[1]

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Bengal Journal Vol 7. p. 658 — Falconer on Sub. Him. fossils — Ruminants. & Tortoises gigantic — hyæna — bear & ruminants all of larger size. — the law of large size established — Australia, S. America — These strange forms., camels, giraffes. Sivatherium & Anoplotherium, with existing, or nearly existing forms of aquatic reptiles most strange, & shows as in shells some forms are long preserved. —

vol VI. p. 539. D^r Cantor's account of fossil frog, 40 inches in length — !

alludes to ancient gigantic salamanders —

Every order (except whales) have great prototype !!. —

1. Cautley 1838:658, 'When we look at the number of species of Proboscidan Pachydermata which swarmed in the primeval forests; . . . the imagination naturally places before our eyes forms of corresponding magnitude in other genera; . . . Amongst the Ruminants the discovery of the Sivatherium gianteum has most amply tended to prove the truth of this induction, exhibiting a ruminating animal bearing the same proportion to the rest of its genus, as the Mastodon and Elephant do to that of the Pachydermata. Amongst the Carnivora we have the Ursus Sivalensis, an animal far exceeding in dimensions its congener of the present period, or the Ursus Spelaeus and bears of the German caves; with a species of hyaena at least one-third larger than that now existing. The reptiles also have their gigantic representative in an entirely new genus of the tortoise, for which we propose the generic name of Megalochelys, from the enormous proportions of its remains as yet discovered, and the size of its femoral and humeral extremities equalling those of the largest rhinoceros. The question however does not appear to be whether the animals of former periods were larger than those now existing, but whether the genera of larger animals were not more numerous?'

2. Cautley 1838:659, '. . . it will be interesting to remark on the co-existence of the Sivatherium, Camel and Giraffe, with Quadrumana, Anoplotheria, Mastodons, and reptiles so closely resembling those of the present rivers, that it is not possible to discover in their osteologi-cal pictures, at least, any remarkable deviation from the type which has been left to us.'

3. Cantor 1837:540.

[2]

[CUL-DAR208.61b]

Copied

Vol II p. 502. Bengal Journal The Taylor Bird uses pieces of thread, picked up- instead of spinning — better case than English birds, using cotton &c instead of natural substances — useful perversion of instincts —

Beechey's Voyage Vol I. p. 499. 4to. Edit — Horses in Lao Choo so small, that person with long legs can hardly ride on them.

M^r Miller — in Zoological Gardens. informs me that a hybrid between ass & Zebra, crossed with pony mare & produced a very pretty little animal, showing something of Mule in its ears — ((this is good case as showing gradations,

    1. Hutton 1833, See E181. Text used in Natural Selection: 473, n. 5; hence T2 is marked 'Copied'.

    2. Beechey 1839, 1:499.

    3. Alexander Miller.

[9]

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Gleanings of Science Vol III. p 320. M^r Hodgson on Musk Deer — young spotted like in "prettty much as we see in the young of the wild hog & of several species of deer, which are altogether immaculate when grown up".

1. Hodgson 1831:320.

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[13]

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Saw at M^r Bell's at Hornsey the offspring of a black & white duck of pecu drake with the penguin duck. it took after the Penguin in the form of its body & in the manner of walking but not waddling; its colour was darker than the penguin & the bright feathers on its wing resembled the drake. — another of same half breed resembled the plumage of drake still more. — So Penguin impresses its form both on vars & species

(16)

The male swan-gander with common goose produce full as many eggs as pure bred common. — the half of the cross, as above, take generally after the swan-gander. one of these half-bred ganders. crossed with common goose to has produce offspring with so much of the swan-goose in appearance

Bell at Hornsey

1. Bell at Hornsey not traced. See DAR 205.7:226. 'March 25/55/ Bell tells me that he bred hybrids of China & common goose, & that these wd never copulat inter se, but wd receive & tread both pure parents. They wd never even dally together.—'

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(though only ¼ of blood). that it appears about half way between swan-goose & common goose. — the stripe down back pretty plain in in these half ¾ bred ones — The brothers & sisters half-breed showed no sexual inclination for each other —

(ie)

1. See DAR 205.7:209 (formerly pinned to T13 and T15), 'His hybrids from common goose & Swan or China Goose (L. Jenyns put it in genus Swan) differ much, some intermediate, some very closely indeed after common goose mother & Swan-gander & some after Swan-goose— & having no other gander, within some miles there can be no doubts about 2d impregt. The hybrids bred with parents but not inter se Fox June /46/ Q'. See Natural Selection:439, 'many cases are on record of hybrids from these birds breeding readily with the pure parent species.'

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[17]

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Aug. 20^th

The Echnida & Hedgehog Tenrec both having spines, is the effect, partly of the same external conditions (ie. analogical structure) & partly the laws of organization (ie those laws which prevent infinite variation in every possible way. — the laws which determine the kinds of monstrosity, & determine the kind of variation & sporting in flowers & domestication of animals

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Aug. 26^th —

When it is said that there is evidence in the organic world of infinite & growing complexity from a few types, it must not be supposed that this refers to time. — Marsupial in Oolite. — insects, of do orders — cheiroptera & cætacea in Eocene — dicot. plants in coal measures. — Shells in Cambrian & Crust show how long since present forms existed, but if it be asked how this complexity from a few types originated, we must go to the first origin of the world. — our present organic beings are the descendants, slightly a good deal modified & Many Forms lost; if of this old stock (which from action & reaction grew more complex) some perhaps rendered more complex & some simplified. —

22.

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[25]

[CUL-DAR208.62e]

Annals of Natural History. no. XII. Vol. 2. p. 96 1 & p. 451. 1839 —

Translation of P. Fries most curious paper on the Pipe-fish — which he divides into two divisions, one of which are marsupial & the other have young which undergo metamorphosis & are provided with fins, & hence do not require sac. — but the male in these hatch young — are there not some. Marsup. Mammalia, which do have not sack, — Most curious facts & this paper deserves fresh study & whole order of the fish. —

Embryology

    1. B. F. Fries 1839a:96.

    2. B. F. Fries 1839c:451, relevant passage scored. 26−1 Manuscript chapter; B. F. Fries 1839a:97 refers to a 1785 manuscript cited in Yarrell 1836, 2:327−28.

[26]

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p. 97. for Man Chapt see Yarrell Syngnathus

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I presume, from my theory, as long as any structure can be handed down without being absolutely injurious (or requiring nutrition) to a certain amount it will be so handed down (. as mammae of men callosities on Camels & Horses —. —) & therefore probably any structure would rather become accomodated to new circumstances than it would be eliminated, & hence, the application of structure to purpose after purpose would tend to render complex the series. —

Ch 6

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[39]

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Upland geese would transplant seeds very far. —

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(21)

Sept 31. The identity of (or only closeness) of some species — (especially of mammifers) in old beds & existing species is valuable because it shows no innate power of change & it also shows, what enormous changes of conditions, some species will undergo & yet remain adapted. — it does away with difficulty of rabbits of England remaining same (if so) with those of Spain & such facts — This unequal duration is exactly same as some species extending much further geographically than others.

(5)

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Hensleigh objects to transmut. theory, on the grounds of similarity in condition in Java & Sumatra & dissimilarity of forms — yet how valueless this objection, when one thinks of different kinds of cattle in every part of England. &c &c

[CUL-DAR205.4.5]

NB. In botanical geography, there can be no sharp division of partition as between Mammalia in cases such as that of Java & Sumatra

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Nov 15^th —

Waterhouse showed me the component vertebræ of the head of Snake wonderful!! distinct!! — He would not allow such series showed passages — yet in talking, constantly said as the brain spinal marrow expands, so do the bones are created expand — instead of saying as brain is created &c &c

11

Bats are a great difficulty not only are no animals known with an intermediate structure, but it is not possible to imagine what habits an animal could have had with such structure.— perhaps greatest

Could anyone have foreseen, sailing, climbing & mud-walking fish?

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difficult — yet suggested. (vipers tooth also a difficult), the whole mind is constituted that a difficulty makes greater impression, than the grouping of many facts with laws & their explanation will probably reject this theory — (I must answer it by rooting out curious cases of intermediate structure, & supposing much extinction. give a parallel case)

Waterhouse remarked, that any argument for transmut, from one organ graduating into other is lost, be (as vertebræ into skull, two bones of tibia into one. —) because if the animals were taken from which these series were drawn they would not be intermediate, but this is not required. —

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Waterhouse says perhaps animals of Fernando Noronha are found on unknown coast in front of it. —

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Cuvier has grand sentence about the Animaux fossiles — being a mere fragment of the discoveries to come — Owen in his description of my fossils makes same such remark & before the conclusion of his work — Lund makes his wonderful discoveries = negative facts are valueless = monkeys =

1. See Cuvier 1821−24, 1: liii,' Malgré ces nombreuses et scrupuleuses observations, nous avouons qu'il reste encore beaucoup à faire pour completer un travail tel que celui que nous avons entrepris. Il faudra encore beaucoup de temps, beaucoup de recherches et le concours de circonstances favorables qu'il n'est pas en notre pouvoir de fair naître, pour donner aux details de ce travail toute l'étendue et l'exactitude qu'on doit y désirer.'

2. Fossil Mammalia: 14−15, 'But independently of these indications, the abundance and variety of the osseous remains of extinct Mammalia in South America are amply attested by the materials for the following descriptions, collected by one individual [Darwin], whose sphere of observation was limited to a comparatively small part of South America; and the future traveller may fairly hope for similar success, if he bring to the search the same zeal and tact which distinguish the gentleman to whom Oryctological Science is indebted for such novel and valuable accessions.'

3. See Lund 1840, which is a translation of Lund 1838. Lund's extensive collection of Brasilian mammalian fossils was made in 1837, whilst Owen was describing Darwin's Patagonian collection for Fossil Mammalia. Among Lund's discoveries were the bones of an extinct ape: 'I am at length enabled to solve the important question as to the existence of the highest class of mammals in those ancient times to which these fossils belong; a question which has as yet been unanswered, or which most philosophers have thought right to answer in the negative. It is certain this family was then in existence; and the first animal of the class recovered is of gigantic size, a character belonging to the organization of the period. It considerably exceeds the largest individuals of the orang-outang, or Chimpanzee, yet seen; from which also, as well as from the long-armed apes (Hylobates), it is generically distinct. As it equally differs from the apes now living here, I would place it for the present in a genus of its own, for which I propose the name Protopithecus; with the specific distinction Prot. brasiliensis, from the quarter where the first representative of this family saw the light of day.' (p. 315). Darwin scored 'It considerably . . . Protopithecus'.

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Owen has described a greatt Struthonidous Bird from New Zealand — so not an Apteryx, yet it shows the Apteryx is not quite isolated in its present locality — there have been at least other birds, with small wings, & surely the Apteryx is more closely allied to the Struthonidae than any other forms —

[66] [blank]

[79]

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In S. America. it appears from Lund more Mammals, than at present

in Europe we know there has been several successions of Mammals. —

yet only two monkeys, there are now have been found fossil in S. America, there are now — — species in S. America. — so see what a mere vestige, is preserved in this country — same argument to India & Europe — & Africa!, — any negative argument against — monkey-man, valueless. —

May not several generations have been confounded in the caves?

It is highly important, to bear in mind that enormous periods may elapse, even in situations apparently favourable for the preservation of shells; where land broken, rivers entering. — & yet no shells — now look

1. See Lund 1840:374−89, where the discussion is accompanied by tables showing the ratios of past and present mammalian genera and species.

[80]

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at Scotland — coasts of Chile, excepting Concepcion — Patagonia — Beds of La Plata. (except close to B. Ayres). — If we may take this as guide, the shells preserved must be as much a casualty as, bones of Mammalia in caves: — argue first case of bones (New Red Sandstone) & then go on to shells —

[81]

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A profound consideration of method by which races of men have been exterminated (see Pritchards paper) (Ed. Phil. Journ. end of 1839) very important. it seems owing to immigration of other races, so it is with domestic breeds. (though in this case crossing has had somewhat to do with it. mem. dogs & pigs in Polynesia; & dogs in S. America Rengger.

— now it is this very immigration which tends to make the destroyers vary; so that we here see reasons — why no perfect gradation can be expected in any one country. — in a descending series of strata

(22)

This again shows how much forms depend on other forms

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Lyell's Paper, in Taylor's Journ. — Phil. Mag. May. 1840 p. 362. — some Mammals of Norfolk Crag. mentioned — allied Beaver to present forms. — —

How many tertiary estuary & Lacrustine formations contain fossils, — mammals — a few only — & how many estuary formations are there in old Secondary Series — few —

1. Lyell 1840b: 361−2, 'Among the mammalian remains found on the beach [at Cromer] and chiefly in situ in the blue clay . . . Mr. Owen has recognized the following: ... 7. lower jaw left ramus of the beaver, a species larger than the living one and apparently distinct.'

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Maer June /41/, observed 3 plants of Caltha Palustris alone together. one had seed-pods turning brown, whilst both others were in nearly full flower

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Maer June /41/

Rhododendrum — nectary marked by orange freckles on upper petal; bees & flies seen directed to it — The Humbles in crawling out brush over anther & pistil & one I saw impregnate by pollen with which bees a bee was dusted over.

[sketch]

Stamens & pistils have curve upwards, so that anthers & stigma lie in fairway to nectary. — Is not this so in Kidney Bean. How is it generally. —
In Azalea do it is so

Though I saw no Bees several visiting it. — In yellow day lily, the Bees visit base of upper petal, though not differently coloured — & stamens bend up a little

[94]

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In a wild purple Geranium, I see Bees visit always base of (a) upper petal from facility of alighting? which is not differently coloured & to which stamen & pistils have no relation. In Monk's Hood, a bee entering long nectary, would necessary cross directly over the bunch of anthers & pistils, but these do do not bend up — In Lark-spur, if Bees put proboscis within nectary they do they must disturb all anthers, wh otherwise lie protected by the hairy black lip of lower division of nectary: wh. itself resembles a Bee, but does not prevent bees visiting it. In Columbine nectaries are placed all round flower as they are in Crown-Imperial Lily & many other flowers —

[95]

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My view of variety acquired character of characters being inherited at corresponing age & sex, opposed by cantering horses having colts which can canter — & dogs trained to pursuit having puppies with the same powers instinctive & doubtless not confined to sex. — Is not cantering a congenital peculiarity improved. Probably every such new quality becomes associated with some other, as pointing with smell. = These qualities have been given to fœtus fr before sex developed — Double flowers & colours breaking only hereditary characters, wh. come on in

[96]

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after life of Plants — also goodness of flavour in fruit — all affected by cultivation during life of individual.

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June 1^st 1841. Maer Examined the Lemon-thyme. — equally abortive as it was in autumn: filaments united in whole length to corolla —anthers minute, distinctly doubled, brown, but with no pollen. — Common Thyme growing close by is equally abortive —and both growing within Kitchen Garden. — As we see in Hybrids that although anther nor filaments shrivel, yet stigma does not, so we may feel somewhat but little less surprised at Henslow's remark that pistil does not become abortive.

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Examined in microscope — some of the stigmas of [sketch] shape of ordinary Labiatæ —the chief part with ordinary divisions, & a few with one lobe again divided Have dried some. — some with no division in young flowers. The abortive stamen are of unequal height. —

[103]

[CUL-DAR77.62c]

In Lupine, Bees frequent & seem to act, something like on Kidney Bean, they go to nectar at foot of upper petal standing on

I saw Bee go to two species of Lupine,

two wings. & when the Lupine flower is perfectly ripe & pollen abundant filaments & stamens all protrude there is a brush at end of stigma, which forces out from extremity pollen, or pollen comes out with anthers & stigma in slit — As I think they do in Broom & certainly when over-ripe & half withered — I saw Bees going to clover & once this happened. — (a) And in common Beans it is wonderful how the Humbles force down the wings most violently: in Beans the wings seem beautifully to protect sheath

[104]

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In all these nectar seems to be at base of upper petal & the curvature of an pistil, &c lies in gangway = In Lotus corniculatus saw Humble press down wings which ejects pollen from tip of sheath. — Also in Lathyrus pratensis yellow saw stigma project In common Pea saw Humble so press down sheath, that stigma covered with pollen was pressed & rubbed along whole breast — pressing either one or both of Pea's wings, stigma & mass of yellow pollen protrudes at sheath. — At last I saw Bee collecting pollen from sheath Keel of Lupine —

Seen Bees on Potato &c several times on Beans

[105]

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Rough. — green-cabbage in flower — swarmed with meligethes & small Staphylinidæ on all their bodies pollen — on a sulphur Broccoli not many do — pollen not very abundant. not very small — Saw one small Bee; saw another on Cabbage — white Butterflies suck nectar:

Maer June 41

Rhubarb. pollen very minute — not excessively abundant flowers not attractive, very small — stigma rather large & rough — flowers common — many winged thrips, covered with pollen — Thrips about as large as bit of chopped horse hair with legs & take flight — Yet we have crosses — I see Bees almost

[106]

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every flower — Blue-bells — wild-raspberry — leeks — Flowers which thought very unattractive — Found Rhubarb blossom swarming with small Staphylinidæ — Anapsis, Melegethes, Leptuse —Diptera & small Hymenoptera

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Saw Humble go from great Scarlet Poppy to Rhododendron — from Larkspur to Lupine two species of Larkspur — two varieties of Cistus Speedwell to Rhododendron — Loasa Anchusa — speedwell Iris — Azalea. Rhodendron. Fraxinella to Anchusa never once

P on Fraxinella Heartease small. Humble alighted on base of filaments & reached nectar = again = between them, hence quite below stigma. & so avoided it.

On certain days Humble seem to frequent certain flowers, to day early, the great scarlet Poppy —

[112]

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So that, finally Fraxinella. with respect to nectary is same case as Azalea or Rhododendron

[sketch]

xx after several gloomy days. hot one, Bees almost P every minute to Fraxinella & from flower plant to plant. — to my grt surprise — I found all, stamens straightened pollen profusely shed; lengthened &turned up more than stamens, so that all were brushed by Bees & especially stigma after bee had brushed over the anthers of long stamens

as stamens grow old & shed some pollen. they turn upwards & bend over stigma: — but stigma is almost roofed by united filaments. —

This flower hostile to intermarriage!! xx

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In Phil Transact. about year 1778. Paper by Camper on Ourang-outang, has examined 7 says one specimen had on one foot, a toe-nail & two joints — as it is on one foot probably monstruous & not a second species. —

1. Camper 1779:146, 'The want of these nails, and of the second phalanx of the large toes, is beyond any doubt a very remarkable character in this animal. Nature, however, seems to be inconstant sometimes; for, upon the great toe of the right foot of the Orang in Dr. Van Hooey's collection, there was a little nail and two phalanges.'

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Saw Maer. June 15./41/. Watched plants of Fraxinella, with seven flower stalks for ten minutes, it was visited by 13 Bees — & each examined very many flowers. = 22^d — /during several succeeding days many most numerous bees visited this same bunch & on this day in five minutes eleven Humbles came & each visited many flowers —

Saw Bees frequent these flowers till late in evening — On rough calc. 280 flowers — allowing each Bee visits 10 flowers in minute

each flower will be visited in 28 minutes — say then each flower is visited 30 times a day is considerably under mark, & this has now gone on 14 days. (except some wet ones/ & w^d go on longer —

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Woodfords Marrow fat, Early frame, Groom's Dwarf. planted in rows close to each other & seeds gathered al came up in 1840 true. Shrewsbury. — Abberley —

Early Magazine — &c. double-blossomed & dwarf-fan Bean bean, were planted in rows, & seeds gathered same year came up true in 1840: All in together blossomed together

The seeds of these plants will be collected & resown. —

1. This page was originally pinned to a letter, of 18 October 1841, from Darwin's father enclosing a report from his gardener, Abberley, on seeds, peas, beans, and Thyme. (See Correspondence 2:306, DAR 162.) The following note was pinned to this material: 'Shrewsbury July 1st 1842 'Saw ‹some› a rows of Early Frame and of Woodfords Green Marrow Peas, whose respective fathers & grandfathers had grown close together. & these peas compared with two rows of the two kinds raised from bright seed, showed no differences in their present state, (fit for eating). nor did they when first springing above the ground. But the differences between them are so slight, as not to be easily discoverable until pod is ripe when one pea is white & other green.— Last year Abberly fancied that a few of the white kind were streaked a very little with green.— Beans (?) 'Also saw rows of Early Long Pod & Early Masgrow whose fathers & grandfathers had grown close to each other & close to Fan Bean & all appeared to come up true.— These two, however, are very little different, but the ‹Earl› Fan Bean is widely different.— 'These Peas & Beans were in flower together— 'Abberly will look at seeds.— 'Most hostile facts to me. Are Humbles driven away by tame Bees ???!— 'The two Peas differ in the earliness of maturity but an intermediate form might escape.— 'I must experimentise myself. = 'And Mem: one scrap says. "March 1842 years before last Beans & Peas were planted in rows adjoining & seeds gathered & these were planted last year. pall-mall, without sticks & seeds gathered and are now planted this year"— now the result has been described.—'

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Humble 22 flowers of Egg Tree in one minute

Great Humble 17 flowers of Larkspur on two plants in do

Humble 24 flowers of small Linaria in do

Domestic do 6 Campanula (two species) — in do —

do 3 of do in about in ¾ of minute

These latter were pollen gatherers & they seem slow =

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[CUL-DAR46.2.C6]

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[CUL-DAR49.131]

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Maer 1840

My Father formerly planted Turkey or Palmated and English, planted within few yards of each other actually produced hybrids — My Father remembered when in the gardens, he knew there was none but English, — the Palmated was introduced about 65 years ago — & soon after mules abounded — so that palmated has now nearly disappeared. & old English But these mules in our garden show no trace of palmation !!?

[177]

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Bees at Wild St Johns Wort — Scabies, Cyanoglossum — Reseda wild very many Bees & Humbles —on Thistles many (curious because a Composite)

Asparagus very small flowers & as much shut up, frequented by many Bees & Humbles — Humbles & common On silene, many plants of wh. have abortive stamens = Many Humbles on hedge Linaria =

(Plenty of Humble Bees on Phlox Down, 1854, Sept.)

1. Scabies is a skin disease, not a plant name. But both St Johns Wort (Hypericum) and Cynoglossum have been used to treat scabies.

2. See letter to W. A. Leighton of 1−23 July 1841. Correspondence 2: 294−95.

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In Spanish Broom by pulling back Wings, pollen is ejected with violence in shower

On many Papilionaceous; all wh. are in flower I saw Bees; — on Monk's Hood, brushing over stamen Egg Tree — I think never on the Galeum saxatile & other common kind — I think not on Phlox though they examine it. — Little Dusty & Blue Butterflies at Clover, — Veronica —, Ranunculus in numbers = what insect can get honey out of long, curved nectar of Butterfly Orchis & Listera?

Bryony saw common Bee on:

[Fragment] [1]

[CUL-DAR205.3.61]

Boteler's Narrative Voyage East coast of Africa —

Vol II. p. 256 — wild cattle at Madagascar — p. 121 No beasts of Prey.

[Fragment] [1v]

[CUL-DAR205.3.61]

any country should during

conditions — every spot is occupied & has been occupied

some species, which has undergone all the changes.

ortant view,

copie[d]

[Fragment] [2]

[CUL-DAR208.69k]

Gleanings of Sciences. Vol. III p. 83. Paper translated from Meckel. Comp. Anat. — From Buffon cross of he-goat & sheep, it seems male gives form. admitted by Linnæus. — seems to doubt its applicability to common mule & hinnus — in one case bastard of wolf & dog had more form of male, & another of both progenitors — the hinnus, resembles horse in its head ears, tail limbs — in the mules, these parts resemble ass. (& part of body mare) — — this may be, perhaps. squeezed into M^r Walker's law

Meckel, Johann Friedrich. 1831. On varieties in the animal kingdom, depending on procreation between individuals of different species. Gleanings in Science vol. 3, pp. 81-84. 'From certain experiments, by Buffon, upon the production of bastards between the he-goat and sheep, in which the offspring had greater resemblance to the former, we should be inclined to believe, that the form depends, in a great measure, on the male. This is positively admitted by Linnaeus, with respect to the outward form at least; but so little is at present known upon the subject, that nothing can be laid down with certainty. 'Thus, the hinnus, the progeny of a stallion and a she-ass, resembles the latter more in its slender neck, dorsal stripe, as well as in the form of its hind quarters, whilst the mule, bred between a mare and male-ass, receives from the former the strength of hoof, rounded form of body, and the size beauty, and strength of its posterior parts.'

[Fragment 2v] [blank]

[Fragment] [9]

[CUL-DAR208.69e]

Phillips (Lardner's E. vol. II p. 18.) capital list of all the fossil Mamm. of Europe —

1. J. Phillips 1837−39, 2:18−24.

[Fragment 9v] [blank]

[Fragment 10]

[CUL-DAR208.69g]

Large Lizards in Navigatores. Williams. Narrative of Missionary enterprises

1. Williams 1837:498, 'Very large lizards are found on the mountains of Savaii and Upolu; and from the description I received, I should conclude that they were guanas.'

[Fragment 10v] [blank]

[Fragment 11]

[CUL-DAR208.69i]

Dr Andrew Smith says in the larks from S. Africa he can almost make series from end to end— so that he is almost led to doubt. whether there is such a thing as a species—

[Fragment] [8]

[CUL-DAR208.69c]

Linn. Trans. 18. p. 163. "D. Dod on two new genera of coniferæ". — referring to the 3 main divisions & speaking of their similarity in structure he says "indeed it w d be difficult to point out a family so completely natural & one whose groups pass so insensibly into each other".

    1. D. Don 1841:163, 'All three [Abies, Cupressus, and Taxus] will be found to correspond remarkably in the structure of their male flowers; and the differences presented by their female inflorescence are more apparent than real, for they consist rather in the degree of reduction of parts than in actual structure. Their organs of nutrition present a remarkable degree of uniformity in their structure, and indeed, it would be difficult to point out a family so completely natural, and one whose groups pass so insensibly into each other.'

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[CUL-DAR208.68e]

Athenæum 1839 p. 772 — A curious theoretical French book review on politics in relation to the different races of men, some more intellectual than others — is incidentally said that a mongrel man may lose all traces of his parentage in about seven 7generations. — so many!!

    1. Courtet de l'lsle 1839:771, 'Whether the coloured races are original creations, or degenerated descendants from one original stock—whether their moral and intellectual characteristics are derived from an originally defective organization, or both proceed from an unhappy combination of externals—their condition as it is, is a physical fact possessing its definite bearings on their social position, wherever they come in contact with the white man; and this contains the sum of what is sought in the present inquiry, as far as they are concerned in it. We may therefore set aside M. Courtet de l'lsle's views on such points, who maintains a diversity of original races; and leaving that point undecided, admit the dependence of the intellectual powers of the different varieties of man, such as they now exist, on their respective organizations.'

    2. Courtet de l'lsle 1839:772, 'With respect to the cerebral development of the several coloured varieties, and their other organic differences, we know that the product of a cross breed is a middle term between the conditions of the two parents; and if the descendants of such a cross intermarry only with one of the original stocks, the cross blood will, at the end of about seven generations entirely disappear.'

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[CUL-DAR208.69a]

Linn. Trans 18. p. 133 Westwood on the Fulgoridæ enumerates the strange forms which the thorax & head displays. — most fantastic & use unknown. — "when we find such an endless variety of form in the same organ "manifestation of divine power"?. — "of their use difficult to conceive any idea"

    1. Westwood 1841:133, 'In some Homoptera the thorax is armed with balls and spines, crescents, sabres, and other mimic instruments of war: in others the same part is transformed into a singularly dilated globe, concealing the rest of the body, or swelled out into an enormous casket which would be far too heavy to bear were it not hollow. In others quite again, the head is produced into an elongated and swollen rostrum of the most singular construction, varying in the different species, which is occasionally armed with spines or the use of saws, and sometimes bent over the back. Of these curious modifications it is difficult to form any idea. We are not indeed to suppose that aught has been made in vain; but when we find such an endless variety of form in the same organ, we must be led to conclude either that the use for which it is bestowed upon the creature is always modified in accordance with the modifications in its structure, or that the production of so many extraordinary variations in organs not having a material influence upon the habits of the animals must be considered as a manifiestation of Divine power; in which point of view the contemplation of such productions is not without use.'

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[Fragment 11]

D^r Andrew Smith says in the larks from S. Africa he can almost make series from end to end — so that he is almost led to doubt. whether there is such a thing as a species —

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[CUL-DAR208.68a]

Athenæum 1839. p. 708. — Shrew, found by M. Lartet same as existing species.

We see the same object gained by the Mataco-armadillo & the woodlouse — — a good analogy — sea-Crustacea — Tulus.

1. Lartet 1839:708, 'M. Lartet announces that among his recently found fossils he has met with a Desman, or musk Shrew, of the same size as that now living in the Pyrenees. If this opinion should be confirmed it will be the first example of a living species existing also among the mammiferae of the tertiary formations.'

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[CUL-DAR208.68a]

Athenæum p. 605

M^r Macgillivray says "A Thrush & Blackbird have been known in their its natural state to mate with a thrush" —

1. Macgillivray 1839b:605, 'He has been known, in his natural state, to mate with a thrush; such misalliances between different houses being, as all naturalists know, uncommon among birds save when in captivity.'

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[CUL-DAR208.68g]

Lund's Antilope in Brazil another point of agreement with. N. America & S., ( ؟ is the peculiar. N. American form) — ؟ Hunting leopard, how strange, anyone, would have thought isolated species M^r Blyth, however, believes in the existence of Molina's Pudu — or goat

There is ibex of Alp Pyrenees &c — (see Blyth's work on Ruminants, — these species must have migrated to these mountains, when the cold was intense just like the alpine plants —

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