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WED's Note Books Botany containing letters from CD to him

(42)

Justinian's Institutes   Book III IV

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(1)

July 13. 1862.

Examined 2nd flowers of wild pansy, they appear like very small buds externally,  but internally,  they appear more forward, — seeds in ovary pollen largish,  tho' the anthers have not opened — in these buds we have a good of example of the stamens being hypogynous, the monadelphous [illeg]-base where they are fastened Each is fastened to a ring strap-like filament which all come away just as if it had been a monopetalous Corolla.—

——

Looked at Lithrum, for two or 3. length of pistil & Centaury,  and got some Valerian to look at —

plenty of butchers broom in Wood on left about 1 mile this side of Netley

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* [sketch] pedicel ought to be more bent see *

Showing angle style makes in Lysimachia Vulgaris — Causing the stigma always or almost always to protrude out side unequal ring of stamens

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3

Lysimachia Vulgaris Vulgaris got in Wood on left on way to Netley Abbey    July 20 1862

 

A 1 a half opened flower— lower stamens longest but pistil not next it.

((2). an open flower — lower st longest pistil in contact with it    others [illeg] of one length.

(3). open fl. — lower st. longest.    pistil in contact with it    the other 4 of slightly unequal lengths but none as long as the lower

(4) open flower— lower stamen longest.    pistil in close contact with it    other 4 of one length.

   [sketch] birds' eye view of stamens

stigma

lower stamen

   [sketch] lower stamen

   * stigma seems to continue the bend of pedicel

(5) With petal & sepals cut off    lower stamen is the stamen turning with the bend of pedicel and is opposite the lower petal— between the two lower pair sepals as the sepals & petals alternate

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5

   Lysimachia Vulagris

(B)

(1) only 4 sepals. petals. stamens — open flower— lower stamen the longest not in close contact with pistil — pistil almost upright    other stamens of one length

(2) (with 5 divisions )    open flower    lower stamen the longest    not in cont, with p.—    4 stamens one length

(3). bud— 5th longest. filaments with shoot not in contact with p.    other 4 of one length

――—

C. 1 5th stamen. hardly still longer than others tho' just apparent — (open flowers ) not in contact with pistil.    pistil apparently rather ? longer than in (A) or (B) — other 4 slightly uneven

(2) the 5th st not longer than the others (open flower) not in contact with pistil all about same length — forming a ring round pistil as also to e,  [sketch] e g

not

(3) 5th stamen slightly longer (not by 1/2 another,) in contact with pistil — stamen of same length almost in a ring— young open flower

(4). bud. stamen forming complete ring round pistil— all same length .— stamen ring short filament.— almost sessile

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Lysimachia Vulgaris

* this is apparently nothing or hardly anything more than age as gradations and differences in that respect on same plant are found.

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7

5.— bud— stamens all same length almost a ring — filaments very short— almost sessile

* [sketch]

(1) Bud of C)

[sketch]

(2) Bid of (B) or (A)

 

D.

1 Stamens almost same length ring shaped round pistil—    open flower—

(2) 5th st longest— not in contact with pistil 4 others all of same length — open flower

(3) open flower — almost ring shaped    5th st. rather longest— almost in contact with pistil

(4) Bud— filaments long — 5th stamen the longest not in contact with pistil like figure (?)

5. Bud— filaments long 1/2 between figures (1) & (2) — almost ring shaped — 5th stamen hardly still longer — stigma pistil a good length

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9    Lysimachia Vulgaris

in Lysimachia Vulgaris.

25 flowers examined from 5 different plants.

Of these 25, 13 had 5th stamen longest.

      2    4th & 5th ―

   About 5. had the pistil in contact or nearly so with 5th stamen

   10 had no points in them

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9

E (1) stamens almost same length — perhaps stamen on right of 5th a little shorter than the other.

E. (1). two lower stamens grown together if anything a little longer than other three,  pistil almost in Contact with these st 2.— open flower

   2. in four parts — pistil in middle — one stamen a little shorter than other three .— open flower—

   3. bud— 5th stamen longest— filaments long— pistil not in contact.

   4. small bud— almost ring shaped— filaments shortish— two apparently a little longer than other three.

F .(1). Open flower — lower stamen longer    pistil approaching it.

   (2). two lower stamens rather longer    pistil not in contact.— open flower

   (3) only 4 stamens— 5 petals. stamens about the same length. the fourth bent from the others.

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Lysimachia V.

Lysimachia Nemorosum July 1862

5 equal stamens in [illeg] ring round pistil —    pistils of all same length perhaps in one or two cases the 5th Stamen was slightly removed from the others ――—

the tendency in L. Vulgaris is not obvious except on close examination, & then more in some set of flowers than in other

L. nummularia. perfectly regular but look at it.

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11

4. 5th stamen longest standing rather apart    bud —    filaments longish.

 

the tendency in Lysimachia Thyrsiflora Vulgaris is to have generally one sometimes two lower stamens longer than other three, this graduates from stamens of one length— to one evidently longer than the others and with a decided tendency to be in contact with pistil.

When one stamen is longer than others it is always the lower. one in position as the flower  grows. see page 9

the flower symmetrical

When the lower stamen is the longest then the other four seem to be divided into pairs. [sketch]

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stamens two lengths. one length riper than the other — in (A)

Outer row apparently the longest

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13

Lythrum. July 20. 1862,  from Netley

A. (1) pistil quite hidden in tube of Calyx.— so that when Calyx teeth are cut off— a narrow slip about so broad (——) has to be cut off before the top of pistil can be seen above flower held at level of eye.

(2) .— pistil— do — can just be seen when Calyx teeth are cut off.

(3). pistil — same as first in all points—.

(4). pistil — same as first ——

――—

B. (1) —pistil— 3/4 length of calyx above s the calyx — shorter stamens within Calyx tube.

   (2) pistil— ditto in every respect. —

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15

Epilobium

   July 20. 1862.

Stamens 8. 4 long four short

the 4 longs about length of pistil

so that they would almost impregnate the flower themselves— ? if the flower fails being impregnated by insects by the short stamens, may not the long ones be a safe guard — hence a flower impregnated by its own long stamens ought to be more fertile than if impregnated by its short, and less than when impregnated by short of another — ? as to long of another

Epilobium Angustifolia

stamens all the same length.

Epilobium parviflorum (At—d)

stamens unequal length — longer longer than pistil— stigma cross shaped — basally 4 lobed

—

E Montanum D—d — ditto

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When pollen is gone

the filament appear much longer above pistil than when anther is fresh.

Opened bud — stamens shorter than pistil

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17

Circea    July 1862

Examined roughly 1/2 dozen flowers, same in all respects.— —

Erythraea Centaureum (E. pulchella)    July 1862.

A. (1). less lobes of corolla cut off.    pistil upright,  stamens on one side of pistil. stamen longer by length of anther and a little over— pollen not gone

[sketch] I belongs to (2)

(2). lobes of C cut off — pollen gone    pistil and stamens same as A (1)    see figure, perhaps, little longer above pistil than A .I.

(3). lobes cut off.    stamens same as (A) (2). I    but perhaps only longer than pistil by anther.

(4) Stamens same as rest    pollen gone    but stamens, but excess of filament over pistil 2 times sig. I

(5.) same as fig I — pollen not gone

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The stamens seem generally grouped on one side of pistil — —

pg = pollen gone

png = pollen not gone

"Just an anther above stigma"— means that top of filaments reaches just to top of stigma. —

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19

Erythraea

B (1). stamens little longer than pistil see fig I. — pollen gone

   (2) pollen not gone — top of stigma about 1/2 way up the anther

   (3) pollen not gone — whole of stigma just above top of anthers.

   [sketch] II belongs to B (3)

C. (1). pollen gone. another shrivelled — bottom of anther just below stigma ridge

   (2) pollen not g. — top of stigma about 3/4 up the anthers.

   (3). pg. st. just an anther above stigma

   (3) png.— stigma (top of) just above 1/2 way up anther

(4) pg.    stigma stamens just an another above stigma

(5) pg .— stamens about same as (4)

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21

Erythraea

D. (1)

png.    top of anther about up to top of stigma — pistil bends over to one side stamens to the other.

[sketch] III. belongs to D (1).

   (2). pg. pistil and stamens upright    Stamens about an anther longer than stigma

   (3) pg. — pistil slightly twisted as fig III. — stamens slightly turned away from it — about an anther above stigma

   (4) png. bud.— pistil slightly twisted    stamens around it    top of anther up to base of stigma

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Length of stamens are measured by supposing both stamens and pistil upright—

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23

Erythraea

E.(1). pg — like figure III, stamens not quite so much bent over,  about an anther longer than p pistil not quite so far bent t the right. or quite so long beyond Corolla tube,  but general effect the same ——

   (2). pg. — in all respects like E (1).

(3). bud— png: same as other two.    top of pistil about 1/2 way up anther    stamens rather shorter— pistil not as much bent over to right as in E. III. (2) apparently held straight in bud.

F. (1). pg — 3 of stamens turned away as in fig III — the other two half turned away — pistil slightly turned to the right — stamen about another longer pistil

   (3). pollen not quite gone — top of stamens up to top of stigma — pistil twisted to the right as in fig III— stamens also slightly twisted to left but not so much as in F (1) or (2),  or in E.

   (4). Bud png — Very like fig III. but p or st not quite as long— Pistil not quite so much twisted to the right — As f stigma 3/4 up anther

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in F (1). (2).— stamens are twisted t as to cluster round pistil— not so as to be all to the left as in fig III.

st. a:al.p : stamens about an anther longer than pistil. —

st aa2 lp ― 2 ― ―. ―

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25

Erythraea

(5). note withered pg. — p & st twisted but not as much the previous ones.

――—

F. (1) pg. pistil slightly twisted to right    stamens upright— about 1/2 anther longer p

   (2) pg.— pistil, sts — upright— stamens clustered round pistil, top of anther about top of p—

(3) pg— pistil perceptibly turned to right, stamens in contact with pistil on the left    stamen about an long pistil

(3) pg. pistil upright— stamens clustered but inclined to be on the left (nearly st aalp

(4) pg. pistil perceptibly turned to right    stamens almost in contact on the left.

(5) but— png— pistil slightly to right — stamens slightly to left — top of anther to top of pistil

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[sketch]

fig III E (3)

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27

Erythraea

E. (1) pg. pistil upright— stamens clustered    st aa1 1/2lp.

   (2). pg    do ― ― do ―

   (3) png. — pistil upright — stamens on left    st aa2 1/2lp.

   (4) png .— pistil upright — stamens on left st aa2lp —

   (5) pg.— pistil nearly upright — stamen— do—    st aa1 1/2lp —

   (6) png — pistil slightly turned to right    st slightly to left    st aa1 3/4lp.

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H. lighter pink than next

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29

Erythraea

H.

   (1). pollen gone. pistil perceptibly turned to right stamens very much turned to left    st aa1 1/2lp,  stamens a

   (2) pollen gone— like fig III — outer pistil and stamens more turned to right and left — pistil not quite so long.— top of anthers about top of pistil

   (3). pollen gone — like the last — tho not quite as much twisted to right and left— stamens not much longer than pistil

   (4) pistil twisted to right. (pg)    stamens clustered round pistil    st and p. same length about —

5 6 }. stamens in contact or clustered.

   (7). png. bud — stamens much turned to left— p slightly to right    st aalp——

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I. same colour as H .

(1). pistil & st. nearly upright st on left

(2) (do)    do  

(3) (do)    do  

(4) do    do  

(5) do    — do  

(6) do?    do  

(7)       do  

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31

Erythraea

I. (1). pollen gone, like fig .IIII.    tho' perhaps even a little longer above pistil— which only appears as stigma above Corolla tube

   (2) .— pollen gone— almost same as last. the stamens not quite so long above stigma,  stigma rather more above C. tube —

(3) — pg. — same tendency, tho stamens shrivelled— Hence not much above pistil— perhaps st aalp

(4). pg. — same — st aalp/

(5) .pollen gone. pistil little to right st little to left nearly st aalp

5. pollen gone — st aalp. clustered

6. pg. — st aalp.

7. pollen gone. st aa1 1/2lp.

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33

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35

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Lythrum

[sketch]

fig I.

with left petals cut off, and a section of Calyx cut away to show the interior under weakest power exact

pistil seems to have a slight twist to the left as drawn — no it is only bend in stigma

[sketch]

length of style not much more than 1/2 length of ovary

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July 26. 1862

Lythrum       Continued from page 13.    got from Chandler's ford—

(1) (1). the top of stigma just came 3/4 of way up Calyx tube see fig. I. — longer stamens the ripest — long black, the short b yellow.— the long and short stamens alternate on Calyx —

s (2). same as (1) in all respects.

   (3). same as (1) (2). ——    perhaps top of stigma reached the very slightest above 3/4 — decided turn to left in pistil

   (4) same as rest exactly.

long stamens opp. sepals ?

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[sketch]

fig II. same in do as (fig 2) — length of style just twice length of ovary.

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39

Lithrum

(2) .(1) pistil as in figure drawn about 1/3 way up the petal.    long stamens just above Calyx teeth.    short just above ovary.    ovary smaller than in (1).    the long ones in this occupy just about the same place, as the short in (1). Calyx teeth and petals alternate    long stamens opp— the petals ?

   (2) just the same as (1).

   (3)    — do.    lower set of stamens seem rather uneven in length.

   (4).    — do.    lower st seems rather uneven some little longer than in fig II some shorter.

upper of set of stamens slightly irregular

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Lp = long pistil

Sp = short do }

Its stamens alternate with petal =s and sepals

[sketch]

fig III.

mp = middle length pistil

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41

Lithrum

3 (1). Lp — long stamens slightly longer than in fig. II.    short stamens almost 1/2 way up the part of Calyx above the ovary, irregular in length

4. Lp. — same as last in particular—

5.. Sp— same as fig I.

6.) Lp. — see (3)

(7). Mp — see fig III. top of pistil reaches just about to top of Calyx teeth as drawn    long-stamens about 1/2 way up the petals — shorter varying 1/2 way up style.

8. mp — perhaps pistil reaches a little beyond Calyx teeth.

9. mp.—    longer stamens ripest    lower stamens varying up to nearly underneath stigma

10. mp.

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total of 27 plants

   9 — Sp.

   11 — Lp

   7 — mp

the long sta Lp . pollen apparently least ripe

Not one of them with red filaments & green pollen masses — as in Mp & Sp

Lpn. Stigma the largest

Mp'. smallest

Sp    between

pollen grains of Lp decidedly larger than those of Mp

I think Sp's between ?

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43

Lythrum

11. Mp—

12. Lp—

13.    Sp.

14.    Sp.

15.    Sp.

16.    Lp.

17.    Lp.

18.    Mp.

19.    Sp.

20.    Sp.

21.    Sp. Pistil slightly shorter than others [illeg].

22.    Sp. — the pistil longer up to top of sepals — but both sets of stamens are longer then p— ∴ Sp.

23.    Lp.

24.    Lp.

25.    Lp.

26.    Mp.

27.    Sp.

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Lp. (1)    the flower of no use.

Of = open flower

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45

to judge of different degrees of advancement in pollen I take 7 flowers of each kind & separate one from each plant — and compare

Lp (1). two top 17 buds whorls greater buds

3rd whorl 13 buds one open flower

Next whorl 14 buds 2 open flowers

5th w. 12 buds 3 open flowers,  5 buds opening

6.th w. 8 buds 4 o/f. one bud opening, 4 petals gone fading

7th W. 6 buds 6 o/f. — 2 bud opening    4 petals gone

8th w. 12 buds 6 o/f—    2 ―    3 or 4 ―

――—

filaments all white    pollen yellow & much apparently only begun to go    *

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Counting the whorls by the spirals rows of bracts under cluster of buds

Whorls differ in amount of compactness in same sort

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47

Lp. (2).

16 whorls all buds

17 w.    4 flowers open — 30 buds

18. w.    12 flowers open — one bud opening — 13 buds — 1 faded —

19. w.    12 o/f. 1 bud opening —15 buds

20. w.    11 o/f — 2 or 3 withering 18. buds

21. w — roughly the same

22. w. 9 o/f 1 bud opening 10 withered 6 buds

——

Mps .Sps too withered

============

Out of the 27 flowers

there is no doubt that the Mp. & Lp are much more advanced than the Lps

——

both in Sp and Mp — filaments at least of longer stamens red and pollen green see * p. 45

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49

Aug. 6 1862

Classed 99 . 102 Lythrum .

42. Long styled

31. Middle styled

29. Short styled } = 102.

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Nov 2. 1862.

Counted seeds in L. S Lythrum.

   Pod (1). Contained 93 seeds    not counting those evidently Void or those shrivelled on the convex side

[sketch] seeds

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51

Aug 1862.

   Valeriana officinalis — to be examined next year.

the light and darker pinks seem to have some difference in length of pistil — & stamens.

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53

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55

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57

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59

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61

Corydalis from Sketch book page 49.

In fig. 6 the curve of ovary is slightly exaggerated.

fig 7 in ripe ovule in which the crest is not very plain,  the ovule when rips is of a deep chocolate colour.

fig 1    When the petal B and the two hooded lateral petals are pushed back they draw the stigma and stamens back for a short distance so that when released they spring forward with increased vigour, that is the pistil springs forward and some of stamens accompany it.

The pistil when released settles itself into the furrow of petal A fig 1 fig 2 And so completely fills it up as almost to render it impossible for an insect to visit the nectary by passing its proboscis down the furrow.

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Corydal

in the earlier stages of the flowers the stigma has a side twist,  and by the time it has been set off and is in the furros it is entirely or certainly more than 3/4 twisted on one side,  so that instead of stigma. being in contact with the dorsal line of the furrow it lies Against one side of the Valley.

in fig 1 5th. bn. the stigma turns to the right when the flower is held so that Petal A is furthest, but it sometimes turns to the left.

the stigma turns on one side evidently in order that pollen nay be brushed out by side of Valley.

the stigma in the hood is full of pollen after being some short time in the Valley

there is very little in the hood stigma

in Corydalis lutea the stigma goes straight into— the— groove

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63

Fumitory

there seems to be no spring in style

the style fits straight into groove

the stigma is not cup-shaped but as follows

[unlabeled diagram]

the stamens cling round it but they are not so hand-shaped.

the back petal does not seem to spring back ——

 

Pryor1 p. 228 "Traite D'organographie"

Pryor says that the sepals are properly anterior & posterior not lateral as one sees than they become lateral by a twist of 1/4 circumference pedicel (this happens in Fumaria Platycapnos Corydalis not in Dielytra) So too the petals which originally were lateral become anterior & posterior,  posterior being spurred.

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67

Pulmonaria    (Blue = long p )(Red = short p.)

Anchusa officinalis     Dimorphic May 4 1863

Pollen of Short —pistilled decidedly the largest

the Flower of Short-pistilled seem smallest

&and the flower of longest style largest

examined 52 plants    the Longest styled 14 Long styled 22 Short-styled.

the scales in Boragineae are said to be abortive stamens, (especially as in Symphytum a spiral vessel can be seen going up to scale )

hence seems in both long & short styled the scales are in same position, the dimorphism began after the stamens were abortive or they are not stamens at all —

   Sunday May 10 1863.

      marked a good many plants in wood.

      reckoning from large tree with dead log on it, the plants are near the 3rd. & 4th tree in a line from entrance tree

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Anchusa .Pulmonaria

Do flowers either different species or those of same species grow larger and more conspicuous in shady or hidden places. ?    I think something of this kind is the case with Anchusa —

on July 18. 63, I went to collect seeds and found all the flower stalks withered & seeds scattered,    I went 3 weeks or a month too late —

those observations on Anchusa May 1864 former observations correct

the short styled bore most flowers

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71)

List of plants apparently to prevent self fertilization

Examine fertilization of Pedicularis

―    Melampyrumn—

―    Common Broom

Coriander

Passion flower

Laburnum

Violet

Corydalis

Lobelia

Cistus ?

Fumitory ?

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75

 Jan. 64

formation of cells Müller

the formation of cells may be seen in Phytolacca decandra,

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77.

Dimorphism

Primula

Menyanthes

Linum

Lythrum

Pulmonaria

Echium

Thynus

Leersia

Hottonia

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79

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31

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83

Menyanthes    Dimorphic

Collected May 19. 1864.

Examined pollen, the short styled pollen the largest though not so very markedly.

The Short styled anthers also the largest I think.

Anthers variable in size

the long styled stigma the largest,  but very variable as is also the short styled stigma

Examined 247 plants, 110 were Long style 137 Short styled

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85

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87

Helianthemum Vulgare

Examined Jun 26. 70 — winter

As to movement of petals stamens.

in most of the open flowers whether old or new the stamens when irritated as by a grass slowly but quite visibly move outwards from the style.

in a fresh plant the normal position of stamens seems to be clustered close round the style,  the stigma standing out a little above stamens.— in other flower the stamens do not stand so close round style.    when irritated the stamens move outwards always 45° sometimes say 70° but they hardly ever (tho' I saw one or two cases) lie flat on petals. in about 9 minutes they have risen up again,  but by that time have not collected quite so clearly round pistil as they were    I have not had time to see if they do ultimately. I saw the bees by visiting them caused this same action up the stamens. When

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the stamens have moved out.    the stigma is certainly left in a very suitable position to be fertilized by a bee following.

H. Vulgare would be worth Crossing in Cultivation & fertilizing by own pollen

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89.

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97    Fertilization of Orchids.

page 290 the spiral vessels being arranged in stages is the generally the case,  than is do than sp vessels in same ovary axial from one group of vessels

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Pages — index.

page (1). Wild Pansy — second flowers

pages 3—11    Lysimachia Vulgaris.

page 13.    Lythrum Salicaria

" 15.    Epilobium

" 17.    Circaea

" 17—31. Erythraea Centrostema

" 37—49.    Lythrum Salicaria again

" 51.    Valeriana officinalis

" 61.    Corydalis Clar.

" 67.    Anchusa

" 71.    List of plants apparently adapted to prevent self fertilization

   75    formation of Cells

   77    Dimorphism

   83    Menyanthes

   87    Helianthemum Vulgare

   97    Spiral Vessels in Orchids

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[back cover]

Justinian's Institutes   Book III IV