[16]

(16

[later insertion by Darwin:] Ch. Darwin

Ch. I

monkey, its attention was easily distracted, as by a fly on the wall or other trifling object, the case was hopeless. If he tried by punishment to make such a monkey of the kind act, it turned sulky.

It is almost superfluous to state that animals have excellent memories for persons & places. A baboon at the Cape of Good Hope, as I have been informed by Sir Andrew Smith, recognised him with an  joy after an absence of nine months. My own  I had a dog who was savage & averse to all strangers, knew me  & after an interval of five 5  absence of five years and two days I purposely tried him. I went to the stable & called in my former usual manner, he showed no joy, but but he showed his recognition not by any joy, but by instantly followed going on a walk with me when I called him & by obeying me, as if & obeyed me, exactly as if I had parted with him only the previous half-an-hour before. (a) (text) Even ants, as P. Huber*(b) has clearly shewn, recognised their fellow-ants from the same community after an interval of four months. Animals can certainly A train of

[bottom of page excised]

[1]

(1

Ch 5.

Granting that Even if we grant that the differences in corporeal structures between man & his nearest allies are as great as some naturalist maintains, & although we must grant that the differences in mental power are [ confessedly] immense, & although no intermediate links in the scale have hitherto been discussed, yet the facts given in the previous chapters declare in the plainest manner that man is descended from some lower forms, notwithstanding that intermediate links in the scale have not hitherto been discussed.) (These facts which indicate so plainly that descent of man are many) He Consid all that man, like all other animals is liable to diversified slight variations, which are induced by the same general causes, are governed & transmitted in accordance with the same general laws. As in the case of the lower animals. Hence structures which we have any reason to believe were once possessed by the early progenitors of apes , occasionally make their reappearance. Man Man, like all every other

[1]

(1

Ch 6.

(It is not my intention here to describe (or to attempt classifying) the several so-called races of man; as they are commonly designated ; but to enquire what is the value of their differences between their under a classificatory point of view, & how they as far as this may be possible, how they in what manner they have originated. In determining whether two or more allied forms shall ought to be ranked as distinct species or as varieties, naturalists are practically guided as it will be admitted by the following considerations; namely whether the amount of difference between them; whether the such differences relate to one & only a few or many points of structures; & whether they are of physiological importance; & especially whether they differences are constant. The Constancy of character is what is chiefly sought for & [ besieged] for desired by the classifier.

The facts, Wherever it can be proved shown or say be safely confirmed rendered probable, that the differences have forms under considerations in question have long remained for a long period that same as as distinct as they now are, is manifestly this becomes an argument

[2]

(2

Ch. 6.

of great weight for treating considering them as species. If even a slight degree of sterility between them any two forms when first crossed, or between in their offspring when pieced together, can be established, this is generally considered as a decisive test of their specific distinctness; as natural evidence of some degree of sterility, or in the case of animals of some repugnance to pairing, the persistence of the two forms and their continued persistence within the same area, without blending, is usually allowed accepted as a proof either of some degree of mutual sterility, or in the case of animals of some repugnance to mutual pairing.)

[In the hand of Emma Darwin, with corrections by Darwin:]

Independently of the effects of blending from intercrossing, the complete absence in a well-investigated region of varieties which link together any two closely-allied forms, is probably the most important of all the criterions of their specific distinctness; & this is a somewhat different consideration from mer simple constancy of character; for two forms may be highly variable, & yet not yield intermediate varieties. Geographical distribution is often unconsciously & sometimes consciously