RECORD: Emma Darwin's diary for: 1824. CUL-DAR242[.1]. Edited by John van Wyhe (Darwin Online, http://darwin-online.org.uk/)
REVISION HISTORY: Transcribed by Christine Chua, corrections by John van Wyhe 4.2019. RN4
NOTE: See record in the Darwin Online manuscript catalogue, enter its Identifier here. Reproduced with the permission of Richard Darwin Keynes. See the introduction to Emma Darwin's diaries here. All of the diaries are also available in a single file here, which has the latest corrections.
Introduction by Christine Chua:
Young Emma Wedgwood at 16 was a happy and bubbly teenager. The Darwins and the Wedgwoods often visited each other. Charles Darwin was mentioned a few times in this diary and the families met up in Matlock whilst holidaying in that region. Emma kept account of her spending and 'extra income' from winning at card games conscientiously.
[page break]
2/6
1 The beautiful Miss J. W.
2 The angelic Miss G. J
3 The elegant Miss E. W
4 The captivating H [illeg]
Miss [illeg] H
5 The [illeg] [crossed] graceful Amy
Mrs H. H.
6894
6984
6498
6489
6849
6948
4689
4869
4698
4896
4986
4968
9684
9846
9864
9648
[sketch]
combs 4
gown 7 – 3
work 8. 9
stocks 4.6
1 – 14 – 6
2 [illeg]
5 6
Harry
Emma Wedgwood
Hensliegh
Dec 1823
Frank
1823
[2 sketches]
[title page]
[Printed Title] Marshall's Pocket Diary for 1824
January 1824
Played at Charades
acted some of 12th night
[line illeg]
Thursday, 1 January 1824
Played at charades
Friday, 2 January 1824
Saturday, 3 January 1824
acted some of 12th night
January 1824
Sunday, 4 January 1824
Monday, 5 January 1824
Went to Shrewsbury. At F. & Charlotte went on to Shrews
Peristone [illeg] [At. F = Fanny]
Amy went to London
Tuesday, 6 January 1824
Began Alfrin's Philippo & Belinda
Wednesday, 7 January 1824
Little Bages came
walked into town
began life of Bp Wilson
Thursday, 8 January 1824
finished Belinda
Friday, 9 January 1824
read School for scandal
Saturday, 10 January 1824
rainy days. finished Filippo, read Clandestine marriage
January 1824
Sunday, 11 January 1824
read some of Paley's sermons
went to morning service
Miss Owen & Miss S. Dod called
Monday, 12 January 1824
Miss Galtons came
began life of savage
Tuesday, 13 January 1824
heard from Charlotte
played at Charades.
Wednesday, 14 January 1824
Horrid little Langleys came.
Thursday, 15 January 1824
Miss Bage, & Miss Hutchins came
Friday, 16 January 1824
Matty Cotton came
Saturday, 17 January 1824
The Galtons went
finished Adele de Senanque
Mr & Mrs Cotton called
January 1824
Sunday, 18 January 1824
Went to St Mary's in ye evening.
Heard Mr Blakwell
Monday, 19 January 1824
Tuesday, 20 January 1824
Rode on Car's horse
went morning calls with M
Wednesday, 21 January 1824
Thursday, 22 January 1824
Catherine went to school
Butler & Hutchings dined
Friday, 23 January 1824
Went to the Infant school
began life of Newton
Saturday, 24 January 1824
January 1824
Sunday, 25 January 1824
Oh silent orb of night
Monday, 26 January 1824
Mamma
Mamma
Tuesday, 27 January 1824
Mamma
Mamma
Wednesday, 28 January 1824
[sketch]
Thursday, 29 January 1824
[sketch]
Friday, 30 January 1824
[sketch]
Saturday, 31 January 1824
February 1824
Sunday, 1 February 1824
Novels
Feb Belinda
Adèle de Senanque
Monday, 2 February 1824
Mamma
Tuesday, 3 February 1824
Wednesday, 4 February 1824
Thursday, 5 February 1824
Friday, 6 February 1824
Saturday, 7 February 1824
February 1824
[8 February – 21 February 1824 excised]
Sunday, 22 February 1824
Books read by me in the year 1824
Life of Bp Wilson
Life of Savage
Lady M. W. Montague – letters
Paley's moral philosophy
Sully's memoirs
Cowper's letters
Mad'me de Staal's mem
Capt Lyon
Voltaire's Louis 15th
Capt Hall
Boswell's Johnson s tour
Sacrattello
Horas Paulinae
Sir J. Reynold's Tasso
Lad Morgan's Italy
Lowth's Isaiah 42 vols
Monday, 23 February 1824
Tuesday, 24 February 1824
Wednesday, 25 February 1824
Thursday, 26 February 1824
Friday, 27 February 1824
Saturday, 28 February 1824
March 1824
Sunday, 29 February 1824
Monday, 1 March 1824
Betsey and Kitty Holland came
Tuesday, 2 March 1824
Eliz & At Fanny went to London
Wednesday, 3 March 1824
Hollands went
Thursday, 4 March 1824
Friday, 5 March 1824
Saturday, 6 March 1824
March 1824
Sunday, 7 March 1824
Monday, 8 March 1824
Tuesday, 9 March 1824
Wednesday, 10 March 1824
Harry and Hensliegh came from Shrewsbury
Thursday, 11 March 1824
Friday, 12 March 1824
Began Lady M. W Montague
Betley Wy came home
Saturday, 13 March 1824
March 1824
Sunday, 14 March 1824
Monday, 15 March 1824
Tuesday, 16 March 1824
began Paley's moral philosophy
Wednesday, 17 March 1824
Thursday, 18 March 1824
Friday, 19 March 1824
was thrown from Dutchless
Saturday, 20 March 1824
Molly came
March 1824
Sunday, 21 March 1824
Mamma & Ch went to Betley
Monday, 22 March 1824
Tuesday, 23 March 1824
Wednesday, 24 March 1824
Thursday, 25 March 1824
Molly went
Friday, 26 March 1824
Saturday, 27 March 1824
Mamma & Ch came from Betley
aunt Sarah came [Sarah Allen]
March - April 1824
Sunday, 28 March 1824
Monday, 29 March 1824
Aunt Sarah went
Tuesday, 30 March 1824
F & I went to Betley
Wednesday, 31 March 1824
X
Thursday, 1 April 1824
a stormy day
Friday, 2 April 1824
Came from Betley
Saturday, 3 April 1824
Mr Steven
April 1824
Sunday, 4 April 1824
Monday, 5 April 1824
Mr Stevens
Harry & Uncle John went to London
Tuesday, 6 April 1824
Aunt Jane & Eliza came [Sarah Elizabeth W, daughter of John & Jane W]
Wednesday, 7 April 1824
Caroline & Jessie came
Thursday, 8 April 1824
Friday, 9 April 1824
Caroline & Jessie went
Saturday, 10 April 1824
Mrs Roscoe came
April 1824
Sunday, 11 April 1824
Monday, 12 April 1824
Mrs Roscoe went
Jessie came
Eliza went to Shrewsbury
Tuesday, 13 April 1824
Finished Lady M. W Montague
Aunt Jane and Jessie went to Shrewsbury
Wednesday, 14 April 1824
Finished Sully
Began Cowpers letters
Thursday, 15 April 1824
Frank finished spreading cow dung
Friday, 16 April 1824
Saturday, 17 April 1824
Went to Whitmore & Newcastle
April 1824
Sunday, 18 April 1824
Monday, 19 April 1824
G. Tollet came [Georgina Tollet]
Tuesday, 20 April 1824
Aunt Jane & family came.
Wednesday, 21 April 1824
Mamma Papa & Ch went to London
Thursday, 22 April 1824
Friday, 23 April 1824
G. Tollet went
Tollet [crossed]
Saturday, 24 April 1824
Jessie came
April – May 1824
Sunday, 25 April 1824
Monday, 26 April 1824
began Madme de Staal
Tuesday, 27 April 1824
Went to Parkfield
X
Wednesday, 28 April 1824
Drank tea with Miss Morgan
Thursday, 29 April 1824
Went to Betley
Friday, 30 April 1824
Saturday, 1 May 1824
Went home with Jessie
to [crossed]
began Retz
May 1824
Sunday, 2 May 1824
My birthday Hurra!
Monday, 3 May 1824
Hensleigh came home.
Tuesday, 4 May 1824
Uncle John & Eliza dined here
Jessie went home. [2 lines crossed]
Wednesday, 5 May 1824
Uncle John and Eliza & Hensliegh came from Shrewsbury
Jessie went home
Thursday, 6 May 1824
Friday, 7 May 1824
Saturday, 8 May 1824
Jessie came
May 1824
Sunday, 9 May 1824
Monday, 10 May 1824
Went to call at Betley, drove all the way home
Tuesday, 11 May 1824
Wednesday, 12 May 1824
Robert came
went a riding
Thursday, 13 May 1824
Went to P. F with Hensliegh
Friday, 14 May 1824
dined at Wolsley bridge
slept at Lichfield
Coleshill [crossed]
Saturday, 15 May 1824
dined at Coleshill
Slept at Leamington
met Miss Holland P. & L
May 1824
Sunday, 16 May 1824
went to Chapel
walked about
Monday, 17 May 1824
Went to see Warwich castle
Tuesday, 18 May 1824
saw a balloon go up
Wednesday, 19 May 1824
drove out in the carriage
Thursday, 20 May 1824
saw Kenilworth
dined at Coleshill
slept at Lichfield
Friday, 21 May 1824
dined at Wolsley bridge
Slept at P. F -
Saturday, 22 May 1824
came on to Maer
found Papa arrived from London
began Cellini's life
May 1824
Sunday, 23 May 1824
Monday, 24 May 1824
Robert called
Tuesday, 25 May 1824
Began Capt Perry
Wednesday, 26 May 1824
Thursday, 27 May 1824
Went to Linley [illeg] by old Slaney [The Caldwells' house, Linley Wood]
Friday, 28 May 1824
P. Tollet went from Linley
Saturday, 29 May 1824
Came home
May - June 1824
Sunday, 30 May 1824
Monday, 31 May 1824
Tuesday, 1 June 1824
Wednesday, 2 June 1824
Thursday, 3 June 1824
X
Friday, 4 June 1824
Saturday, 5 June 1824
June 1824
Sunday, 6 June 1824
Mr Collins came
Monday, 7 June 1824
Tuesday, 8 June 1824
Wednesday, 9 June 1824
Thursday, 10 June 1824
Friday, 11 June 1824
Saturday, 12 June 1824
Mr Collins went
June 1824
Sunday, 13 June 1824
Monday, 14 June 1824
Pen. Tollet came
Tuesday, 15 June 1824
The London party & Cath Darwin came from London
Wednesday, 16 June 1824
Mr Wm Clive came.
Thursday, 17 June 1824
Friday, 18 June 1824
Saturday, 19 June 1824
The Hollands Susan & Charles came.
June 1824
Sunday, 20 June 1824
A Holiday
Monday, 21 June 1824
Heard Allen was better
The Hollands went
Tuesday, 22 June 1824
Hea
Susan & Cath. went
Wednesday, 23 June 1824
Mamma Papa Ch. Frank and Hen. went to Betley Hall
Thursday, 24 June 1824
Began Voltaire's Louis 15th
left off Retz.
Friday, 25 June 1824
Saturday, 26 June 1824
a holiday because of Maer wakes.
June – July 1824
Sunday, 27 June 1824
Monday, 28 June 1824
Went a riding to Newcastle
Tuesday, 29 June 1824
Went to call at Betley was detained to dinner by the rain
Wednesday, 30 June 1824
Thursday, 1 July 1824
Mr Lee's two surveyors came
X [crossed]
Friday, 2 July 1824
Saturday, 3 July 1824
The Mr Lee's went away
July 1824
Sunday, 4 July 1824
July June June
Monday, 5 July 1824
X June June June June June
Tuesday, 6 July 1824
[sketch]
Wednesday, 7 July 1824
[sketch]
Thursday, 8 July 1824
Went to the archery meeting.
Slept a Parkfield
Friday, 9 July 1824
Saturday, 10 July 1824
came home from P. F.
Hensliegh put out his shoulder
July 1824
Sunday, 11 July 1824
Monday, 12 July 1824
Beautiful weather
Tuesday, 13 July 1824
began Capt Hall
The times.
Mr T [Twomlow] & Swinsertons came to dinner
Wednesday, 14 July 1824
Thursday, 15 July 1824
Friday, 16 July 1824
Saturday, 17 July 1824
Mrs Mayer & Mr Snape
The Hardings of Willowbridge
came to drink tea
July 1824
Sunday, 18 July 1824
Monday, 19 July 1824
Mrs Mayer & Mr Snape came to dinner.
Tuesday, 20 July 1824
Set off to Bolton Abbey
dined at Leek
slept at Macclesfield
Wednesday, 21 July 1824
dined at Burnley
slept at Shipton
Thursday, 22 July 1824
Went to Ice Gordale Skars & Malham Cave.
Slept at Shipton
Friday, 23 July 1824
Went to the valley of Desolation
Saturday, 24 July 1824
Went to abbey, & along the river, a beautiful day
July 1824
Sunday, 25 July 1824
went to church, & a pleasant walk above the river.
went to the Abbey
Monday, 26 July 1824
went to Valley of Desolation
dined at Osley, slept at Thorn arch
Tuesday, 27 July 1824
Walked about.
Wednesday, 28 July 1824
breakfasted at Ferry bridge
dined at Mansfield
slept at Southwell.
saw Sherwood forest
Thursday, 29 July 1824
dined at Derby,
slept at Matlock.
met [H]
Friday, 30 July 1824
walked to the top of high Tor.
Met with the Darwins & Corbats.
went on the river
Saturday, 31 July 1824
went to a mine
went on the river again
Eliza Bent came
August 1824
Sunday, 1 August 1824
went to church
Darwins, & Eliza Bent left us
Monday, 2 August 1824
Went to see Mr Ark uprights ground, let off from Matlock
X
Tuesday, 3 August 1824
The Darwins came in the evenings
Wednesday, 4 August 1824
read Boswick's journey to the Hebrides
A party of Nickelson's came to tea
Thursday, 5 August 1824
Mems. I owe Eliz. 7..6.
Friday, 6 August 1824
Saturday, 7 August 1824
Lame home from P. F.
Harry came in the evening
August 1824
Sunday, 8 August 1824
A holiday.
had some of Ogden's sermons
Monday, 9 August 1824
began Lacratelle
Tuesday, 10 August 1824
Wednesday, 11 August 1824
Thursday, 12 August 1824
Went to Betley Hall
Friday, 13 August 1824
Saturday, 14 August 1824
came from Betley
August 1824
Sunday, 15 August 1824
Monday, 16 August 1824
Went to Betley
Tuesday, 17 August 1824
Wednesday, 18 August 1824
came home
Thursday, 19 August 1824
Friday, 20 August 1824
Saturday, 21 August 1824
Harry came from Shrewsbury
August 1824
Sunday, 22 August 1824
Monday, 23 August 1824
G. Tollet came
Tuesday, 24 August 1824
Wednesday, 25 August 1824
Thursday, 26 August 1824
G Tollet went.
E. F. & J went to Linley
Friday, 27 August 1824
Saturday, 28 August 1824
came home
Aunt Sarah came
August - September 1824
Sunday, 29 August 1824
began Hord Pan lined
Monday, 30 August 1824
Mem – I owe Fanny 9.. 2.
Tuesday, 31 August 1824
Jessie & Uncle John came
Wednesday, 1 September 1824
Thursday, 2 September 1824
Jessie went to Betley
Friday, 3 September 1824
Saturday, 4 September 1824
Fanny & Harry set off on their riding tour
September 1824
Sunday, 5 September 1824
Monday, 6 September 1824
Jessie came back
Tuesday, 7 September 1824
Wednesday, 8 September 1824
finished Boswell
Thursday, 9 September 1824
Friday, 10 September 1824
Saturday, 11 September 1824
began Sir S Renold
September 1824
Sunday, 12 September 1824
Monday, 13 September 1824
Went to P. F
Tuesday, 14 September 1824
Wednesday, 15 September 1824
Thursday, 16 September 1824
Came home heard of M's marriage [Marianne Darwin to Henry Parker]
Friday, 17 September 1824
was confirmed with Jessie
Saturday, 18 September 1824
September 1824
Sunday, 19 September 1824
Monday, 20 September 1824
Tuesday, 21 September 1824
Wednesday, 22 September 1824
Thursday, 23 September 1824
Friday, 24 September 1824
Saturday, 25 September 1824
September – October 1824
Sunday, 26 September 1824
Monday, 27 September 1824
Tuesday, 28 September 1824
Wednesday, 29 September 1824
Thursday, 30 September 1824
Susan Catherine & Robert came
wicked time
Friday, 1 October 1824
revels
Saturday, 2 October 1824
revels
October 1824
Sunday, 3 October 1824
Monday, 4 October 1824
revels
X
Tuesday, 5 October 1824
X
acted some of Merry wives of Windsor
revels
Wednesday, 6 October 1824
!!!!
quiet evening
Thursday, 7 October 1824
Jessie went
Friday, 8 October 1824
Saturday, 9 October 1824
Susan & Cath. went
October 1824
Sunday, 10 October 1824
Monday, 11 October 1824
Hensliegh went to Cambridge.
Tuesday, 12 October 1824
Aunt Sarah dined
Wednesday, 13 October 1824
Thursday, 14 October 1824
Guillemards came
Friday, 15 October 1824
Saturday, 16 October 1824
October 1824
Sunday, 17 October 1824
Monday, 18 October 1824
Guillemards went
Uncle & Mrs Baugh came
Tuesday, 19 October 1824
Wednesday, 20 October 1824
Thursday, 21 October 1824
Friday, 22 October 1824
Saturday, 23 October 1824
October 1824
Sunday, 24 October 1824
gave tippets to the school
Monday, 25 October 1824
Tuesday, 26 October 1824
Went to Linley
Wednesday, 27 October 1824
came back
Thursday, 28 October 1824
Friday, 29 October 1824
Began Tasso
Saturday, 30 October 1824
Harry went
October - November 1824
Sunday, 31 October 1824
Monday, 1 November 1824
Mr & Mrs Tollet & Eliza came
X [crossed]
Tuesday, 2 November 1824
Mr & Mrs Tollet went.
S. Caldwell came
Wednesday, 3 November 1824
Eliza T. & S Caldwell went
Thursday, 4 November 1824
Mem I owe Mamma for nightcaps
X
Friday, 5 November 1824
Saturday, 6 November 1824
November 1824
Sunday, 7 November 1824
Monday, 8 November 1824
Tuesday, 9 November 1824
Mr & Miss Whitney came.
Wednesday, 10 November 1824
Fanny & I went to Shrewsbury
came from
Thursday, 11 November 1824
Went a shopping
Friday, 12 November 1824
Saturday, 13 November 1824
Went a shopping & to the play
saw Richard 3rd & sleep walker
November 1824
Sunday, 14 November 1824
went to evening church
Monday, 15 November 1824
came home with Susan.
Tuesday, 16 November 1824
Susan & Fanny went on to P. F.
Mrs Glover & Anne came
Wednesday, 17 November 1824
walked with Anne
Thursday, 18 November 1824
I went to P. F & Fanny came home
Friday, 19 November 1824
Saturday, 20 November 1824
I came home
began Lady Morgan's Italy
Sunday, 21 November 1824
Monday, 22 November 1824
Susan came.
Tuesday, 23 November 1824
Books
Wednesday, 24 November 1824
Thursday, 25 November 1824
Friday, 26 November 1824
Saturday, 27 November 1824
November - December 1824
Sunday, 28 November 1824
Monday, 29 November 1824
Mrs Allen & Susan went -
Tuesday, 30 November 1824
M. C. E & Jos went to Betley
Wednesday, 1 December 1824
Began Lowth
Thursday, 2 December 1824
deep snow
They went from Betley to dine at Dr Basnett
Friday, 3 December 1824
Saturday, 4 December 1824
December 1824
Sunday, 5 December 1824
Monday, 6 December 1824
Tuesday, 7 December 1824
M. P. Ch. & F. went to dine at Dr Northern's
Wednesday, 8 December 1824
finished Sir J Reynold
X
Thursday, 9 December 1824
M. Ch. F & Jos. went to H
Hensliegh & At Sarah came
Friday, 10 December 1824
Saturday, 11 December 1824
Jos & Franny came from Stych
M. & Ch. went to Shrewsbury
December 1824
Sunday, 12 December 1824
Monday, 13 December 1824
Aunt S. & Susan went to London
Tuesday, 14 December 1824
Wednesday, 15 December 1824
Finished Lacratelle
Thursday, 16 December 1824
Friday, 17 December 1824
Saturday, 18 December 1824
Mamma Ch. & Charles D came from Shrewsbury
December 1824
Sunday, 19 December 1824
Monday, 20 December 1824
Tuesday, 21 December 1824
Wednesday, 22 December 1824
Thursday, 23 December 1824
Friday, 24 December 1824
Began Hodgson's letters.
Saturday, 25 December 1824
December 1824
Sunday, 26 December 1824
Monday, 27 December 1824
Caroline D. came
Tuesday, 28 December 1824
Wednesday, 29 December 1824
Pen & F Tollet came
Thursday, 30 December 1824
Friday, 31 December 1824
January
My allowance Dec 1 1823 500
500
In hand 8
Won at cards 2
10
February
My habit 32
Norwich crape 15
Calico 46
To Fanny 6
1 [crossed]
In hand 8
500
House 6
Mending shoes 6
Lent Mamma 5
Sacrament 2
In hand 2
100
March
1 Borrowed of Fanny
To Catherine 11
Gloves 5 6
3 Borrowed of F.
1 In hand
2 6 Won at cards
5 My allowance due Ap
6 2 6
Making habit 13
Paid Fanny 1 4 5
Habit shirts 3
Lost at card 4 6
In hand 3 8 6
3 8 6 In hand 6 3 6
Shoe rubber 6
6 From Eliza
396 In hand 39 3 9 6
April
3 9 In hand 1
Walch rib 1
comb 1 6
Sacrament 2 6
hair cut 1
In hand 3 1
[illeg] 1 6
In hand 2 1 5 6
31.0
2 1 5 6 In hand
shoes 13 6
sundries 1 [crossed]
toothbrush 1
1 book 1 6
In hand 2 6
2 1 6 6
May
2 0 6 In hand
5 6 from the house
10 from Fanny
My allowance 3rd day July 1st 5 0 0
won at card 1
2 6
5 6
10
7 1 7 0
In hand 1 9
Eliz lent me 6
June
Gown £1 9
lost at cards 3
Gown & gloves &c 1 17 0
Bonnet 2 15
In hand 1 9
73
Gloves 1 8
B. Brown 6
veil 3 7 1/2
bonnet 17 6
hank ker chief 5
1 8 3 1/2
July
from Papa 1 [crossed]
Sep 13 my allowance 5 due 1st of October
500
In hand 396
from Eliz 4
August
Stays 1
turnpike 1 [crossed] 1
sundries 4 6
lent the house 4 6
muslin 1
In hand 8 9 6
506
lent Eliz 4
mending shoes
pairs socks 2 3
mending boots 1 6
September
In hand 3 6
Novr. recd my allowance due Janry 7 10
Miss Emma
London March twenty on
Miss Emma
Sir James Mackintosh
3 7 8 9
[doodles]
October
Paid Eliz for stuff pd & York journey 1 3 3
all my 2 6 8
Fanny did not [illeg] except 7 [crossed] 2
I owe her
In hand 3 0 6
combs 4
paid Fanny 2
gown 7 3
work 8 9
stockings 14 6
In hand 5 2 6
7 10 8
2 – 19 -11 [+] 1 – 16 – 6 [=] 4 – 16 – 15
November
Cash account
In hand 5 2 6
2 [crossed]
found 1 [3 lines crossed]
5 3 0
Fanny lent me 1
In hand 5 2 6
found 1
from house 3
5 7 6
#
1 -16 -6 [+] 2 – 12 – 3 [=] 4 – 8 - 9
December
Shoes paid 6
cards 6
lent Eliz 1
chintz gown 2 9
shifts 2 6 [crossed]
Pins 6
In hand 3 1 6
5 1 4 6 [all lines crossed]
Shoes paid 6
cards 6
lent house 3
chintz gown 2 9
Pins 6
cards 1 6
In hand 3 2 9
5 1 4 6
[page break]
In hand 3 1
sundries 3 3
arrows bet 12 8
22
In hand 2 3 6
3 1 4
Lost at cards 2 6
Mrs Masons 16 5
bile
In hand 1 3 7
2 12 6
4 – 8 – 9 [+] 18 – 1 [+] 19 – 11 = 6 – 6 – 9
[not microfilmed]
1238 18 18 1823
100
12345 1823
12 123456 1823
1234567
15 16 17 18
12 13 14
8 9 10 11
[sketch]
List of marriages between
Sir Baldwin Leighton
Sir T. Boughey
Miss Leighton
Hen Thornton
Citation: John van Wyhe, ed. 2002-. The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online. (http://darwin-online.org.uk/)
File last updated 16 October, 2023