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"Teoria della riproduzione Vegetale di G. Gallesio".—1816 in partly previously published par Didot Paris 1811 with a treatise on the citrus. "Traite du Citrus" par &c" [Gallesio, Giorgio. 1811. Traité du citrus. Paris: Louis Fantin. [signed "C Darwin Feb 1842"] CUL-DAR.LIB.206 PDF]

The discussion on the citrus he proposes to include in forthcoming work entitled "Pomena Italiana"

p. 8 varieties exceptions —they are effect of aberration of universal laws!

p. 12 the amelioration of species are balanced by continual & almost regular imbastardising or crossing

the inclination also checked by tendency to degenerate

p. 12 & by infertility, which is so common.—

p. 16 several false themes enumerated on cause of sterility & amelioration, all hypothetical.— one [illeg] is the exception frutization of life by offsets &c & to illustrate which they enumerate the syringe perrice Perria Silece Vibrun. Opulus sterilis Hortensia rosea, Philadelphium corsinaries common Pyringa without taking

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Into account many annual raised by seed equally sterile

p. 20 speaking of monstrosities mottled albiuminum &c &c speaks of "fullomania" a tendency to display out of proportion large leave commonest to many plants, but has especially noticed it in one orange — is a variety comes from seed.— also "nannismo" a dwarfing in proportion of all parts of a plant. —not false dwarf, which have leaves of unusual size, but branches very stumpy.— Chinese orange is a true dwarf.— some fruits are variegated — one pear has fruit only variegated — roses have flowers variegated. Says independent of art, proper to the veracity there are some bleached varieties independent of having been placed in darkness — are varieties & therefore dependent on seed — (seems to consider this synonymous!)

p. 26 denies that grafting however often produced effects any difference at all in fertility. Says this is universally admitted by cultivator:— has experimented himself for 15 years in every possible way says oranges & lemons & has compared kept original fruit as standard of comparison.

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p. 29 Alludes to the hermaphrodite range of Traner[?] a Bizzarria one of Tuscany, which bears two kinds of fruit sour & sweet on same branch, & some fruit with double quality. (I do not believe any known case of such produced by grafting hybridism.).— (it is like those plants which bear leaves of double two shapes. I forget what.— it is a sport repeated very often)

p. 37. Sugar canes many varieties from see in W. E. Indies.—1606 introduced in West Indies kept constant.  (?!! See end of this abstract)

= so with (Italy) no doubt Jasmine officinale & sambae (these do not seed??[)] & with Hortensia ch. Are propagated only by cuttings = (Henslow talks of Jasmine not maturing its seed[)]

p. 39 remarks no flower has been double through successive grafting-attributes if only entirely to seedlings for instance never with Jasmine sambac; which yet this part however is double & semidouble (p. 40) East Indies; = one double one from brought from Goa in 1689 =

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p. 41 admits some double bulbs grow single, but it s a forerunner of death.—

p. 42 has seen a sterilis viburnum opulus in the Liguria appenium, amidst other fertile trees.—

p. 46 Cece (a cereal) of Spain constantly produces in Castile a particular kind, degeneration by degrees in the stony mountains of Liguiria in successive generations — first change perceived in the grain conceived in Liguria

p. 48 those repeatedly added rust of iron to Hortensia but has never been perceived any change

p. 50 [] sown for many years seeds of China orange with finer shining bark peel sweet juice — raise some with rough, some even smoother peel than present.— ; a rough-orange likewise gave varieties in form of leaves &c &c.— peaches from same plant gave man in tome of maturity in colour & size most bad, flavoured, sweet almonds gave sweet with variations in shell, not one bitter; soft-shelled pine a particular variety produces some soft & some hard —

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In Tuscany the soft-shelled Pine is found growing spontaneously, mixed with the regular hard-shelled race.—

p. 52 Expr (2).— sowed red-fruited orange, produced only common coloured oranges.

p. 53 Exper (3).— a friend showed field with seeds of a spontaneously raised sweet orange at Finale — amongst many one was one variety differing in size & number of fruit- produced orange, called Adam's apple.— (p 58 only case known of spontaneous origin of this fruit B) There was no Adam's apple anywhere near where seeds were raised, but only Lemons & Citrons "Cedri" grew, & had many varieties, ranging from pure Lemon to citrale Lemon. (wh are barren seedless) most pure Lemons.—but a sense of gradation p. 58 (He afterwards calls these hybrids & they are naturally produced)

p. 54 (Exer 4) all sweet oranges produce invariably sweet. (asserts this most strikely) & at Savona sour oranges never produced sweet.

p. 55 (Exer 5) sowed seed of Little China  orange, raised one resembling but does not equalling parents, but with leaf quite different from common orange. Has sowed seeds of several by bizarra & dwarf oranges, sour orange with sweet fruit old varieties have all produced trees with peculiar physiognomy, different from common orange,

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(B. but as Adam's Apple is known variety, we see its reproduction depends on law of organization of parent.)— No for he says it is a hybrid from Lemon or Che Cedro & is sterile =

"Cit. Aurart. Ind. fructu maximo citrato." Vulgo Pomum Adami" [p. 53]

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& bringing them near parent races.—

p. 44 seedlings of Willow-leaved orange resembled parent in willow-leaves & in fruit.—

p. 57 argues, — nectaring & peach, sweet & bitter almond & do oranges; & some races of Pears are distinct species, (yes afterwards he seems to consider them as under types) because they never pass into each other!!

p. 61. seeds from Lemons grown amongst Cedro varied more than from isolated lemons —

observed Broccoli, cauliflower & Black Cabbage crossed each other & produced many shades of varieties & many monsters; thus also (by crossing these are produced) double flowers in Ranunculus — Thinks double monstrous flowers are hybrids allied.— then gives his hypothesis of true different proportional action of male & female influence either of same, two, or more flowers as cause of variation — (I [illeg] he totally leaves out of question why this difference should chiefly take place in domestic plants)

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p. 64. (Exper 6). Planted Ranunculus asiaticus single of many colours in widely separated pots; some he cross fecundated, some not: the former alone produced semidouble flowers; of these some had stamens nearly perfect & some only stigma, of the latter he impregnated some with the pollen of those which had stamens & thus raised (grand children) quite double without pistil, - in the semi double flowers the number extra petals extra is the same with the aborted stamens: Repeating this exper:, from some of the semi double he raised some hose in hose double.— But is not sure whether parent Ranuncoli were different species or only p. 66 varieties, — they differed in size of flower & colour.— in these crosses in 3d generation new colours sometimes came, as well as old bizarra  ones between those of the parent.— Have often repeated this experiment with same result, & or other flowers, chiefly on Dianthus caryophillus.— (I think in Loudon's Encyclop. Some similar statements).

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p. 66 masculine part influences most in producing doubleness in above crosses

= semidouble flowers self impregnated almost always produce single flowers; with foreign pollen mixed with [illeg], produces single, semidouble, & double— with many kinds of foreign pollen-, without & none of own, produces all double & semidouble & none single.

p. 67. believes geomen of Auriculas very largely developed  seeds to [illeg] when [illeg] of pollen of many kinds place on stigmas — seeds very numerous.— good effects of crossing

p. 67. The tuberose Hyacinth & Viola mammola never vary in colour.—

p. 67. (Exper. 7) crossing orange with pollen of lemon, fruit thus produced (not of seedling) had single of hybrid with strip in relief from peduncle of peel in colour & taste like lemon the segments the fringes of pulp of fruit like orange with imperfect seeds.

p. 69. (Exper 8). Impregnated orange with various [illeg] varieties of orange, & the some of the fruit (thus produced) seedlings had irregular shaped fruit such as digitate, corniculate, foetifere, these fruits had little pulp within & had no seeds or imperfect ones.—

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p. 70 (Exper 9) (nothing)

I see he considers the change of a stamen into a petal one step in 'Mulism' ! [muletismo] // = p. 73 speaks of the male organ changing before the female organs; thus in dioecious plants the male flowers first become double.— especially in the Fig, the masculine flowers are lost first; (has observed this in many flowers, especially) & in male figs, change themselves into sterile female flowers.— & these latter become fleshy, & eggs abortive, but preserving their ovary in the last stage of mulism (NB mule does not mean ordinary acceptance, but monstrosity a [illeg]ness or doubleness)

p. 75. The Bizarria or Hermaphroditi orange in France produces on some branch Cedrati 'Arancio forte' & fruit mixed of both (have I not heard of one fruit half peach & half or nectarine?)

-also on same branch leaves & flowers (orange, white flowers & cedro violet) of both kinds, & some flowers intermediate.— violet flowers will produce branch bearing both flowers, & buds from such branch

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[readings on this page conjectural as largely illegible]

See 8vo pamphlet

Mem. Thwaites Fuchsia cases &  the melon case of Sageret (?) — Asa Gray

Laburium case

Gartwein [illeg] case. — Leatres Pea & Berekely.

And we have serensia [illeg] in leaf-buds & Revena in hybrids

On other hand spent count be disputed.—

To Peach & Nectarine cases must remain doubtful.—

As Alp. De Candolle [illeg] only [illeg] shd remain so many years a pure pearl & then the these are one relative — I do not say impossible

In crossed cows — in way Poultry & Pigeons

We see trace of reversion to two parents even in animals.

See p 13 of this M.S.

Reversion

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will produced either cap when grafted will produce either capricious branches; or either all sour oranges or all cedro, whether originally coming form cedro or orange flower.—

p. 76 has crossed white peaches with red & reverse & the seedlings were mixed colours — & some of those a the same plants often giving mixed colours afterwards gave entirely white & entirely red flowers (I presume same year) — one year it gave red alone & on successive years it gave mixed –coloured flowers excepsional done very exactly:—

p 76 at Paris & in his garden, a "cit. aurant Ind. Fructu violaceo" some flowers white like orange, some violet like lemon, a difference which also appears in fruit.— was told flowers were uniform one year & again afterwards diverse.— compares this variety with Bizarria.—

p. 77. In an orange (Gal. Syn. N. 39) with whiteish [illeg] streak leaf — used to send out to branches with common leaves, but on their subsequently the speckling returned.—

—it is enough to preserve this variety to pull off pure leafed branches. (as recommended by Lindley with narrow-leaved branches)

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Nov 1st 1862 — It would be worth while to print my M.S. index, or printed index of Gardeners Ch. for the case of Laburnum flower half & half.— [CUL-DAR222] This breaking comes on after succession of reproduction by buds.— In my fowl, change took place in actual individual — the breeding of tulips in stages is probably parallel case, as cauliflower must have been careful often. All comes under law of Reversion from crossing:— In Journal of Horticulture wonderful ca

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p. 77 Farmers of Liguria surrounded Broccoli with an enclosure of straw to prevent their "falling in love" with other kinds.— Has sown seeds from Broccoli & Cauliflower grown together, & has raised seed plants, most of which have contracted leaves with white stripes (⸮ in one parent cabbage white & other dark?).— (NB How often Koelreuter found deforming in the prolonged crosses of hybrids.) Gaertner not—

p. 79 The Bizarria was discovered in 1644 in a garden, spontaneously produced.—

He considers the Bizarria (but I cannot find any proof of this it is a mere assumption) a hybrid.—

He maintains white speckling & stripes not sickness — (has seen it in entire hereditary generation of cabbages).— such plants often rigorous.— it is an affection or sickness of the geomen.= (Pat. Neil says same thing of not sickness.=)

p. 84 monsters generally sterile; (even when not found not much developed)= as those oranges, which have very little endocarpe, ie, pulp & pips & white coating.— opposed to Lindley's theory of sterility from developed pulp in pears &c &c (I believe in these but not in Shrendey[?] Plants, kind much developed)

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p. 86 has verified 8 constant types in the Peach— two being species & 6 under forms!— in the Citrus four —constant reproduction being his character of a type. (cabbages!!!) in Cerasa two types.— [illeg] Lemone-cedrato, the almond-peach. double mixed pink as fertile

(p.87) & constant hybrids — capricious hybrids in Bizarria & Violet oranges &c.—

p. 88 attributes all variation to excess or defect of male action in impregnation : stuff

Alludes to the many different parts of the diverse fruit for which men cultivate plants.— (a)

Corunder that sweet oranges reproduce themselves because man has no need to sterilize them like in other fruit where he wants some other part to be developed which is not naturally developed & [illeg] energy to go to such parts, instead of the reproductive system.— —

My abstract of a page of his views

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(a) the flesh of apple corresponds to white coat of orange —the fig & pineapple is the receptacle which is valuable in proportion to fewness of seed —in strawberry, raspberry all different — Now though no doubt man undertook cultivation of these plants from their possessing qualities useful to him, there is no reason to suppose that each of these parts in wild state (mem. Wild strawberry crabs, sloes++) has any more tendency to vary that other parts — the enormous amount of variation can only rise from the variation of these parts having only been selected —

++ buds & leaves in cabbage.— legume in Kidney beans — rock, tuber

{First discovery due to people in famine trying every plant, or to wild accidental sports—

=probably former = what stuff all savages eat.=

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p. 95 Dr. Savi sowed yellow & black seeded Gran Tureo Tuck (which he afterwards calls 'Formentone' (Maise Baclth[illeg]) near each other, & allowed them to fructify together, amongst the ears which came form them, some of the seeds were yellow, some black, some mottled, &placed either in row or atteonaled in other manner.

{oranges, lemons, peaches & cucumber are all subject to have horns — see Encyl Method. Art 'Zucca'.—

(same case as peas, apples, melons C.D.)

A single one of these horned oranges occasionally appears in any tree, let the is race of them (are generally seedlings & have all their fruit thus characterized) he thus explains the stripes of lemon peel on those oranges which grew amongst lemons.—

The orange tribe has tendency to produce a little fruit within the other var. fectifere, often produced in seedling plants — Rumphius p. 97 says there are variations at Amboina which always produce these monsters, but transplanted to Banda, they fail to give any.—

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p. 101. Cedro of China (Cit. Medica cedra fructu monstruoso aurantaito, of great size, tuberculated with scarcely any pulp or endocarp & with no seeds.

There are a vast numbers old varieties of oranges, some with "sarcocarpo" good for eating with many of them without seed.

p. 102 Crataegus azarolus, which G. believes is only modification of white-thorn, has pulp good to eat, but without seeds = Berberry domestic do = (v p. 182. Decondolle, Theorie Element. de Bot. on this subject) — ananas cultivated  in their own country also sterile, as well as those in Europe.

/some doubt/ p. 104 Rumphius described apparently source of ananas with seeds & a cultivated variety with few seed & other vars with names[?]= (says fig is sterile & has receptacle increased in same manner as the anana = with the ovary p 107 always empty to peduncle of female flower overlayed ["??" written over the paragraph]

There is one Anana which has large leaves & is used for extracting threads, & does not fruit— —

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p. 106. F is disputed question whether the Musa Banana is sterile or not — G. says there are some races sterile & some fertile — Because Musa domestica always sterile — (There is a dwarf Banana) =

vast number of Indian varieties of Banana semi-sterile Mule ⸮sterile?

the fertile races bear only poor fruit with hardly any eatable pulp.— viz There is one wild one described by Louseiso p. 107 Loureiro, with no proper pulp with plenty of seeds.— (a)

p. 110. G. never saw seed in sugar-cane in Malaya Pas Palisot de Beauvois confesses he never saw seed of sugar-cane in India — generally reported none in America — Three varieties described by Thumberg— Many varieties of sugar cane described by Loureiro in Flora Conchinchinese (& by several authors who do not describe seeds) Rumphius says never produced flowers or see, except when grown in stony place & their flowers, but only [illeg] of seeds—

p. 110. Amyris opobalsamum.— is a sterile plant.—

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{Abortive seeds good case to argue from that "abortion" implies that some parent form had seeds = thus with stamens in Thyme =

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The wild Amyris fruits, the domestic abounds with aromatic liquor.— Hypothetical inference.— demonstrated in work on citrus.—

p. 120 X gives example of naturalization of tropical plant though successive generations (by the production of chance races) brought into colder climate all the orange tribe which for many ages existed only precariously precariously in Italy, by aid of covers — but now grow to great size & produce simple (AA) trees produce from 8 to 10 thousand fruits — says these very production trees are all seed bearing & the advantage of successive generations now is known actio on in some parts of Italy — Cedro I fancy alludes to this subject in his treatise on the does can not explain he confesses why some of the types or races in each species are constant & others retrograde.—

remark on addity of some two semidouble plants when crossed generally yielding quite double ones.—

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Says cherry introduced by Locullo from Ceraso & the "Cedro" is known to have come from Medea.

The history of all the varieties in such cases (when no cross probable) very valuable to me.—

AA Gives the Vine as another instance. We here have variation in a plant placed under colder climate than its own natural one — as answer to my doubt whether it is change in conditions or increase only of food which causes variation.

[in pencil:]

p 9 In dioecious plants males first smaller

p. 13 Same on direct action of pollen in many 14 & 15 sterile fruits—

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