc. matter unite with minute mulberry masses any gradation of this union for 2 little spheres of calc matter cd be traced — And the mulberry masses either become crystallized — or the calc. matter from the first unites in rhombic crystals — When a great concretion is formed either the lamellæ must be absorbed or pushed to other side (The great cells with nucleus & nucleolus seen yesterday no no

The worm probably a bit of testes) or [illeg] got in by [illeg]

In some were from calc field, but makes no difference in state of glands. Bits of vegetable matter & some green in gizzards — stomach distended into do. There were two large but not very thick, highly transparent calc plates in the gizzard of worm, pieces of shells in which the lamellæ & little spheres were detected in the anterior gland, & thus explains there presence, for the concretion had no dark no no been recently ejected from gland by a wonderful act of perturbation.

(over)

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Nov 22d

I have now examined these concretions in ant. gland, before they were wholly dissolved by acetic acid. & it is obvious that they are several in finest membrane, with many successive layers of do — crust immersed except when action of calc matter happens to be there.

The undissolved emptied particles all lie in lines & end wrongly in certain line — I suppose the long lines correspond to lamellæ — It appears that cells with calc. milk [illeg] unite [illeg] to form concretion in parallel layers & membrane, I wd think cells unite & it is removing cell walls which hold the calc matter together. It is more probable that calc & animal matter deposited together. — Cd it have been bit of shells of Helix? rounded?)

[in margin:] A bit of shell on I am quite doubtful whether a bit of some shell — acetic a. [illeg] that some [illeg]

(Nov. 20 worm caught) In one of worms from calc. field- I distinguished all 3 pairs of glands most posterior smallest! Some with many calc matter & all [2 words illeg] not projecting freely — almost disappeared only recognizable by the parallel sections.

In a second specimen Frank same result — no glands with calc.

In gizzard of [illeg] in worms from calc. field, rounded bits of chalk & on angular bits of [illeg] in 2d gizzard from do field 4 bits of hard chalk, all rounded — 3d most distinctly largest less rounded, yet rounded — also concretion — which seem rounded.

Good the rounding of the chalk granules formation has worn appearance — Of course they may have selected rounded grains of chalk.)

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Calc. glands plans of Discussion C

After motion of food — pancreatic juice — acidity, through action of pancreatic juice injured by acid, got in great intestine of herbivorous mammals acidity (Foster)

This leads to denigration of one of most [illeg] in shorter of functions of whole [2 words illeg] in animal Kingdom. viz the power of 3 pairs of glands, on each [illeg] C. of Lime in first of the stomach or enlarged œsophagus, & of [2 words illeg] to the gizzard,

(a) In Urochæta enlarge glands open into intestinal glands canal posteriorly as Perrier has shown, the gizzard. In 2 parts & large pair appear white & when squared [illeg] are extraordinary quantity of white pulpy matter — This consists of an infinity of sphere, varying from [2 words illeg] ; but in certain cases even smaller. Look so like drops of oil that Claparède tested them with ether &c. & found that they were not oil but found were deformed by acetic acid. In centre of end a little granular matter where acetic acid added effervesced — fluid touch with oxalic acid white precipitate — so do dark C. of Lime —

After acetic acid a ghost of cell is left — [4 words illeg] or collagen, so that [illeg] of escaping fine matter are left after many spheres have been acted only a. a. —

If therefore this delicate cell-wall were naturally to disintegrate the gland wd contain of escaping fine granular C. of Lime.

In Ant. gland, is rather smaller & generally has a very different appearance; for they contain crystalline transparent concretion, easily dissolved sometimes filling up whole gland — like olive oil flask — how even escape is a wonder- yet often found in gizzard & one is castings

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(a) Claparède has shown that the glands are not hollow walls but diverticula from the wall of the œsophagus & was formed by very many lamellæ with glandular surface.

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D Still often 2 or 3 or many concretions or [illeg] of colour. Spar (a) — But on dissecting a worm in which there were 2 large no pieces of shell concretions in gizzard & none whatever in ant. gland.

This was found to include lamellæ & spheres each ball exactly like those in post. glands, except not so many. Claparède says when sometimes where he thought that calc matter were brought from post. glands into there. We may conclude that the sphere emit the calc content in the gland & thus the [illeg] aggregate with [4 words illeg]

Why the process shd [illeg] take place in ant. gland only rarely in post glands — forfor secretion are sometimes fd post glands hard to say.

What becomes of lamellæ — where which gland filled up I know not — much tissue left when calc. mass dissolved.

[illeg] of Calc. matter endless disparities — Claparède Mechanical — Perrier chemical such large gland & so copious contents — My theory — concretion found to carry the [illeg] matter to posterior parts of intestine — for the little oil-like bodies soon acted on.

Claparède does no seem to have [illeg] that they were cells cast off & therefore normal manner of section

Then a gradation in ant. glands for concretion filling up whole gland — the 2 or 3 or several concretions & shortest crystals— minute mulberry like masses — the minute [illeg] beds of calc. matter & have [illeg] in services to cells containing calc. matter but as yet no concretion or crystals which wd form as soon as excessively fine cell-walls had disintegrated)

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(a) In one gland, escaping minute beads of coloured spheres aggregate by 2 or 3 or by many & are enlarged into mulberry mass & some crystallized.

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Nov. 23d There are 3 pairs of glands those which I have often seen. The 2 posterior on each side closely united: ant. more oval in shape in this spec larger than posterior & filled with several small globular concretions — gland is generally smaller than the post. glands.

Parallel blood vessels on surface so characteristic of those glands I have measured one of both glands after removing several largish concretions besides the parallel red vessels other then lamellæ, with lines of so-called oil-globules between them, also cakes of oil-globules.

also many very minute mulberry concretions, & the oil-globules could be traced blending with these concretions. But besides these within the glands, also externally in water with squared out matter, or multitude of largish ghost-like cells with granular matter, nucleus & nucleolus which we thought were sperm-cells — now several of them had longer refraction nucleus like oil globule, & I believe that earth by digestion or contraction of outer cell-wall the oil-globules consist of these ghost-like cells, with nucleus enlarged. — It is probably contraction of cell-wall, with disappearance of nucleus or the gland condensation of the granular mortar.

Examined a very small concretion (In one of those little concretions rhombic cleavage line cd be distinctly traced) out of same gland, embedded in pulpy matter, which largely consisted of above cells with nucleus & nucleolus, & of the so-called oil-globules (these latter cd be again seen blending with the concretions) & I think the oil-globules are somehow found by the larger cells.

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Nov 23d continued

Another small spherical concretion from gland on opposite sides forced out of gland rounded with pulpy matter & oil-globules; & I could see in the pulpy matter ghosts of cells, with no nucleus & this makes me think that nucleus turns into oil globule (I have again seen that the mode of the spermatozoa-like cells with acetic acid instead of disappearing, became clearer) (When I squeezed the opposite ant. gland millions of the larger ghost cells came out — they must be connected with formation portion of oil spheres.) (I put small globular concretion, squeezed out of ant. gland & surrounded with some pulpy matter in acetic a. & a circular of yellowish membranous matter was left — between the layers. I could just distinguish the ghost-like cells with nuclei. It is therefore certain these do occur in the calc. glands.) I have been sorting again at same dissolved concretion, & I can see only an upper & lower membrane with layer of ghost-cells between which the concretion lay; these 2 layers no doubt are 2 of the lamellæ of Claparède; thus structure more & more the same as in Post. glands — lamellæ must be included when many small concretions unite with one.)

Nov 23d

(Frank has seen 2 or 3 other worms with no calc. matter in glands, so that almost invisible;

Nov. 25, 2 more worms for Pot III with no visible calc. glands

(over)

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Nov 26th added another a. to a multitude of oil-globules & they disappear being very fine debris & many little cinders possibly nuclei

Like a flash — sometimes disappear much more slowly, so that walls of as if wall-membrane had been thicken

Cells being faintly seen — This also disappear when little acid & many spheres are tested. In this posterior gland I could see none of the ghost like cells, which are not another one by acetic

Look to another post. gland & cd see no trace of the larger cells they are either not here present, or only present at action time when calc. oil-globules are forming