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March 5^th. [1835] — Fort Galvez. — near the Beach, junction slate exactly the same as I have called ampelite, together with greenish talcaceous slate — more glossy, but like the brown one ([blank]) — cleavage most singularly convoluted. —

[sketch] ∠ 42° (horizontal section. 2 yards by 2: — [sketch] vertical section where a horizontal line of fault seems to have caused the curvature. — in other places perhaps they were original.

quite impossible to know the true dip. — This point which forms the Harbor, is covered up by the tertiary strata, so as to form a strip of plain: —

March 6^th. [1835]— Linguen. — Well known as seat of best coal: —

Cliff about 100 ft high. — upper part, red earth, as in Quiriquina. — (which is marine deposit). beneath which are soft sandstones. — in which lie the coal beds of lignite:

The accompanying section is the result of the examination of different parts of fallen down cliff. —

[sketch] 10 9 7 x much bigger 6 5 4 3 2 1
30 100

(1) very soft sandstone containing numerous pebbles such as Quiriquina.:
2 Ferruginous fine grained sandstone. —
(3) Very irregular layer, many places about a foot wide of lignite. harder & not not so glossy as generally. (2574). mingled with in layer of pebbles. must have been deposited in stream curvilinear, extremities suddenly truncate, or thins out & dies away:
(4) a more compact sandstone, containing large [illeg] of fine grained very hardy calcareous sandstone: in other place the bed is partly made of a hard sandstone with grains of pure quartz (2575): in structure similar to those inQuiriquina

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B. Blanca Bird. Callandra — Thesosoma. Sturnus. Ruber

4^th [March 1835] Reached Concepcion (3^d earthquake of seaMocha) Landed

Quiriquina — good geology — Wrecks on coast cotton below roofs chairs tables &c &c &c returned late at night Landed at Talcuana & scarce — Rode to Concepcion. [great cracks]; cheerful slate church

Buttresses [illeg] danger — Ladies in Ponchos — place of town like old cities —

Height of wave — soft pools — escape of child. boat SW & NE (compass); Walls stand better than shore.

Through vibration from Andes; Rode distance of parrapets — Heavy rain. — Rotten. —

deaths owing to time of day [illeg] . Home & man fell down. cattle wild with fright, fell over promontory

Say owing to Indian to open having stopped Anteri [illeg]

: From 4 years : Sea height of — Hot water some spring stopped some flow too much. — immense degradation, solid rock: shivered — wonder referred — villages — fires an appalling sight — bitterness of height — some manufacturers effect on England — Corcovado fine weather. When active: here when northerly wind flocks of gulls. —

repeated subsequent earthquakes. — Scenery of Concepcion

page in pencil, 'B. Blanca Bird.' in ink

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but paler colored: — soft ferruginous sandstone:
(6) main layer of coal. (is now covered up so could not see it) said to be one yard thick: the lignite is very black. glossy but of little specific gravity: This has been the mine, & the very best & most abundant source of the working. (2570: 71: 72):

(7). exceedingly soft sandstone or rather coarse sand, just cemented together 2576, with ferruginous curvilinear bans (2577): This may represent the common sandstone of upper part of cliffs: there are curve twisted ferruginous water lines. — The upper part of this passes into an aluminous aluminous bed, with a rubbly fracture (just similar to what is found in Quiriquina) (2578): In all these sandstone there are innumerable lines of lignite from the thickness of paper to that of a shilling: (The formation in section is not thick enough)

(8) Soft rubbly lignite (2573) not worth any thing, about a foot thick, irregular showing not quite undisturbed deposition. —

(9) a whiter sandstone (like 2576) with more ferruginous lines & patches, contains unimportant layer of lignite.

(10) The upper of bright red. soft friable dry earthy substance. — It may be remarked that the soft sandstone (2576) is the principal substance which contains the lignite. — It is almost superfluous to say that this formation is identical with that of Quiriquina. — Where the mine is the strata are nearly horizontal but not very regular, perhaps probably owing to original

355v [blank]

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(3)

a 200 yards to the North, the strata all dip to the NW at an angle 23° (even here not quite regular).

[sketch]

The lowest beds, described in the section, are here owing to upheaval here, but are not visible where the mine is. — I may also here remark that I saw inclined strata at a larger angle near Concepcion. — It is probably this inclination which has induced people to consider this formation as secondary: —

Where its real age is modern tertiary. — Perhaps it is part of same line of disturbance which has tilted strata at S extreme of Quiriquina???

NB. — The tilting of all these strata appear to have taken place when beneath the sea: even I am not certain whether some of red bed has not been deposited subsequently to this action. I judge from the plain superficies in some places, where the strata are inclined. —

Concepcion is like Valdivia. Tert: strata. predominant. —

At Concepcion numerous angular rocks of fine granite with large crystals of white feldspar: doubtless the formation is somewhere very near. — ؟ Road to Concepcion?

Cliffs close to Talcuan have also been worked for coal: the structure does not differ essentially from those described: the sandstone are more uniform in their nature: the calcareous sandstone concretions are numerous, but soft:

The coal is of a poorer quality; there are many layers of black of substance of earthy lignite or carbonaceous arth: is chiefly

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remarkable by quantities abundance of silicified wood & patches of lignite, as in Quiriquina. distinct from the regular layers. —

The stratification is nearly horizontal. —

Concepcion

March 1835