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The geology of Russia by R. Murchison, de Verneuil & Keyserling. vol. I. (1845)

p. 17 shows the lowest Silurian rest unconformably or gneissic rocks, from wear of which they are derived. They are azoic simply in as much as they do not new contain any organisms.

p. 63 The Devonian beds of Scotland have never afforded any Mollusca — those of Declainse &c.
Have now according to Peach 1854

no fish remains in Russia both together —Explains from mineralog. Nature of entombing rocks.

p. 204 No instance in Europe of unconformbility between Permian & lower secondary or Triassic beds yet fossils totally distinct —(p. 205) proof that agencies have changed without evident physical revolutions of surfaces —p. 205 Two greatest collection[?] in organic world, are those between Palaeozoic & Secondary & latter & Tertiary

p. 208 "Conformably however with the prevailing evidences of the development of nature, which in the
modifications of beings at successive periods, seems often to retain some feature of the preceding types, the Silurian & Devonian

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Pentameri are represented in the groups which next followed by forms of Terebratulae, which offer in their
internal arrangement a part of the structure of Pentameri."—

p. 209 The Permian of Russia & Britain have striking representative species of some genera, (so this law as old as world).

p. 210 Cephalopods almost entirely have disappeared in Permian strata to reappear in Secondary.

p. 212 Trilobites absent in Permian strata —mussels had previously diminished —maximum in Silurian, decause as Devonian; in Carboniferous reduced to few small species; — replaced by Limulus which first appeared in Carboniferous period.

p 256 All over Russian great hiatus between Permian & Jurassic —the trias, Lias & inferior Oolites being quite absent —This Jurassic or Terrian 64 [illeg] extend to Himalaya & to S. Africa.—

p. 263 "Valuable as species are in designating the limits of sub-groups within given distances, the
distribution of the fossils of the Cretaceous system of France and Germany shows,
that forms which some geologists might

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consider as characterizing one division only of a system, there pervade all its members."—

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In Sir R. Murchison &c. great work on Russia

[pencil insertion:] Introduce under persistence of type.

vol. I. p. 299 then in admirable account of the Aralo-Caspian Limestone. It seems that there once existed around district now occupied by Black Sea, Caspian & Aral, a great continent expanse of Brackish water, larger than the existing Mediterranean. This was occupied by numerous fresh-water shells &, by 27 species (p. 303) of Cardicum according to Deshager, (made into 3 genera by Eichwald) & by Dressier polymorpha. But without any marine gastropods

Some of these species now exist in Caspian, Black Sea & surrounding rivers & marshes — several fossil species of same general character are not known now to exist.— It is shown that this coast lake or sea of fresh-water was probably formed by the shutting off of the eastern part of the Mediterranean by [2 words illeg].—

Now according to the common view the existing Caspian species, not found elsewhere in the world, as well as the extinct Arlo-Caspian

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p. 306 List from Eichwald

[Table of Caspian Shells, fossil and recent, chiefly compiled from M. Eichwald's 'Zoologia Caspia-Caucasia.']

Living in Caspian     Fossil in steppes

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species must have been created there. But it is stated on authority of Prof. Forbes (p. 302) that the lately salt-water loch of Stenness in the Orkneys has been converted into a fresh-water & marshy tract, that with this great but gradual change, certain marine genera (Cardiaceae(?) & Mytili) have continued to live on with their new associates of fresh-water, viz Limneae & Newticea. Hence we learn that when changes take place such as geological evidence makes us believe took place with the old Aralo-Caspian expanse, we might expect the Cardium & Mytilus would be the two marine genera which would survive.— & it is to these genera that the peculiar Aralo-Caspian & Caspian forms belong.— Shall we then say they did survive for a period & then perished & then a new creation took place —or shall we not believe in transmutation?

This can be excellently introduced

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At p. 582 speaking of Aralo-Caspian  sea in conclusion, says "probably had scarcely any communication with the ocean."— I presume that was when once formed

From section described, of strata with Aralo-Caspian shells over marine Miocene beds, it wd certainly seem as if all that can be said, the section had to belief  that A Caspa once formed an extensive extension of Mediterranean sea, cut off by [2 words illeg] from it —

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After discussing foxes of Falkland —we see possibility of migration of these genera viz Cardium & Mytilus into the present Caspian & old Anlo-Caspian water.

For further information see De Verneuil in Trans. Soc. Geolog. De France vol III p. 47-58.— Also Eichwalds Zoologia Caspia-Caucersia.—

p. 307 remark that the supposed extinct species "are so closely allied to those now inhabiting the Caspian, that we cannot avoid recognising in them the same peculiar Anlo-Caspian type unknown in all other regions of the world."

=good. case of continuity of type.—

The fact of there having been formed 27 species (or even varieties, if they shd be so considered) of Cardium, or according to Eichwald of 3 new genera, within limit of a Mediterranean-size

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This all badly arranged

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Lake is very interesting. There has been plenty of time.

though the whole formation is subsequent to Miocene formations.

Is Cardium unisexual? This cd a case like those of several species of plants a genus of plants in an island: shows separation not necessary.— Nor indeed when change effected in time in same locality can there be said to be any separation

There being caps in oeconomy of nature must be primary cause of new species, bisexual

[pencil insertion:] The simple fact of many species makes conditions more complicated & so lead to more—

p. 309 remark in sheets of fresh-water "the number of genera & species is small, but that of individuals great, whilst in the ocean their variety is countless" (like [illeg] of Arctic seas) yet 27 species of Cardium is rather opposed to this statement.— On other hand number of species no doubt smaller compared to Mediterranean.— Cause must be the species are formed in various locations, & subsequently migration.—

— "a result probably due to the great diversity of conditions produced by strong currents in vast & open seas, & to the removal of species from distant countries brought into contact with each other."

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p. 331 We have more than once adverted to strict conformity with which deposits of very different ages succeed each other — here then is a more remarkable case viz of strict conformity between post-pliocene strata & Permian beds with their Palaeozoic fossils.— Wonderful! How enormous the interval.—

p. 584 In Russia Lower Silurian strata in mineralogic character resemble & sometimes not to be distinguished from younger Secondary & Tertiary strata of W. Europe (& so I think it is in parts of U. States). This offers to get an exception to an imaginary law, the metamorphism has so prevailed according to age, that no older fossils then Silurian have been preserved, for if so all Silurian strata have by law of chance been in some degree metamorphosed. Was there greater gap between Silurian & unbroken precedents than between [illeg] & Tertiary?—

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No erratic boulders in Siberia or E. of Ural mountains — (This page comes in wrong)

vol 2. I think that the same species appearing at different stages in same [illeg] formation, as shown by Sharpes & in the work (p. xvi & elsewhere), is proof, (without we believe in independent creation) of migration:

p. xv remarks that same cause which develops the individuals of Brachiopods in numbers favours also the formation of new types. Ie there are many species  The converse proportion is not time, for instance Pines in New Zealand are numerous in species, but not in individuals— (Orthecerotates are numerous in individual but not in species in lower Silurian, so above proposition not always true) — Again in cases of lakes, (& island where land covered well with plants yet few species) when there is not free ingress, or where circumstances unfavourable to any life, as in Arctic regions, individuals may be numerous, without forms being numerous.— The proposition ought to be where there are many species, there will be many individuals — ie generally — for during extinction or unfavourable circumstances, perhaps the individuals of all might become scanty, & yet without the species being exterminated.— If we take the large genera of dicot. Plants in England, wich they include most of the species which are most

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Abundant in individuals? Ask Watson —get list of 20 commonest weeds & see which genera they fall into —perhaps safest to test them by the families rather than the genera.— Have the large families the commonest plants?

Verneuil applied his remark to time, I extend it to space.— By my theory, as genera are formed by the form being [illeg], I think, individuals ought to abound — But case too complicated I think. — — Generally I think one wd be surprised if at any period or place as with Ammonite antelope of Cape of G.H &c, where species abounded, if individuals were not also numerous — — the genus for comparison must be mundane.—

p. xvi Terebratula concentrica found in Devonian & Permian, but not in Carboniferous formation.—

p. xviii The Devonian species of Spirifer are characterized as in rest of Europe by their first striae &c.— This is like sub-genera in distinct & distant countries.

p. xxvii "These animals (Trilobites) as one knows belong to the most ancient fauna of the globe & present, as well as [illeg] this remarkable fact in the

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the history of fossils, that it is not permitted us to observe the period of their increase. However far we look back, we find them already perfectly developed."

This is also case (p xix) with Leptoena, with Grestische[?] & Cystialdae[?].— now he shows (as Agassiz has pictorially with fish) that in the 5 Palaeozoic stages all the other genera show in number of species a regular increase & afterwards a decrease either in Palaeozoic period or afterwards.— I think this may be considered a law [equally] considering Agassiz: if it is so strong argument that some formation must have preceded Lower Silurian.— I presume, he considers N. Wales which is so scanty in remains in lower part as an exception —It appear that to development of species in numbers goes on very equally in formations over known world. p. xxx. Having shown how similar the coming in & going out of forms are in the Palaeozoic formations in East & West Europe & then remarked that the same progress holds good in America, he adds "one must then be convinced that all the modifications of species

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their extinction & renewal are not due to changes of currents or to other causes, more or less local or temporary, but depend on laws more general laws, which given the whole animal kingdom"— Now this is just my [idea] with respect to extinction of Mastodon in S. America ⸮ in first edition) over world.— I agree with Verneuil & conclude that extinction & [illeg] is not due directly to external causes how we can preserve plants in gardens) but individually through the struggle of better adapted forms, — & forms spread over whole world slowly & so same influence spreads.—

p. xxi gives causes of 8 species only passing in Russia from one stage to one other (yet the rocks pass continuously into one another) : more species do this if we [embrace] Europe.— Verneuil & d'Archiac first propounded law of great range & great depth.

p. do more than ½ Russian Palaeozoic fossil peculiar to Russia, & to N. America still more, when both compared to W. Europe.— Some of the Russian representative Palaeozoic species are only representative, they differ to little.— (Hence they conclude forms then localised.)—

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p. 402 Agassiz also insists upon several of the Russian Devonian fishes being representatives

p. 414 do thinks that all fossil fishes together wd amount 30 thousand (& no doubt for Devonian downwards) he excludes the gaps between formations.)—

p. 407 — speaking of number of families, genera & species of fish in the old Devonian beds, he adds "s'il fallait de nouvelles preuves pour démontrer que les fossiles de chaque formation géologique sont les représentants d'autant de créations indépendantes et que la diversité des espèces des époques postérieures n'est point le résultat de la différenciation d'un petit nombre de types antérieurs les poissons que vous venez de soumettre à ma déter mination en seraient une démonstration complète" — This must be argued against — (It implies we knew first beginning if so I agree) I think it also implies a little, that each old form must leave its succession.

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