[front cover]

R.N

[inside front cover]

De Lucs travels
Beauforts Karamania

Capt. Ross. & Scoresby deep soundings

Gilbert Farquhar Mathison travels Brazil. Peru.

Sandwich Isd

Mawes travels down the Brazil.—

Did Melaspena publish his travels?

Bellinghausen in 1819
Kotzebue 1816

up to 1° / July 1835. the excess of harbor = 180

See Daubisson both Volumes, and Molina 1st Vol & Lyell
Sailed, 27th
[Friday, gale 29th]
Friday
Thursday 29th gale
Lyell's Geology
The living atoms having definite existence, those that have undergone the greatest number of changes towards perfection (namely mammalia) must have a shorter duration, than the more constant: This view supposes the simplest infusoria same since commencement of world.—

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[page 3e]

Henslows pap— P 403

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[page 5e]

La. billardiere mentions the floating marine confervæ, is very common within E. Indian Archipelago, no minute description, calls it a Fucus. P Vol I 287

P 379. Henslow Anglesea, nodules in Clay Slate, major axis 2.½ ft.— singular structure of nodule, constitution same as of slate same.— longer axis in line of Cleavage, laminæ fold round them; Quote this. Valparaiso Granitic nodules in Gneiss.

[page 6e]

Epidote seems commonly to occur where rocks have undergone action of heat, it is so found in Anglesea, amongst the varying & dubious granites.— Wide limits of this mineral in Australia. Fitton's appendix

Would Slate. & unstratified rocks show any difference in facility of conducting Electricity? Would minute particles have a tendency to change their position?

[page 7e]

Carbonate of Lime disseminated through the great Plas Newydd dike.— Mem tres Montes. ((Henslow Anglesea))

great variety in nature of a dike.— Mem. at Chonos & Concepcion. P. 417

Veins of quartz exceedingly rare Mem C. [Cape] Turn P. 434 & 419

 

As Limestone passes into schist scales of chlorites— Mem. Maldonado P 375

 

Much Chlorite in some of the dikes.— P 432. as in Andes.

[page 8e]

In Dampier's voyage there is a mine of metereology with respect to the discussion of winds & storms:— in Volney's travels also

 

Dampier's last voyage to New Holland P 127.— Caught a shark 11 ft long. "Its maw was like a leathern sack, very thick & so tough that a sharp knife could not cut it: in which we found the Head & Boans of a Hippotomus; the hairy lips of which were still sound and not petrified, and the

[page 9]

jaw was also firm, out of which we pluckt a great many teeth, 2 of them, 8 inches long, & as big as a mans thumb, the rest not above half so long; The maw was full of jelly which stank extreamly."— This shark was caught in Shark's Bay. Lat 25°. The nearest of the E. Indian Islands, namely Java is 1000 miles distant! Where are Hippotami found in that Archipelago? Such have never been observed in Australia

[page 10]

Dampier also repeatedly talks about the immense quantities of Cuttle fish bones floating on the surface of the ocean, before arriving at the Abrolhos shoals.∦—

 

N.B. The view of the Volcanos of the chain of the Cordilleras as arising from the expulsion of fluid nucleus through faults or fissures, produced by the elevations of those mountains on the continent of S. America is inadmissible may have happened from incipient elevation. The volcanos originated

[page 11]

in the bottom of the ocean. & the present Volcanos have been said to be merely accidental apertures still open.— The fault like appearance arising from the manner of horizontal upheaval of the shore of the Pacifick is 60 miles distant from the grand ancient volcanic axis of the Andes.— Has this fault determined side of volcanic activity. That axis was produced, from a fissure in a deep & therefore weak part of the ocean's bottom.

[page 12]

With respect to Sharks distributing fossil remains: Sharks followed Capt. Henry's vessel from the Friendly Isles. to Sydney; know by having been seen & from the contents of its maw, amongst which were things pitched over board early in the passage!!—

 

M. Labillardiere in Bay of Legrand, (SW part). describes a Small granite Is. capped by Calcareous rock; following

[page 13e]

Curvature of hill; states could discover no shells: nothing said about K. Georges Sound

The idea of the water at Cauquenes. coming from the [. . .] Cordillera & flowing

[page 14e]

The gradual shoaling of the water to more than 100 fathoms, proves the existence of some moving point power ⸮ Submarine currents

[page 15e]

Find instances; The whole coast of New Holland shoals much: Dampier remarks on great flats on the NW coast:—

8 leagues, from Sydney 90 fathoms La Peyrouse.

South of Mocha; 19 miles. 65 Fathoms

Vide facts in Beechey. on NW coast of America

off Cape of Good Hope 70 fathoms 20 miles from the shore? Beagle

Coast of Brazil? where not rivers in my Coral paper

[page 16e]

	leagues	Fathoms
Parallel of St Catherine [27° 30′ S.]	18	— 70
Paranagua [25° 42′ S.]	12	— 40
St Sebastian [23° 52′ S.]	12	50
Joatingua SE [23° 22′ S.]	5	35
R. de Janeiro SE [23° 58′ S.]	18	77
C. Frio [23° S.]	7	60
Soundings about same as last to N. of C. Frio Except at Abrolhos. [18° S.]
Bahia [12° 57′ S.]	8	200
Morro S. Paulo [13° 22′ S.]	9	120
Garcia de Avila [lighthouse] [12° 35′ S.]	9	124
Itapicuru [R.] [11° 46′ S.]	9	200
R. Real [11° 31′ S.] & [R.] Sergipe [11° 10′ S.]	20	190
R. San Francisco [10° 32′ S.]	10	50
Whole coast to Olinda [8° S.]	9-10	= 30-40

at twice or [18-20] <60> — 80 120 parallel of Olinda

Shoaler N. of Olinda. — a little WNW of C. Rock. [5° 29′ S.] still shoaler, coast composed of sand dunes. 15 — 15

Does not seem to consider this a very shoal coast.

Beyond the 10 or 12 leagues sea deepens suddenly. coast of Brazil generally. —

[page 17]

Mrs Power at Port Louis talked of the extraordinary freshness of the streams of Lava in Ascencion known to be inactive 300 years?

No Volcanic Earthquakes or Hot Springs in T. del Fuego=The Wager's Earthquake the most Southern one I have heard of

[page 18]

In a preface, it might be well to urge, geologists to compare whole history of Europe, with America; I might add I have drawn all my illustrations from America, purposely to show what facts can be supported from that part of the globe: & when we see conclusions substantiated over S. America & Europe, we may believe them applicable to the world.—

[page 19e]

My general opinion from the examination of soundings, from about 80 fathoms & upwards, that life is exceedingly rare, at the bottom of the sea.— certainly data insufficient, yet good (I suspect fragments of shells will generally be found to be old & dead) (I have not kept a record) In looking over the lists of organic remains in De la Beche, for the older formations I must believe they the limestones have been formed in shallow water: so have the Conglomerates: Yet this view is directly opposed to common opinion

[page 20e]

The Tertiary formation South of the Maypo at one period of elevation must in its configuration have resembled Chiloe

In De La Beche, article "Erratic blocks" not sufficient distinction is given to angular & rounded.—

 

Fox Philosoph. Transactions on metallic veins. 1830 P. 399.— Carne. Geolog. Trans: Cornwall Vol II

[page 21]

It is a fact worth noticing that cryst of glassy felspar in Phonolite arrange themselves in determinate planes ∴ such action can take place in melted rocks

The frequent coincidence of line of veins & cleavage is importants; veins appearing a galvanic phenomenon, so probably will the Cleavage be

 

 

There is a resemblance at Hobart town between the older strata & the bottom of sea near T. del Fuego.—

[page 22]

Is there account of Baron Roussin's voyage.—

 

In Europe proofs of many oscillations of level, which in the nature of strata & Organic remains does not appear to have taken place in the Cordillera of S. America.

Study Geolog: Map of Europe

Conybeare. Introduct XII P. silicified bones not common in Britain. Mem Concepcion Says Echinites. Encrinites. Asteriæ, usually petrified into

[page 23]

a peculiar cream-coloured Limestone:the strange substitution of matter in shells, like Concretions & laminæ, show what movements take place in semiconsolidated rocks

P xv. mentions in what formations Conglomerates are found.—

The above oscillations remarkable because the formations are now seen in regular descending steps

[page 24]

Mem.; rapidity of germination in young corals.— vide L. Jackson's paper. Philosoph Transact: at R. de Janeiro. Coquimbo. Balanidæ. at Concepcion.

Humb: Pers. N. vii P. 56 Serpentine form: of Cuba for comparison (?) with St Pauls

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[page 27]

The frequency of shells in the Calc. Sandstone Concret, is connected with frequency of shells in flints in Chalk

New Providence more hilly than others of the Bahama consists of rock & sand mixed with sea shells— about 500 Is. & great banks, effect of Elevation. United service Journal

[page 28]

In the Iron sand formation would wood converted into siliceous pyritous & coaly matter. Mem: Chiloe

 

In the endless cycle of revolutions. by actions of rivers currents. & sea beaches. All mineral masses must have a tendency, to mingle; The sea would separate quartzose sand from the finer matter resulting from degradation of Feldspar & other minerals containing Alumen.— This matter

[page 29]

accumulating in deep seas forms slates: How is the Lime separated; is it washed from the solid rock by the actions of Springs or more probably by some unknown Volcanic process? How does it come that all Lime is not accumulated in the Tropical oceans detained by Organic powers. We know

[page 30]

the waters of the ocean all are mingled. These reflections might be introduced either in note in Coral Paper or hypothetical origin of some sandstones, as in Australia.— Have Limestones all been dissolved, if so sea would separate them from indissoluble rocks? Has Chalk

[page 31]

ever been dissolved?

 

Singularity of fresh water at Iquiqui. not from rain, because alluvium saline; Mem: on coast of Northern Chili as springs become rarer, so does the rain, therefore such rain is cause, hence at least no water is absorbed into the earth

 

I did not see one dike in the whole Galapagos Arch; because no sections

 

 

same cause as no colour

[page 32]

Sir J. Herschels idea of escape of Heat prevented by sedimentary rocks, & hence Volcanic action, contradicted by Cordillera, where that action commenced before any great accumulation of such matter.—
Dr A. Smith says. that Boulders do not occur in the South African plains.— Sydney no

[page 33e]

I believe the secondary? formations of Brazil, all originate from the decomposition of Granitic rocks Mem. Chanticleers voyage at [. . .] Maranh Pernambuco.

[newspaper clipping:]

EARTHQUAKE AT SEA.— Extract from the log-book of the James Cruikskank, Captain John Young, on her voyage from Demerara to London:— "Feb. 12, 1835. At 10h. 15m. a severe shock of earthquake shook the ship in a most violent manner. Although it lasted about a minute, there was no uncommon ripple on the water. It was quite calm at the time. Latitude 8 deg. 47 min. N: longitude 61 deg. 22 min. W. mid. calm and clear.
Caermarthen Journal

[page 34e]

I look at the cessation northwards of the Coal in Chili as clearly bearing a relation to present position of Coal Forests. These thick beds of Lignite stratified with substances so like the Coal measures in England (Excepting Conglomerates?) & absence of limestone? have been collected on the open coast. Perhaps as at Concepcion. favoured by basin formed by outlying rocks; (such as between Mocha & main land). [illeg] At Carelmapu.— Within Chiloe:—

[page 35e]

On open coast, near where Challenger was lost: I know no reason for supposing these matters are not now collecting, in the bottom of an open & not deep sea.— (Character of coast regular & not very rather deep soundings, 60–100 fathoms 2 & 3 miles from shore. V. Chart) Every winter torrents must bring much vegetable matter from thickly wooded mountains, probably chiefly leaves.— This position agrees with character of. .

 

in Basins from rivers. & natural position

[page 36e]

position at N.S. Wales & Van Diemen's land.—

 

Whole coast S. of Concepcion where there are Tertiary strata there is Coal—
⸮ No shells in all cases.  .Mytilus.—

 

 at Guacho on N. Chile? Washington.—
Mem: Micaceous formation of Chonos. interesting from great quantity of altered Carbonaceous shales

 

Examine chart of Patagonian coast to see proportional cliff & low or sloping land

 

What are the "palatal Tritores" found in the coraliferous mountain Limestone

[page 37e]

are they allied to the jaws of the Cocos fish

 

Rio Shells argument for rise

 

In Cordillera, the dikes do not generally appear to have fallen into lines of faults

 

I do not think so many faults in Cordillera, as in English Coal field— because lowered & raised— so on— but gradually & simply raised

 

No Faults in Patagonia enormous extent; if lowered again & covered no sign of upheaval

[page 38e]

To Cleavage add other instances in old world of symetrical structure. East India Archipelago. Aleutian Arch.— V. Fitton. Australia: cases in Europe.—

 

Auvergne. very little Pumice, though Trachyte. same fact in Galapagos. Daubeny P 24

 

V. back of page 1 of New Zealand Geological Notes.
at St. Helena. This structure was very clear at base of great lava cliffs

 

 

[sketch]

line of high tidal action

NB. patches of modern Conglomerates

[sketch]

 

[page 39e]

The action of sea A.B. will be to eat in the land in line of highest tidal action. this will at length be checked by increased vertical height thickness (DZ) of mass to be removed & from the resistance offered to the greater lateral extension of the waves. by the part beneath the band of greatest action not having been worn away.— If the level of the sea was to sink by very slow & gradual movements to line (2). The part (o) which was before beneath band. of greatest action, would now by degrees be exposed to it, & the result would [be] a uniform slope to base of cliff (Z). to which point the waves would not reach. If now the ocean should suddenly

[page 40e]

fall, (3) the case would be as at first. & according to the greater or less time of rest. so would the size of the triangular mass removed vary.— The gradual rising continuing. a another sloping platform would be made, & so on.— This is grounded on the belief of constant rising with successive periods of greater activity & rest.— Such changes could be shown (as represented), along line of coast.— [Fig. 2] Mem San. Lorenzo; Valley of Copiapo & parts of coast of Chile.—

 

Must first explain top of tidal band of action.

[page 41]

This case differs. I think. from Patagonian steps, because the deposition & accumulation is brought into play

 

As in Ocean & Air; there are likewise differences of temperature at equal distances from centre of rotation & a circulation owing rotation in fluid matter of globe. must there not be a circulation however slow & weak.; (cause of not accumulation of Coral limestone in intertropical) hence varieties of substances ejected from same point. & changes. (changes in variation?) as in Cordillera.—

 

From poles to Equator current downwards & to West.— From Equator to poles, nearer the surface & to the Eastward.— If matter proceeds from great depth. from axis to surface must gain a Westerly current:— If great changes of climate have happened. hurricane in bowels of earth cause:— exp does not explain cleavage lines./ possibly general symetry of world.—

[page 42]

I feel no doubt. respecting the brecciated white stone of Chiloe, after having examined the changes of pumice at Ascension

 

In Calc: sandstone at Ascension, each particles coated by pellucid envelope of Lime.— form resembles the husks at Coquimbo: in that case, may not central and rather differently constituted lime have been removed?— As shell out of its cast which, although not very intelligble is a familiar case: If refiltered with other matter how very curious a structure: Have shells ever casts alone in Calcareous. rocks??— if so case precisely analogous: fragments instead

[page 43]

Peak of Teneriffe. also Cotopaxi has a in cylinder placed on the rim of conical crater: at Teneriffe Wall of Porph. Lava with base of Pitchstone; Mem Galapagos.

[page 43e]

chiefly red glassy scoriæ.— could walk round base:— not universal: could not climb up many parts, in James Is.— Mem St Helena— All Trachytic.— Daubeny P. 171. Vol I. Humboldt

 

There is long discussion on Pumice & Obsidian: in the I Vol. Humb:

 

There is rather good abstract of Humboldt. S. American Geolog. in Daubeny. P. 349

 

Admirable little table showing long periods of great violence volcanic. from Humboldt: Comparison P 361. Daubeny

[page 44e]

Von Buch is very strong about Trachyte being the most inferior rocks— The stream at Portillo Pass example of do? Poor

 

Daubeny good account of ejected granitic fragments. P. 386

 

Mem. Lyell's fact about sulphuric vapours in East Indian Volcanos

 

Gypsum
Andes 

[page 45e]

Mem. Beechey. account of regular change in soundings. on approaching the coast of NW. America P. 209–13 P & 444 (Yanky Edit)

 

 

I think At Ascension, the laminæ . . . changes in rocks. connected with & alternating with obsidian must clearly be chemical differences. & not those of rapid cooling &c &c

 

My results go to believe that much of all old strata of England. formed near surface: Mem Patagonian pebbles beds, most unfavourable to preservation of bones &c &c— Yet silicified turn over

[page 46e]

silicified wood. Cordilleras, Chiloe. &c seems the organic structure most easily preserved.—

 

Mr Conybeare introduct to Geolog— "Between the height of same beds, deposited in different basins; little or no relation appears to exist be made out, but in those belonging to the same district there seems. I think, little ground for skepticism, as to the general truth of the proposition."— If such can happen in troubled England; the more minute equalities

[page 47]

of elevation, may well be preserved at Patagonia. The English fact is astonishing consult book itself. P. xx: same fact is indeed shewn ? by the parallel bands of formations on any Geolog Map: Quoted from Daubeny P 402: likewise, mean height of tertiary. being less than secondary:— consider arguments for oscillation of level independent of mineralogical nature & dependent: & then how wonderful level of same beds should have been kept; it shows that throughout all England, whole surface oscillated equably.—

[page 48]

These facts become easy if we look at the action as a deep & extensive movement of viscid nucleus, which in any one country would produce equable effects.— though so immense to short breathed traveller Mountains, which in size are grains of sand, in this view sink into their proper insignificance; as fractures, consequent on grand rise, & angular displacement, consequent of injection of fluid rock.—
Try on globe. with slip paper a gradually curved enlargement

[page 49]

see its increased length. which will represent the dilatation, which dilated cracks must be filled up by dikes & mountain chains.—

 

Introduce part of the above in Patagonian paper; & part in grand discussion

 

Consult. reconsult Geolog. Map of Europe

[page 50]

Consult charts for distribution of pebbles.— Plains. off coast of Patagonia.— British channel &c &c.

 

There is a Hill. near Copiapò which is asserted to make a noise,— My impression. is not very distinct, from some of the lower orders; it was connected with movement of sand.— it is called "Bramidor"(?).— it was a strange story; I believe it was necessary to ascend the hill,— but my recollection is imperfect & was recalled by note in

[page 51]

Daubeny. P. 438., of similar fact near the Red Sea.— which occurred in a sandy place.— (the sound was long & prolonged). NB, Is it generally known. the acute chirping sound produced in walking over the sand: I am nearly sure, it is necessary to ascend the hill.—

 

The absence of Second form, except near submarine Volc: in harmony with the prevailing movement being one of elevation alone.— In England much subsidence: hence difference; action on land different

[page 52]

Volney, P 351. Vol I. woody bushes, gazelles hares, grasshoppers & Rats. characteristic of the deserts of Syria chara ditto for Patagonia, especially rocky parts of central Patagonia

Does Andes in Chili. separate geographical ranges of plants. V. Lyell. Chap XI Vol II.

Urge the entire absence of any rock situated beneath low water in the Southern ocean not being buoyed with Kelp.—

[page 53]

With respect to degradation

[page 53e]

of rocks— It may be a question, whether organic remains protect a rock, or that the rock not weathering allows such

[page 54e]

Compare the elevated estuary of the Plata. to the Bay of Bengal. dimensions?

[page 55]

Strong currents off the Galapagos.— strata must be accumulating which like the secondary strata of England, besides ordinary marine remains may contains shells few corals Tortoise remains of Amphibia, exclusively. & Turtle bones. & the bones of two graniniverous a herbivorous lizard.— from the action of torrents. marine Tortoise & other species of large lizard.— There would probably be no other organic remains.—

[page 56e]

On Pampas looked in vain for a pebble of any sort; not one was found.— Miers saw then near?

P

[page 56]

Mem. La Condamaine on the Amazons. Consult

Insist on the frequency of dikes in Granitic countries, enumerate cases.— M. Video exception, but even there, hills of Basalt & other Volcanic rocks. Bahia, Rio de Jan: B. Oriental? level surface not disturbed.— Whole West coast. Chonos to Copiapo.— Sydney. K.G. Sound. C. of Good Hope.— Carnatic

[page 57]

It has been common practice of geologist.
Lyell considers (P 84 Vol III.) whole of Etna series of coatings; hence it will be necessary to state all arguments for believing that there must be a central core of melted rock— I think the strongest is the consideration of the state at a grand eruption when whole summit of mountain is blown off; & again when in great crater. different little craters are all burning, surely there must be somewhere below a field of fluid rock.— In the discussion it will be better not to refer to Lyell. but merely to

[page 58]

state these reasons, & saying that they refer to central nucleus & that envelopes no doubt existed. These higher portions probably formed Isls from which proceeded pebbles & on which trees grew.— ? Are not the dikes in upper strata. quite different from the Porphyries: certainly appearance leads me to believe mere fissures filled up.— the appearance will here be the strongest argument:— ⸮ Consider causes for subaqueous crater being of diff: form subaerial one?— In former not so much; or no rapilli; & from action of water probably not so much aluminated.

[page 59]

As argument in favor of lines of anticlinal violence crossing lines of crater, arg state that all the great Volcanoes, have been elevated considerably, which shows an afflux of inferior melted rocks to those parts.

Are not the dikes generally vertical? if so posterior to elevations? & not sources of lava streams.— Urge not tilted strata.—

It will be well to urge the case of St Helena, where dikes certainly have not been points of eruption.

Nobody supposes that all the dikes in Cornwall or in the coal measures have been conduits to volcanoes.—

[page 60]

Talking of the cricket valley the most remarkable feature in the structure of Ascension give as an example the great subsidence at the famous eruption of Rialeja, & the more true analogy from the Galapagos—

Mr Lyell. P. 111 & 113. seems to considers that successive terraces mark as many distinct elevations; hence it would appear he has not fully considered the subject.—

S. America in the form of the land decidedly

[page 61]

bears the stamp of recent elevation. which is different from what Mr Lyell supposes.

Lyell P 116 Vol III, says that in N. Pliocene formation of Limestone, castsof shells, as in some older formations: Mem the envelopes at Coquimbo. the analogy is now perfect

The grand propulsion of fluid rock, which elevates a continent

We are more abound to take analogy of movements of W coast in explaining plains because such are found in perfection on that side.—

[page 62]

Add from M. Lesson. Character of Flora to New Zealand, which agrees with St Helena in being unique, yet no quadrupeds.—

Is the white matter beneath pebbles, the degraded matter of such pebbles extending to seaward, the alternating with such matter at St Julians looks like such?— destructive to animal life.— Patagonia

[page 63]

In the Chonos Isls we must imagine bituminous shales have been metamorphised, as in Brazil feruginous sandy ones have undergone the same process.—

Neither lakes or Avalanches (Glaciers very rare) to cause floods in valleys, which must aid in preserving the terraces … Molina's Case

At Vesuvius. Vol III P. 124. Lyell. dikes have a parting of pitchstone; which is described as very rare Mem. St Helena; probably more abundant in this case from intersecting a mass probably cold & not warm as sides of a crater as Vesuvius.—

[page 64]

There may have been oscillations in the upheaval of Andes.— but as long as all below water no evidence— The depth of shells (which being packed, in beds) lived there, makes it very doubtful whether they could have lived in so deep a sea.— Perhaps agrees with formation of pebbles & vertical trees

Grand Seco at B. Ayres; mention about the deer approaching the wells.— the effect of Salt water of the Salado.— Mem. in Owens Africa it is mentioned that the Elephant came

[page 65]

after walk far more regularly

[page 65e]

towns driving by the want of water.— I believe in all flat countries. years of drought are common.— Mr Lyell has mentioned the drifting of carcases putrid.

In Rio paper. when discussing probable rise of land: Mention M. Gay's fact about shells: Hibernation of fresh water Shells. multitudes.—

The question of shell's concretions, living only in that spot & being cause of concretion; or being only preserved in that part, having lived over whole bottom is important; because in this latter case, we cannot judge whether such fossils. lived in groups or not.

[page 66e]

Ferruginous veins of this figure [sketch] in sandstone: evidently depend on a concretionary contraction: the fact is in alliance with those balls at Chiloe, full of sand.— the scale quantity of iron being there in excess.— If veins [Fig.] are secretionary, so are all those plates in Australia. New Red Sandstone. at Bahia in modern sandstone. a circle, [sketch] , had in its middle a short fissure vein terminated each way, which little vein was like the rest of these thin veins which project outwards.—

[page 67e]

In Patagonia. the blending of pebbles & the appearance of travelling may be owing to successive transportal from prevailing swell, (as Shingle travels on the Chesil bank. V. De la Beche). Ask Capt. F.: R: how the swell, generally & during gales would tend to travel on a me central line of Patagonia. NB. Mr Lyell P. 211 Vol III. talks of line of cliff marking a pause

When mentioning pumice of Bahia Blanca, mention black scoriaceous rocks of R Chupat. & fall of Ashes of Falkner,
⸮how far is the distance?—

[page 68e]

Fossil bones black as if from peat.— yet cetaceous bones so likewise of miocene period.— Mem Bahia blanca P. 204 Vol III. Lyell

Owing to open faults in mountains: to elevated strata in eocene lakes of France, & unequal action of Earthquakes. on Chili & delta of Indus, my belief in submarine tilting alone, must be modified. Moreover, the Volcanos from sea there burst out, after rise from sea: As did as did those aerial Volcanos in Germany

In the Valle del Yeso it is probable that point of Porphyry has been upheaved in a dry form

It is clear the forces have acted with far more regularity

[page 69]

in S. America: in France we have freshwater lakes unequally elevated, which movements if present in the Andes, would have destroyed regularity of slope of valleys.— All my observations of period & manner of elevation Volcanic action, must be more exclusively confined to that country.

Read description of channels or grooves in rocks at Costorphine hills. to compare with Galapagos.— Chiloe. M. Hermoso. & Coral reefs (imperfect in latter).

[page 70]

[At] Lyell. Vol I. P. 316. Earthquake of 1812 affected valley of Missisippi & New Madrid & Caraccas.— Is this mentioned by Humboldt in his account of extensive areas.—

P. 322 In any archipelago. & neigbouring Volcanos. eruption from more than one orifice . . . does not occur at same time: this is contrasted to contemporaneous action over larger spaces of the globes & "periods" of increased activity.— such as that of 1835.—

State the three or 4 fields of Earthquakes in Chili:—

[page 71]

Chiloe. Concepcion. Valparaiso (Copiapò & Guasco). yet whole territory vibrates from any one shock—

In S. America— continuity of space in formations & durability of similar causes go together. add. "" from "in the same line" to "from the epoch of Ammonite to the present day.

at Mauritius. (consult Bory dip of strata on East) cannot believe in a great explosion, nor would sea remove more internally than externally— I did not see any number of dikes in the

[page 72]

cliffs.— wide valleys.— central peak small; yet great body of lavas have flowed from centre—

Pisolitic balls occur in the Ashes which fill up theatre of Pompeei (?).— Such have been seen to form in atmosphere.— Mem. Ascencion. concretions & Galapagos.—

Humboldts. fragmens.
Read geology of N. America. India.— remembering S. Africa. Australia.. Oceanic Isles. Geology of whole world will turn out simple.—

[page 73]

Fortunate for this science. that Europe was its birth place.— Some general reflections might be introduced on great size of ocean; especially Pacifick: insignificant islets— general movements of the earth;— Scarcity of Organic remains.— Unequal distribution of Volcanic action, Australia S. Africa— on one side. S. America on the other: The extreme frequency of soft materials being consolidated; one inclines to belief all strata of Europe formed near coast. Humboldts quotation of instability of ground at present. day.— applied by me geologically to vertical movements.

[page 74]

In Cord: after seeing small Bombs. without a vesicle. we may consider appearances of eruption at bottom.— solution under high pressure of gazes. especially the most abundant. Sulp. Hyd: Carb: A. Mur: A.= (& this effect of water thus holding matter in solution must be great: & in the fact of bombs in tufa there is proof of such gaz) steam condensed.— Perhaps these mighty changes might go on. & not a bubbles on the surface bespeak the changes.—
metallic veins solution of silex & many other phenomena

[page 75]

I do not believe that the extraordinary fissures of the ground at Calabria were present at the Concepcion earthquake.— expatiate on difficulty of evidence about eruptions of Volcanos. (where there are no country newspapers)— At the Calabrian earthquake things pitched off the ground. Ulloa states that Volcanos!! were in eruption at time of great Lima earthquake

In the Chili earthquakes if rise was more than inland than on coast it would be invariably discovered; this may be mentioned with general slope of the country; (perhaps generally over whole world)

[page 76]

Yet eruptions both at sea (as wells as in the Cordillera), they may be considered as accidents (if [. . .] part of a regular system can be called accidental; the proportional force of crust of globe & injecting matter on the great rise).—

The great rains which attend severe Earthquakes ⸮ 1835? 1822 alone, (& the general belief in N. Chili, where rains are so infrequent; so as to exclaim, as I have heard how lucky! when they hear of a place having a pretty severe shock), are much more curious

[page 77]

& perplexing. than those that attend Eruptions: Mr P. Scopes explanation of low Barometer?

In a subsiding area, we may believe the fluid matter instead of afflux (always slightly oscillating as that of a spring) moves away.— Will geology ever succeed in showing a direct relation of a part of globe rising, when another falls.— When discussing connection of Pacifick & S. America.—

[page 78]

Volcanos must be considered as chemical retorts.— neglecting the first production of Trachyte. look at Sulphur. salt. lime. are spread over whole surface; how comes it they do not flow out together? How are they eliminated.— Sulphur last.— Metallic veins likewise must separate ingredients if we look to a constant revolution.— Are we to consider that the dikes which so commonly (state facts) traverse granites, are granitic materials simply altered by circumstances; & not in chemical nature, or has a subterranean fluid mass itself changed.— No.—

[page 79]

Yet the fluid granitic mass under [illeg] less pressure might have its proportional particles altered.—

With respect to Volcanic theory. I want to ground, that the first phenomem. is an inward afflux of melted matter.— Volcanos perhaps may be admittance of water, through the rent strata: complex_interl>Mr Lyell considers that Plutonic rocks are generated as often as Volcanic. I consider latter as accidental on the afflux of the former.—

Ascension. Vegetation? Rats & Mices. At St Helena there is a native mouse

[page 80]

Did wave first retreat at Juan Fernandez: the first great movement was one of rise (any smaller prior ones might have been owing to absolute movement of ground). Michell (Philos: Transacts) seems to considers that fall first movement (as in Peru 1746).— At great Lisbon Earthquake Loch Lomond water oscillated between 2 & 3 ft. (as in Chili lake). Therefore motion of sea ought to be considered as a plain movement communicated to it as well as by the vertical as lateral movement.— At first one would think movement, owing to water keeping its level whilst land rose up & down.— But from above reasons, do not think so

[page 81]

also elevating Earthquake of Valparaiso. (1822) no great wave on record.— also neighbouring sea must partake in absolute movement Moreover wave with same general character reaches far beyond coast, which has been raised.— It must be considered as an oscillation, from violence. Is it not same as swell travelling across Pacifick.— excepting in number of waves & in wind, instead of sea's bottom being in motion what difference? In watching heavy swell, sea retreats & then breaks: i e to form a wave in ocean, is not this [sketch] form present, i e a part below mean level before the higher part.— Does the

[page 82]

sea fall on banks as a bow wave rushes up? (NB. Earthquake wave is an oscillation, body of water manifestly does not travel up.— ) If these view are right the coincidental retreat at Portugal & Madeira (Lyell. vol I. P. 471) is explained. also the similar fact at Concepcion? Read the various accounts & see if fall is not the first very evident movement.— The swelling first on beach I cannot understand, without (cs [illeg] raised above as).—

[page 83]

In great Calabrian wave did not sea break first? I can imagine from local form of coast (as seen in swell) the undertow & overfall must vary proportionally
Partial shrinking after elevation in perfect conformity with Mr Lyell's idea of an injected mass of fluid rock
In Patagonia plains. long periods of rest & vice versâ more likely to be coincidental than single elevations along whole line of coast

[page 84]

Darby mentions beds of marine shells on banks of Red River Louisiana. V. Lyell. Vol I. P. 191
State at St Helena, pebbles entirely coated with Tosca. which implies motion in the loose bed of pebbles. (On a sea beach under a cascade, one can understand pebbles thus coated.— The motion is most wonderful, from chemical attraction, as a blade of grass penetrating by action of Organic power a lump of hard clay.—

[page 85]

In the History of S America we cannot dive into the causes of the losses of the species of Mastodons, which ranged from Equatorial plains to S. Patagonia. To the Megatherium.—To the Horse. = One might fancy that it was so arranged from the forseight of the works of man
Feeling surprise at Mastodon inhabiting plains of Patagonia is removed by reflecting on the nature of the country in which the Rhinoceros lives in S. Africa: the same caution is applicable to the Siberia case

[page 86]

We must not think alluvial plains always most favourable; In what part of the globe are there such vast numbers of wild animals. both species & individuals as in the half desert country of S. Africa. It would be well to quote Burchell. V. where the Rhinoceros was killed.—

In Patagonia, are all beds same age? is white substance triturated Porphyritic rock. s (mem white tufas with purple Claystones of P. Desire). = Where talking of such substances being worn into channels.

[page 87]

mention submarine channels. such as that in front of Sts. of Magellan

In Chiloe curvilinear strata subsidence.—The sudden increased dip is not parallel case to Isle of White. but rather to one out of a series of faults. [sketch]

[page 87e]

In Cordill: should basal lavas be called Volcanic or Plutonic
The cellular state of all the Porphyry specimens, must be well examined

At M. Video facts of Passages marked by do. discuss quartz veins, there contemp—yet similar ones in Clay. Slates contemporaneous others subsequent. as in dikes

[page 88e]

In Granite great crystals arranged on sides. V. Lyell P 355 Vol III. constitution of veins, is there said granite in close contact varies in nature,— Does not granite at C. Tres Montes become more siliceous in close contact?— Cordillera??? Porphyry at Valparaiso; Epidote—

[page 88]

Must we look at regular greenstone cones at S. T. del Fuego as nucleus of a Volcano or as an injected mass.—From conical form I incline to latter former; & thus occurring in groups.—As these greenstone rocks are seen to graduate into granites

[page 89]

the conta passage from lava to Granite is much more perfect. than in believing mere agency of dikes: & indeed when do these dikes lead to a conical mass. will this conical mass be granite? Why not more probably greenstone? What probable origin can be given to the numerous hills of greenstone?—

Daubeny. P 95. Glassy & Stony Pearlstones alternate together in contorted layers: Mem: Phillips Mineralogy some such fact stated to exist in Peru.—Ascension

[page 90]

At Ischia there is a pumiceous conglomerate with small & large fragments, nature of which is doubtful. P. 180. I think my Ascension case very doubtful.—

In Iceland Bladders of Lava are described, & many minute craters as at Galapagos. | Sir George Mackenzie must be worth reading

Some earthquakes of Sumatra no connection with a neighbouring Volcano of Priamang.—Marsden Sumatra.

M. De. Jonnes seems to

[page 91]

think that Volcanic eruptions form foundations for Coral reefs.— does he mean in contradistinction to sand??

B. Roussin states that generally in North part of Brazil. gravel becomes sand less & gravel more common, the shoaler the water & nearer the Banks

Is there not a sudden deepening on E. coast of Africa, as at Brazil

[page 92]

[page 93e]

What is nature of strip of Mountain Limestone in N. Wales, was it reef.—I remember many Corals?? Breccia—Stratification?

Anomalous action of ocean.—at Ascension, (where occassionally most tremendous surf & loose sandy beach) deposits calcareous encrustations; At Bahia ferruginous.—At Pernambuco (great swell & turbid water) organic bodies protect like peat reef of sandstone.—Corals, & Corallina survive, in the most violent surfs: in both latter cases become petrified, & increase.—In Southern regions every rock is buoyed by Kelp, now Kelp sends forth branching

[page 94e]

roots which must protect surface; On hard exposed rocks near Bahia, whole surface to where highest spray (there pale green confervæ) coated with living beings; In smooth seas (& even turbulent as at St Helena) I have mentioned point of greatest action; I now having seen Pernambuco believe much is owing to protection of Organic productions. = Yet everywhere on coast (Il Defonsos Kelp) rocks show signs of degradation; (soft substances worn into bare cliffs evident); the action is anomalous; It is wonderful to see Coral reef—or confervæ in the breakers or in waterfall: Excepting by removal of large fragments by mere force of waves: & action on upper tidal band, I do not

[page 95e]

see how to account for oceans power.—excepting when pebbles are brought into play; most manifest example of degradation I ever saw on beach near Callao.—From Sir. H Davy experiment on the copper bottom, we see a trifling circumstance determines whether an animal will adhere to a certain part. Apropos to question does animal adhere to rock because it does not decompose, or vice versa. Clay slates unfavourable to attachment of many bodies

[96e not located]

[page 97e]

Beechey.—changes in bottom in NW coast of America. from shingle to sand &c &c. Vol II P. 209. 211. 213. 444 Yanky edition

Shores of Pacifick, as compared to whole E. America. East Africa.
Australia. profoundly deep: a great fault or rather many faults.—

Necessary form; as long as coast line fixed.—

[sketch]

Level of the sea
Slope*

*Slope necessary for seaward transportal of drift matter.—

[page 98e]

(98

Give various cases.

[sketch]

A advancing coast to Seaward.

Retreating case in excess as first case.

 

When discussing Falkland soundings introduce this discussion.—Brazil bank: (& I believe SE coast of Madagascar, where a 0/40 line shows runs at equal distance?) 1st cases.—

[page 99e]

The terraces in Valleys of Chili may be with much truth compared to the step = formed streams of lava at St Jago. C. de Verds

Quartz pebbles in the Cordilleras look as if some peaks elevated.—

Greywacke. as a general fact absent in T. del Fuego, excepting in Port Famine

Mr Sorrell says that numerous icebergs are commonly stranded on shores of Georgia Lat° ( ), he has rocks on surface, applicable to Patagonia.

[page 100e]

During a period of subsidence the shinglle of Patagonia would become more or less interstratified with sediment.—& escarpment worn away like english escarpment

The great conglomerate of the Amazons & Orinoco mentioned by Humboldt under name of Rothe-todte-liegende is perhaps same with that of Pernambuco?

Quote Miers about shells at Quillota

Lyell, states that contact of Granite & sedimentary rocks, in Alps becomes metalliferous. Vol III Latter Part

[page 100]

Latter Part

[page 101]

Are there Earthquakes in the Radack & Ralix Isls?

In my Cleavage paper Dr Fittons Australia case must be quoted at length.

The Lines of Mountain appear to me to be effect of expansions acting at great depths (mem: profound earthquakes), which would cause parallel lines, but the rectangular intersections are singular—

M. Lesson considers the Sandstone & Granite districts to be separated by profound valley Sydney.—

[page 102]

Lesson Zoologie

Grand tertiary formation of Payta: N. part of New Zeeland entirely volcanic!! New Zeeland rich in particular genera of plants: All St. Catherine & coast Granite: P. 199; Falkland account of cleavage differs wonderfully from mine: phyllade covered by quartzose sandstones: refers to broken hill described by Pernetty: account of streams of stones agrees with mine.—At Conception, cleavage E & W! at Payta. talcose slates, do at latter place, sandy, sandstone with gypsum, covered by limestone with recent shells 200 ft, how exact agreement with Coquimbo;

[103e-104e not located]

[page 105e]

Isl near coast of America not reached. Juan. Galapagos. Cocos—

Ulloas voyage

North of Callao, the country, to the distance of 3 or 4 leagues from the coast may be concluded to have been covered by the sea—judge from the pebbles such as those on the beach—"This is particularly observable in a bay about five leagues North of Callao, called Marques, where in all appearances not many years since, the sea covered above half a league of what is now Terra Firma & the extent of a league & a half a long the coast. " The rocks in the most inland part of this bay are perforated & smoothed like those washed by the waves, a

[page 106e]

sufficient proof, that the sea formed these large cavities", &c &c &c Vol II. Chapt VIII. p: 97

at Potosi the veins run from North inclining to South. inclining a little to the West: the veins which follow this direction are thought by the oldest most intelligent miners to be the richest Vol II 147

Shells at Concepecion 50 toises above the sea. = talks of them being packed clean. & without earth.— Moreover that such do not occur on the beaches. Perhaps these facts attest a more decided elevation of sea's bottom. beds of shells. 2–3 toises thick.—Vol II. p. 252

[page 107]

Urge cliff form of land, in St Helena. Ascension. Azores. (sandstone first gives half demolished craters) .—worn into mud & dust.—connection with age, & agreement with number of craters. No cliffs at Ascension (or modern streams of St Jgo) yet no historical records of eruptions how immense the time!! How well agrees with number of Craters!—At S. Cruz, there is no occasion to wonder what has become of the Basalt. Gone into fine sediment Look at St Helena!!—

[page 108]

There are some arguments which strike the mind with force.—the exact yearly rise of the great rivers prove better than any meterological table the precise periods over immense areas. (& the counterbalancing variations) of rain. = The Bulk of sediment daily yearly brought down by every torrent proves the decay atmospheric of the most solid rocks.—The grand cliffs of a thousand feet in height, of the solid lavas.—proportionally high to age. (we do not wonder to see tertiary plains consumed) Where slope plainly indicates former boundary, (as in other unworn

[page 109]

islands) we take in at once the stupendous mass which has been corroded.— If man could raise such a bulwark to the ocean, who would ever suppose that its age was limited? Who could suppose such trifling means could efface & obliterate so grand a work?—In valleys one is not sure whether fissures may not have helped it, or diluvial waves, but when we see an entire island so encircled, the one slow cause is apparent. I confess I never see such islands whose inclination natural [illeg] deepest astonishment. Perhaps scarcely a pebble might remain to tell of these losses.—

[page 110]

 Cause of chimney. to crater. as at Galapagos. St. Helena.— [sketch] effect of heat on inner wall, hence resists degradation longer than outer parts.—

The common occurrence of a breccia of primitive rocks between that formation and the secondary (stated in Playfair to be the case p. 51). presupposes an elevated country of granite, not so greater for all Europe, than from the Plata to Caraccas, which is all of granite:

[page 111]

In discussing circulation of fluid nucleus,—the similarity of Volcanic products over whole world argument, as well as separating causes by water.—Or rather begin & explain how water separates.—(intertropics at present fix lime). Also Volcanos separate. Volcanos blend all substances together; & products being similar over whole world, general circulation. But Volcanic action separates some sulphur (perhaps lime) salt. & metallic ores.—which mingling & separating is well adapted to

[page 112]

use of mankind.—Hutton show Earthquakes part of necessary process of terrestrial renovation & so is Volcano a useful chemical instrument.—Yet neglecting these final causes.—What more awful scourges to mankind than the Volcano & Earthquake.—Earthquakes act as ploughs Volcanos as Marl-pits:

[page 113e]

Consider well age of Bones. = slowness of elevation proved at St Julian. = do not these bones differ as much nearly as the Eocene. = Should Mr Owen consider bones washed about much at Coll. of. Surgeon's? I really should think probably that B. Blanca & M. Hermoso contemp:.—Inculcate well that Horse at least has not perished because too cold:—With discussion of camel urge S. Africa productions.—

[page 114e]

I think in Patagonia white beds having proceeded from gravel proved.— curious similarity of rocks of very diff. ages. at Port Desire on plain. & interstratified.—

Urge fact of Boulders not in lower strata. only in upper. in accordance in Europe with ice theory.—

Capt Ross found in Possession Bay in 73° 39 N. living worms in the mud which he drew up from 1,000 f[athoms], & the temp of which was below freezing point!!!

[page 115]

Remember idea of frozen bottom or beach of sea to explain preserved animals.—Mem: stream of water in the country.—

Sir J. Herschel. says, precip. of Sulph. B. all the infinitesimal cryst. arrange themselves in planes. Mem silky lustre ask Erasmus. whether electricity would affect this.—

State the circumstances of appearance at Concepcion [.] no sign of elevation. Effects of great waves to obliterate all land marks.—At the first it

[page 116]

would though be easy to see on beach successive lines of sea weed—

Histoire Naturelle des Indes
Acosta. p. 125. of French ? Edition states that the same earthquake has run from Chili to Quito a distance of more than 500 leagues. A little time after a bad earthquake in Chili; Arequipa in 82 was overthrown, & 86. Lima. next year Quito. considers these earthquakes travel in order.—

[page 117]

If we look at Elevations as constantly going on we shall see a cause for Volcanos part of same phenomena lasting so long.—

The great movements (not mere patches as in Italy proved by Coral hypoth. agree with great continents).

[page 118]

Voyage aux terres Australs Vol. I. p. 54. M. Bailly says."en effet toutes les montagnes de cette île se developpent autour d'elle comme une ceinture d'immenses remparts; toutes affectent une pente plus ou moins inclinée vers le rivage de la mer, tandis, au contraire, que vers le centre de' l île, elles presentent une coupe abrupte et souvent tailée a pic. Toutes ces montagnes

[page 119]

sont formées de couches paralleles et inclinées du centre d'lile, vers la mer; ces couches ont entre elles une correspondance exacte, et lorsquelles se trouvent interrompues par quelque vallées ou par quelque scissures profondes, on les voit se reproduire a des hauteurs communes sur le revers de chacune des montagnes qui forment les vallées ou les scissures.—M. B. thinks these parts incontestably formed the parts of one whole

[page 120]

burning mountain, & that the central part fell in.—Says posterior craters in centre:— Bailly talks of much granite on all East side of Van Diemen Land. All the Calcareous rocks which harden by themselves cannot be pure, for if so Chalk would

[page 121]

harden.—Climate.!? or small Proportion of Alum: matter.—all pale cream colour.—
The Brecciated structure of all the Pitchstone (which I have seen), is a kind of concretionary structure, for the interlineal spaces are of diff cont: & even in one case contained lime.—All bear close analogy to Obsidian, & all show chemical action as well as effects of cooling

[page 123]

In Igneous rocks.—which have the cryst of glassy F. fractured, have been melted with little pressure. & perhaps cooled suddenly.—

As the rude symmetry of the globe shows powers have acted from great depths, so changes, acting in those lines, must now proceed from, great depths.—important.—

[page 124]

Decemb 10. 1802. Earthquake at Demerara. The earthquakes "seem to arise from some efforts in the land to lift itself higher & to grow upwards; for the land is constantly pushing the sea (which of course must retain same level) to a greater distance".—Afterwards speaks of this phenomena in connection with "the shooting upwards" of the ground land in the W Indies.—p. 200. Bollingbroke voyage to the Demerary

[page 125]

Earthquakes at St Helena. 1756. June 1780, Sept. 21st. 1817.—p 371. Webster Antarctic veg:—

Study Ulloa to see if Indian habitation above regions of vegetation.—I can find nothing. Mem Carolines quotation from Temple

Urge the mineralogical difference of formations of S. America & Europe.—If great chain of Volc. had been in action during secondary period how diff. would the rocks have been. The red Sandstone of Andes fusible?

[page 126]

no. mad dogs. Azores. although kept in numbers. p. 124. Webster

Consult W. Parish. & Azara about dry season[.] 1791. seen commonly bad over whole world. (Was it so in Sydney, consult history? Phillips.

1826.27.28. grt. drought at Sydney. which caused Capt. Sturt expedition.—

⸮Another one in 1816 (?).—

[page 127]

Mr Owen's curious fact about Crust Bra in Brine Springs. (Henslow)

Speculate on neutral ground of 2. ostriches; bigger one encroaches on smaller.— change not progressife: produced at one blow. if one species altered: altered Mem: my idea of Volc: islands. elevated. then peculiar plants created. if for such mere points; then any mountain, one is falsely less surprised at new creation for large.—Australia's = if for volc. isl. then for any spot of land. = Yet new creation affected by Halo of neighbouring continent: ≠ as if any

[page 128]

creation taking place over certain area must have peculiar character:

Contrast low limit of Palms, evergreen trees, arborescent grasses, parasitic plants, Cacti: & with limits of no vegetation at S. Shetland =

Great contrast of two sides of Cordillera, where climate similar.—I do not know botanically = but picturesquely = Both N & S. great contrast. from nature of climate. =

Perpetual snow.—subterranean lakes, near Volcanoes. lakes of brine all inhabited:

Go steadily through, all the limits of birds & animals in S. America. Zorilla:

[page 129]

wide limits of Waders: Ascension. Keeling: at sea so commonly seen. at long distances; generally first arrives:—

New Zealand rats offering in the history of rats, in the antipodes a parallel case.—

Should urge that extinct Llama owed its death not to change of circumstances; reversed argument. knowing it to be a desert.— Tempted to believe animals created for a definite time:—not extinguished by change of circumstances:

[page 130]

The same kind of relation that common ostrich bears to (Petisse. & diff kinds of Fourmillier): extinct Guanaco to recent: in former case position, in latter time. (or changes consequent on lapse) being the relation.—As in first cases distinct species inosculate, so must we believe ancient ones: ∴ not gradual change or degeneration. from circumstances: if one species does change into another it must be per saltum—or species may perish. = This inosculation representation of species important, each its own limit & represented.—Chiloe creeper: Furnarius. Caracara Calandria: inosculation alone shows not gradation;—

[page 131]

An argument for the Crust of globe being thin, may be drawn. from. Cordillera. rocks.—When beneath water.—together with hypothetical case of Brazil.—

[page 132]

Propagation. whether ordinary. hermaphrodite. or by cutting an animal in two. (gemmiparous. by nature or accident). we see an individual divided either at one moment or through lapse of ages.—Therefore we are not so much surprised at seeing Zoophite producing distinct animals. still partly united. & eggs which become quite separate.—Considering all individuals of all species. as each one individual divided by different methods, associated life only adds one other method where the division is not perfect. —

[page 133]

Dogs. Cats. Horses. Cattle. Goat. Asses. have all run wild & bred. no doubt with perfect success.—showing non Creation does not bear upon solely adaptation of animals.—extinction in same manner may not depend.—There is no more wonder in extinction of species than of individual.—

[page 134e]

Mr Birchell says Elephant lives on very wretched cou[n]tries thinly covered by vegetation. Rhinoceros quite in deserts.—Much struck with number of animal at Cape of Good Hope

Says at Santos M Birchels at foot of range some miles from shore, rock of oysters quite above reach of tides.—thinks them same as recent species.—

[page 135e]

May I not generalize the fact glaciers most abundant in interior channels, there no outer coast.—important effect.—? Capt. FitzRoy.—

Limited Volcanic action & limited earthquakes & great but local elevations of the land in Europe—

[page 136e]

Urge difference of plutonic rocks & Volcanic metalliferous—

Urge enormous quantity of matter from crevice of Andes—therefore flowed towards it. a mass on each side 3000 ft thick & 150 broad. neglecting Cordillera itself now remaining—

[page 137e]

Lyell p 419 p 428 states that Von Buch has urged that Java volcanos differ from all others in quantity of Sulph. acid emitted: mem: Grand gypseous formation of Cordillera

In describing structure of Cordillera it must be said, that lines of elevation have connected lines points of eruption give instance of Etna Stromboli & Vesuvius

[page 138]

Investigate with greater care. vegetation & climate of Tristan D. Acuneha. Kerguelen Land. Prince Edwards Isl. Marion & Crozet. L. Auckland. Macqueries.—Sandwich Is—

Specimens of rocks were brought home in Capt: Forster expedition from Deception Isl ⸮ Andite?— South Shetland Cape Possession. Syenite

[page 139]

Degrading of inland bays, like St. Julian & Port Desire applicable to Craters of Elevation. —The longer diameter of Deception Is is six Geographical miles and width 2 & ½ miles

S. Shetland. Lat. 62° 55'. only one lichen. only production. a body which had long been buried, see from rotten state of coffin buried in a mound long consigned to the earth. yet body had scarcely undergone any decomposition: countenance so well preserved. that it was thought not to have belonged to an Englishman.—On 8th of March cove began to freeze. correspond to September

[page 140e]

⸮Did I make any observations on springs at S. Cruz.???—

Form of land shows subsidence in T. del Fuego, and connection of quadrupeds.—although recent elevation, there may have been great subsidence previously. Mem. pebbles of Porphyry.—Falklands.—off East Coast.—Capt. Cook found soundings. (end of 2 voyage outside coast of T. del Fuego. off. Christmas sound.—

(Think some 60 fathoms, none thicker than thumb
Sea weed said at Kerguelen Is. to grow on shoals like Fucus giganteus! 24 fathoms deep 24/.

[page 141e]

under 50. Kerguelen Land, = the way it stands gales = very strong. Stones as bigger than a man's head.—
Kerguelen 40 by 20 leagues. dimensions: 

Bynoe informs me that in Obstruction Sound, in the narrow parts which break through the N & South lines the tides form eddies with its extreme force. Yet, no outlet at head. Important in forming transverse valleys

Ice

[page 142e]

Sir W. Parish says they have Earthquakes in Cordoba. one of which dried up all a lake in neigbourhood of town

Mr Murchison insisted strongly. that taking up a piece of Falkland Sandstone. he could not distinguish from stone Caradoc from lower of third Silurian division—Together with same general character of fossils deception complete.=

Silliman Journal. year 1835 excellent account of N. American geology. Conybeare

[page 143e]

Lava in Cordillera & on Eastern plains by Antuco. Athenæum April 1836 (p 302)

Coleccion de obras. 2 Vols fol: Buenos Ayres 1836: W. Parish?? by Pedro de Angelis.

This work is reviewed in present Edinburgh March 1835,

Sir W. Parish says. that beds of shells are found on whole coast from P. Indio to Quilmes. & at least seven miles inland.

[page 144e]

The Cordoba earthquake a very remarkable phenomenon. showing line of disturbance inside Cordillera: It is not therefore so wonderful that volcanic rocks at M. Video [Volcano in Pampas]

Pasto Earthquake. Happened on January 20th. 1834

Mr Sowerby. younger. says that Falkland fossils decidedly belong to old Silurian system.

Apply degradation of landlocked harbors to Craters of elevation. —

[page 145e]

Lyell suggested to me that no metals in Polynesian Islds —. Volcanic plenty in S. America !! Metamorphic

[page 146]

Volcanos only burst out where strata in act of dislocation (NB. dislocation connected with fluidity of rock ∴ in earliest stage when covered up beneath ocean).—The first dislocations & eruptions can only happen during first movements, and therefore beneath ocean, for subsequently there is a coating of solidifying igneous rocks which would be too thick to be penetrated by the repeted trifeling injections.—Old vents would keep open long after emersion, but improbably so long, that to be surrounded by continent.— change of volcanic focus.—

[page 147]

it is certain, if strata can be
Problem dislocate strata without ejection of the fluid propelling mass.

If one inch can be raised then all can, for fresh layers of igneous rock replace strata: & it is nothing odd to find them injected by veins & masses

[page 147b]

[sketch]

(A.B.C, now grown solid.)

[page 148]

Red Sea near Kosir, land appears elevated. Geograph. Journal p 202 Vol IV

When recollecting Gulf of California. Beagle Channel.—One need never be afraid of speculating on the sea

[page 149]

The 24 ft. elevation at Conception. from impossibility of such change having taken place unrecorded must be insensible.

Quantity of matter from Cordillera. Horizontal movement of fluid matter not (for instance) expansion of solid matter by Heat

[page 150]

Consider profoundly the sandstone of the Portillo line.—connected with gneiss.—(Mica Slate)

(B)[sketch](A)

((3) like Bell of Quillota.) (A) in this strata may be older than (B).— Most important view Urge curious fact felspar melted gneiss/// QUARTZ!!! Analogous to Von Buch. Basalt where Basalt. trachyte where trachyte.

[page 151]

There must have been as much conglomerate on West of Peuquenes as on East.

Where gone to.?—

There must have been some conglomerate East of Portillo

Where gone to? Intermediate space protected.—

Oh the vast power of the ocean!

[page 152]

Make a grand analogy between Wealden & Bolivia

Transportal of conglomerate between two ranges mysterious!— 
Mem. subsidence Uspallata of which no trace except by trees

[page 153]

The structure of ice in columns. show that granite when weathering into balls. must exhibit orbicular structure.—When we recollect connection of columnar & orbicular in basalt.—

When we see Avestruz two species. certainly different. not insensible change.— Yet one is urged to look to common parent? why should two of the most closely allied species occur in same country? In botany instances diametrically opposite have been instanced: it is

[page 154]

Let it not be overlooked that except by trees, I could not see trace of Subsidence at Uspallata.—

⸮If crust very thick would there be undulation? would it not be mere vibration? but walls & feeling shows undulation ∴ crust thin.—Concepcion earthquake

[page 155]

Draw close Analogy Lake of Cordill: of Copiápò & Desaguadero.—three ridges in Copiapo, as well as in latter.—

According to Mr Brown, a person (whom I met at S.W.P.) the Cordillera extend to near Salta. & not far from Tucama[n]. & at Chuquisaca. half across the continent.—He states plains of Mendoza smooth. Sir W.P. states that in Helm's travels accounts of travelled boulders. from the Cordovise range. Signor Rozales tells me at seven oclock Novem 5th Concepcion most violently shaken, by earthquake. but no serious injury.—

[page 156]

Analysis of Atacama. Iron in Edinburgh. Phisoph. Transactions. = Mem: Olivine. Volcanic product.=

Did Peruvian Indians use arrows or Araucanians?— If wood now preserved over world Dicotyledones far preponderant, if so coniferous must formerly have been most abundant tree—

Metamorphic action: most coming so near surface most important

[page 157e]

There is map of Cordillera by Humboldt in Geolog. Society

Sir Woodbine Parish informs me that town near Tucuman and Salta. towards the Vermejo was utterly overthrown by earthquake with great destruction of human life.— Temple mentions some earthquake at Cordova. — There the Cordova earthquake

[page 158]

in which lake was absorbed.— Earthquakes felt. different case from shore of Pacific.—Isabelle's volcano, many amygdaloids.— Boussingualt (Lyell) cracks mountains falling in.— Earthquakes at Quito. tranquillity at Mendoza exception.—formerly perhaps otherwise Mendoza never overthrown,—no mountains

[page 159]

Mackenzie has talked of lava flowing up Hill; ⸮what does he mean?) Consult Dr Holland about bubbles.—

No Volcanic action on coast line of Old Greenland, close to W of Jan Meyen Isl.—Mr Barrow thinks N & S. line connects western isles of Scotland & Iceland.—Bosh nor on Norway, or Spitzbergen.— Spitzbergen animals (?). ≠

[page 160]

The Hollowness of sep Chiloe concretions somewhat analogous to septa.— would particle attracted towards space tend to form ring.

[sketch]

motion from within and without

H. Kingdom N. Spa. Vol III p. 113
"Nature exhibited to the Mexicans enormous masses of Iron and Nickel, & these masses which are scattered over the surface of the ground are fibrous. malleable & of so great tenacity, that it is with difficulty that a few fragments can be separated from them with steel instruments."

[page 161]

In R. Brown (Collect: of F. W. ) where the stalactiform masses have layers been accumulated, round knobs, or pushed where soft, or redissolved soft.—/ is there any flexure fr in the fragmentary jasper.—do undulations (as Hutton says) always come from without.—

"True native iron that to which we cannot attribute a meteoric origin & which is constantly found mixed with lead & copper is infinitely rare in all parts of the globe". p. 113

[page 162]

How utterly incomprehensible that if meteoric stones simply pitched from moon, that the metals should be those which have magnetic properties.

Study well products of Solfataras[.] some general laws. association of lead & silver. Sulp. of Barytes: Fluoric. Barytes:—

[page 163e]

Humboldt. New Spain. Vol III. p. 130
Metals in Mexico rarely in secondary alway in primitive & transition; the latter rarely appear in central Cordillera. particularly between 18° & 22° N. = formations of amph: porphyry. greenstone[,] amygdaloid. basalt & other trap cover it to great thickness. = Coast of Acapulco granitic rock.—in parts of table granits & gneiss with gold veins visible:—"Porphyries of Mexico may be considered for most parts as rock eminently rich in mines of gold & silver." p. 131

[page 164e]

The above porphyries characterized by no quartz & amphibole frequently only vitreous felspar: = gold veins in a phonolitic porphyry. = several parts of N. Spain great analogy to Hungary. = Veins of Zimapan offer zeolite. stilbite. grammalite. pyenite. native sulphur.. fluor spar, bayte. asbestos garnets.—carb & chrom. of lead. orpiment. chrysop[r]ase. opal:—

Veins in Limestone & Grauwacke: Silver appears far more abundant in the upper limestone, which H. calls by several secondary names

[page 165e]

Study Hoffmans account of steam acting on trachytes. also Azores. We here have case of such vapours washing a rock Veins concretionary; concretions dt determined by fissures as in septaria. (& Chiloe case, at least corelation)—Galapagos vein. vein of secretion.—metallic veins follow mountain chain. there after NW W.—

same chemical laws as in concretions perhaps makes intersections richest— Humboldt has urged phenomena in veins, chemical affinities like in composed rock. granites syenite strangling &c of veins can only be accounted for by concretionary action, conjoined with other (state simplest case. concretions of clay iron stone; iron pyrite in a fossil Insist strongly on the grand fact of Volcanic & non Volcanic. Then Solfataras. Mem: Micaceous iron ore.

N.B. To show how metals may be transported by complicated chemical law & steam of salts, quite curious case of oxided Iron by Mitterschlich. Vol. II. Journal of Nat. & Geograph Siciences?—

[page 166e]

H. says in Potosi the silver is contained in a primitive slate, covered by a clayey porphyry, containing grenats. In Peru. on other hand, mine of Gualgayoc or Chota & Pasco in "alpine limestone" = "The wealth of the veins in most part totally independent of the nature of the beds they intersect". = In the Guatemala part. (& Chiloe do) no veins discovered. Humboldt suggests covered up by volcanic rocks.

[page 167e]

// St Helena has been slightly broken up, & has there not been vein of iron discovered?—

Klaproth analysed silver ores from Peru consisted of native silver & brown oxide of Iron in Mexico. sulphuretted silver, arsenical grey copper, and antimony, horn silver, black silver & red silver, do not name native silver because not very abundant.—∦ muriated silver. which is so rare in Europe. common there accompanied by molybdated lead & argentiferous lead; sulfated Barytes very uncommon in Mexico. Fluor spar only in certain mines.

[page 168e]

Vol. III "In general it is observed both in Mexico & Peru, that those oxidated masses of iron. which contain silver are peculiar to that part of the veins, nearest to the surface of the earth."—p. 156. Mines of Batopilas in New Biscay, "Nature, exhibits the same minerals as there, that are found in the veins of Kongsberg in Norway.—namely dendritic silver intersecting carbonate of lime— native silver in Mexico.

[page 169e]

is always accompanied by Sulp. silver sometimes by selenite.—in New Spain, contrary to Europe. argentiferous lead not abundant. = considerable quantity of silver procured from martial pyrites; great blocks of pure silver not common in S. America: In all climates distribution of silver in veins very unequal sometimes disseminated [. . .] sometimes concentrated: wonderful quantity of pure silver in S. America.

[page 170e]

Geology of Guanuaxuato.—Clay slate. passing into talcose & chloritic slate, with beds of syenite & sep serpentine dipping to SW at 45° to 50°>— covered by conformable greenstone porphyrys & phonolites do. amphibole quartz & mica very rare.— ancient freestone & breccia is the same with that on surface of plains of Amazon, no relation—there is more modern breccia, chiefly owing to destruction of porphyries, whereas other to ancient rock.—this N° 2. superimposed on N° 1. even No. 2. might be mistaken for Porphyry

[page 171e]

above ancient freestone, limestone & many 6ther secondary rocks.

Vein traverses both Clay slate, Porphyry North 52 W, & is nearly the same with that of the veta grande of Zacatecas, & veins of Tasco & Moran—of Guanaxuato to SW. with respect to latter doubts whether bed or vein (very like that of Spital of Schemnitz in Hungary.) Humboldt says fragments from roof & penetrating overlying beds tells the secret.— p. 189. "The small ravins into which the valley of Marfil is divided, appear to have a decided influence on the richness of the veta madre of [continued on page 175]

[page 172e]

Dr D. remarks, bad conductor of Heat do of Electricity
Does not iron, combined with nickel & cobalt (meteoric) resist, oxidation?— Mem Sir W. P. stone It is clear to me, there are laws of solution & (? heat!) deposition under great pressure. unknown to us. ∦ M. Chladni.—on meteoric Mexican stone. Journal des Mines 1809. No. 151. p. 79

[page 174e]

Under name of Sagitta Triptera D'Orbigny has figured animal with setæ like my undescribed[.] p. 140. Fleche of Quoy et Gaimard.—D'Orbigny has described it with care to 3 species. I think I have much additional information∦

[page 175e]

Guanaxuato, which has yielded the most metal, where the direction of ravins, and the slope of the mountains (flaqueza del cerro) have been parallel to the direction & inclination of the vein". —

at Zacatecas the veta grande has same direction as Guanax.—the other E& W.—veins richest not in ravins or along gentle slopes, but on the most elevated summits, where mountains most torn.—( ⸮anticlinal line?).—

Mines of Catorce (Principal veins) 25° to 30° to NE. vein of Moran 84° NE. of Real del Monte 85° to S. // Tasco 40° to NW (afterwards said to be mil with some exceptions directed NW & SE)

[page 176e]

Vol III Mexican Cordillera "immense variety of Porphyries which are destitute of quartz, & wh abound both in hornblend & vitreous felspar".— p. 215

Same metal in Tasco vein in Mica Slate & overlying Limestone Balls of Silver ore occur in do veins. At Huantajaia. Humboldt says, mur of Silv. Sulph. of do. galena quartz, Garb, of Lime, accompany.—Ulloa has said silver in the highest & gold in the lowest. Humboldt states that some of the richest gold mines on ridge of Cordillera near Pataz, also at Gualgayoc. where many petrified shells

[page 177e]

Bougainville says P 291.—

 

The Fuegians treat the "chefs d'œuvre de l[']industrie humaine, comme ils traitent les loix de la nature & ses phenomenes."—

Ulloa's Voyage, Shell fish purple die, marevellous statements on, Vol I, P. 168. on coast of Guayaquil, same as Galapagos.

no Hydrophobia at Quito. P 281. do do

Australia, C. of Good Hope.—Azores Iss nor at St Helena.—

Humboldt. New Spain Vol. IV. p. 58 At Acapulco earthquakes are recognized as coming from three directions, from W; NW & S.—last to Seaward

[page 178]

partaking of the character of a Araucarian tribe, with point affin of yew & intermediate

Puncture one animal with recent dead body of other. & see if same effects, as with man

Does Indian rubber & black lead unite chemically like grease & mercury

[page 179]

[page 180]

NB. P. 73. General reflections on the geology of the world
gradual shoaling of coasts P. 14
91 
93 action of sea on coast. 

 

27. Bahama Is 

[page 181]

De Lucs travels
Beauforts Karamania 

Capt. Ross. & Scoresby deep soundings

Gilbert Farquhar Mathison travels Brazil. Peru.

Sandwich Isd

Mawes travels down the Brazil.—

Did Melaspena publish his travels?

Bellinghausen in 1819
Kotzebue 1

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French metre into English ft.0.5159929

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