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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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(I), and the eight descended from (A), will have to be ranked as very distinct genera, or even as distinct sub-families. Thus it is, as I believe, that two or more genera are produced by descent with modification, from two or more species of the same genus. And the two or more parent-species are supposed to be descended from some one species of an earlier genus. In our diagram, this is indicated by the broken lines, beneath the capital letters, converging in sub-branches downwards towards a
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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formerly more closely allied, than it is at present, to the northern half. In a similar manner we know, from Falconer and Cautley's discoveries, that Northern India was formerly more closely related in its mammals to Africa than it is at the present time. Analogous facts could be given in relation to the distribution of marine animals. On the theory of descent with modification, the great law of the long enduring, but not immutable, succession of the same types within the same areas, is at once
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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rudimentary nails on the fin of the manatee have been developed for this same purpose. On the view of descent with modification, the origin of rudimentary organs is comparatively simple; and we can understand to a large extent the laws governing their imperfect development. We have plenty of cases of rudimentary organs in our domestic productions, as the stump of a tail in tailless breeds, the vestige of an ear in earless breeds of sheep, the reappearance of minute dangling horns in hornless
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F401
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1876. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed., with additions and corrections. [First issue of final definitive text]
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same time be able to give a definite answer to the question why two distinct species, when crossed, as well as their hybrid offspring, are generally rendered more or less sterile, whilst two domesticated varieties when crossed and their mongrel offspring are perfectly fertile. Turning to geographical distribution, the difficulties encountered on the theory of descent with modification are serious enough. All the individuals of the same species, and all the species of the same genus, or even higher
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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and in many cases it can never now be obtained owing to the reckless destruction of forests and with them of countless species of plants and animals. In the next place we require a true and natural classification of animals and plants, so that we may know their real affinities; and it is only now that this is being generally arrived at. We further have to make use of the theory of descent with modification as the only possible key to the interpretation of the facts of distribution, and this
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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delicate gradations in the modification of the continental species, from perfect identity, through slight varieties, local forms, and insular races, to well-defined species and even distinct genera, afford an overwhelming mass of evidence in favour of the theory of descent with modification. [page] 38
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F3396
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. [Letter extract from 1881 and recollection of Darwin's words]. In R. Meldola, The presidential address: Darwin and modern evolution. Transactions of the Essex Field Club 3: 64-93.
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are formed on the same pattern, and at a very early age the embryos closely resemble each other therefore I cannot doubt that the theory of descent with modification embraces all the members of the same [page] 9
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A2640
Periodical contribution:
Quatrefages, M. de. 1882. [Recollection of Darwin]. Charles Darwin. Annals and magazine of natural history, vol. 9, ser. 5: 467-474.
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having been rejected as a Correspondent of the Institute, although subsequently elected. Further, M. de Quatrefages, with many French naturalists, stood in opposition to the theory of the origin of species by descent with modification, as enunciated by Darwin; and we have here a brief exposition of his views upon this subject, and side by side with this a statement of those considerations which seem to him to establish the preeminent merit of the great philosopher whose loss is here
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A886
Periodical contribution:
Anon. 1882. [Obituary] Charles Darwin. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (series 5) 9 (no. 53, May): 402-404.
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accordance with these speedily led to the recognition of the fact that the doctrine of the origin of species by descent with modification, was, if not absolutely true in the particular form given to it by Mr. Darwin, at any rate the best scientific explanation of the observed facts of natural history. Thus, by his publications of the last twenty-four years, Mr. Darwin, already known as one of the best of English naturalists, has exerted a greater influence upon the study of biology than any one since
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A2951
Book:
Bacon, G. W. [1882]. The life of Charles Darwin, with British opinion on evolution. Compiled by G. W. Bacon, F.R.G.S. London: G. W. Bacon & Co.
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confidence; but he went very far. I cannot doubt, he said, that the theory of descent, with modification, embraces all the members of the same class. I believe that animals have descended from at most four or five progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number. He looked forward even farther, however. Analogy would lead me one step farther, he said, namely, to the belief that all animals and plants have descended from some one prototype. Daring as these views seem even now, it is difficult to
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A7
Periodical contribution:
Carpenter, W. B. 1882. Charles Darwin: his life and work. Modern Review. 3: 500-24.
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imperfection of the Geological record which we were fully prepared to admit. It showed that, on general grounds, the probability of a genetic continuity of Organic Life throughout the geological series, the Fauna and Flora of any epoch being the product of descent with modification from that which preceded it, is far greater than that of successive new creations. And to such as admitted this, it was plain that the conclusion can scarcely be evaded, that, as the tendency throughout has been
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A2951
Book:
Bacon, G. W. [1882]. The life of Charles Darwin, with British opinion on evolution. Compiled by G. W. Bacon, F.R.G.S. London: G. W. Bacon & Co.
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TRUE, Mr. Darwin did not originate the great doctrine of descent with modification, any more than Shakespeare originated the story of Hamlet. He himself has done full justice to his predecessors and to his great contemporary Wallace in the historical chapter prefixed to the Origin of Species after all, it was Mr. Darwin who definitely lifted the idea from the region of mere conjecture, gave it form and substance, and impressed it upon the mind of the age as a working hypothesis. And it will
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CUL-DAR216.3a
Printed:
1882.04.21
[Obituary notice of Darwin Charles Robert] `Daily News'
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struggle for existence). Presented briefly, it amounts to this, that during along course of descent, species, not only of animals, but of plants, are modified by the selective preservation of slightly varied forms, adapted somewhat better than their fellows to the circumstances in which they are placed. How far this doctrine of the modification of species extends, even Darwin himself has not claimed to assert with confidence; but he went very far. I cannot doubt, he said, that the theory of
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CUL-DAR216.18
Printed:
[1882.04.26.after]
Darwin `Literary World': [date and pp. excised]
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, and some of them unwittingly contributed to its force. Quite apart from mere philosophizing, in their practical studies they had legitimately worked up to or were fast approaching the question of the relations of the past inhabitants of the present, and of the present to one another, in such wise as inevitably to suggest the idea that somehow or other, descent with modification was eventually to be the explanation. This, indeed, was the natural outcome of the line of thought of which Lyell
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A861
Periodical contribution:
Spiers, William. 1882. Charles Robert Darwin. Wesleyan-Methodist Magazine 1882 (July): 488-494.
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grandeur in this view of life, with its several forms, having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning, endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been and are being evolved.' What he means by the phrase, 'into a few forms or into one,' is illustrated by another of his sentences: 'I cannot doubt that the theory of descent, with modification
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A314
Pamphlet:
Miall, L. C. 1883. The life and work of Charles Darwin: a lecture delivered to the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, on February 6th, 1883. Leeds: Richard Jackson.
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it. If I do not justify the Darwinian theory of evolution, or even state it, it would seem hardly fair to criticise it. Moreover, my own opinion is of microscopically small importance. Nevertheless, I hope to be pardoned if I offer a short statement of the views which I have been led to adopt. The evidence for the theory of descent with modification may be roughly divided into that drawn from Zoology and Botany, from Embryology, from Distribution, and from Palaeontology. I cannot hope in a few
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CUL-DAR200.3.39
Printed:
1883.05.02
'Anniversary address to Royal Society of New South Wales, 2 May 1883' Sydney: 17pp. Offprint.
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In his famous book, which appeared in 1859, Mr. Darwin formally announced his view of natural history. He says: I cannot doubt that the theory of descent, with modification, embraces all the members of the same class. I believe that animals have descended from at most only four or five progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number. He seems to have looked forward even to a higher generalization, for he goes on to say that analogy would lead me one step further, namely, to the belief
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Darwinian system of things. Ever since evolutionism had begun to be at all it had been observed that a natural corollary from the doctrine of descent with modification was the belief in [page] THE DESCENT OF MAN 13
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To most people Darwinism and evolution, mean one and the same thing. After what has here been said, however, with regard to the pre-Darwinian evolutionary movement, and the distinction between the doctrines of descent with modification and of natural selection, it need hardly be added that the two are quite separate and separable in thought, even within the limits of the purely restricted biological order. Darwinism is only a part of organic evolution; the theory, as a whole, owes much to
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popularly received, he laid no sort of claim himself to originality or proprietorship in either theory. The grand idea which he did really originate was not the idea of 'descent with modification,' but the idea of 'natural selection,' by which agency, as he was the first to prove, definite kinds of plants and animals have been slowly evolved from simpler forms, with definite adaptations to the special circumstances by which they are surrounded. In a word, it was the peculiar glory of Charles
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How far Darwin's special idea of natural selection supplemented and rendered credible the earlier idea of descent with modification we shall see more fully when we come to treat of the inception and growth of his great epoch-making work, 'The Origin of Species' for the present, it must suffice to point out that in the world into which he was born, the theory of evolution already existed in a more or less shadowy and undeveloped shape. And since it was his task in life to raise this theory from
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telegraph and the telephone; with the nebular hypothesis, and with spectrum analysis. It was so, too, with the evolutionary movement. The fertile upturning of virgin sod in the biological field which produced Darwin's forerunners, as regards the idea of descent with modification, in the persons of Buffon, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin, necessarily produced a little later, under the fresh impetus of the Malthusian conception, his forerunners or coadjutors, as regards the idea of natural selection
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explicitly almost every idea that ordinary people, not specially biological in their interests, now associate with the name of Darwin. That is to say, it contains, in a very philosophical and abstract form, the theory of 'descent with modification' without the distinctive Darwinian adjunct of 'natural selection' or 'survival of the fittest.' Yet it was just that particular lever, dexterously applied, and carefully weighted with the whole weight of his endlessly accumulated inductive instances, that
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still more to the subsequent volumes in which the ground-work of observations and experiments on which he based his theory was more fully detailed for the specialist public. The remainder of Darwin's epoch-making work deals, strictly speaking, rather with the general theory of 'descent with modification' than with the special doctrine of natural selection. It restates and reinforces, by the light of the new additional concept, and with fuller facts and later knowledge, the four great arguments
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the theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection.' The simpler animals of early times are followed by the more complex and more specialised animals of later geological periods. As each main group of animals appears upon the stage of life, it appears in a very central and 'generalised' form; as time goes on, we find its various members differing more and more widely from one another, and assuming more and more specialised adaptive forms. And in each country it is
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is that the animals now inhabiting any given area are the modified descendants of those that formerly inhabited it. 'On the theory of descent with modification, the great law of the succession of the same types within the same areas is at once explained.' This last consideration leads us up to the argument from Geographical Distribution. In considering the various local faunas and floras on the face of the globe, no point strikes one more forcibly than the fact that neither their similarities
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. In such cases it is easy to see how far Darwin's special conception of natural selection helps to explain and account for facts not easily explicable by the older evolutionism of mere descent with modification. [page] 'THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES' 10
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. Such hazy and indistinct thinkers as these are still really at the prior stage of Lamarckian evolutionism. It is probable that in the future, while a formal acceptance of Darwinism becomes general, the special theory of natural selection will be thoroughly understood and assimilated only by the more abstract and philosophical minds. Our children will be taught as a matter of course the doctrine of development or of descent with modification; but the rationale of that descent will still remain in
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A76
Book:
Cunningham, Joseph Thomas. 1886. Charles Darwin, naturalist. The Round Table series. Edinburgh: William Brown.
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wielded was the theory of natural selection. Although in many departments of biology it matters less what may be the cause of evolution than that the truth of descent with modification be apprehended, yet it is evident that the arguments of Herbert Spencer [page]
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A76
Book:
Cunningham, Joseph Thomas. 1886. Charles Darwin, naturalist. The Round Table series. Edinburgh: William Brown.
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cannot be accounted for at all on any other hypothesis than that of descent with modification. The phenomena of geographical distribution are next reviewed, and the impossibility of accounting for them on any other hypothesis than that of evolution insisted upon. Finally, the classification of organisms, the facts of embryology and morphology are reviewed, and all shown to support the theory. The arguments drawn from these various departments of biological science are not essentially different
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CUL-DAR134.3
Printed:
1886
'Charles Darwin' [Edinburgh, Brown (Round Table Series no 5)]: 32pp
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Darwin wielded was the theory of natural selection. Although in many departments of biology it matters less what may be the cause of evolution than that the truth of descent with modification be apprehended, yet it is evident that the arguments of Herbert Spencer [page]
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CUL-DAR134.3
Printed:
1886
'Charles Darwin' [Edinburgh, Brown (Round Table Series no 5)]: 32pp
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cannot be accounted for at all on any other hypothesis than that of descent with modification. The phenomena of geographical distribution are next reviewed, and the impossibility of accounting for them on any other hypothesis than that on evolution insisted upon. Finally, the classification of organisms, the facts of embryology and morphology are reviewed, and all shown to support the theory. The arguments drawn from these various departments of illogical science are not essentially different
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A76
Book:
Cunningham, Joseph Thomas. 1886. Charles Darwin, naturalist. The Round Table series. Edinburgh: William Brown.
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the evolution of living beings through descent with modification, he was not satisfied with believing in the truth of the theory, and supporting it by the facts of embryology, geographical distribution, geological succession, and the analogy of domestic productions. What he required was a cause. Darwin had his own peculiar view of the nature of a cause. He sought some one universal principle which would explain all the details; at least he wanted to have some idea of how the divergence at
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CUL-DAR134.3
Printed:
1886
'Charles Darwin' [Edinburgh, Brown (Round Table Series no 5)]: 32pp
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the evolution of living beings through descent with modification, he was not satisfied with believing in the truth of the theory, and supporting it by the facts of embryology, geographical distribution, geological succession, and the analogy of domestic productions. What he required was a cause. Darwin had his own peculiar view of the nature of a cause. He sought some one universal principle which would explain all the details; at least he wanted to have some idea of how the divergence at
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remains have been preserved, the immense amount of destruction of such records which has taken place; and hence argues most powerfully how improbable it is that the transitional stages from species to species should have been handed down and also (another rare chance) have been laid open to us. The great array of facts about extinct animals and plants is shown to be consistent with, and to be largely explained by, descent with modification, and to be incomprehensible on any other view. The
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morphological science has progressed since Darwin directed investigation into this profitable line would need a separate treatise to show; but it is not too much to say that embryology alone, without other evidence, would now suffice to prove the doctrine of descent with adaptive modification. Rudimentary organs, again, strange appearances, like the presence of teeth in unborn whales and in the front of the upper jaws of unborn calves, the rudimentary wings of many insects, the rudimentary
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F1452.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 2. London: John Murray.
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nearly a convert to my views. . Let me add I fully admit that there are very many difficulties not satisfactorily explained by my theory of descent with modification, but I cannot possibly believe that a false theory would explain so many classes of facts as I think it certainly does explain. On these grounds I drop my anchor, and believe that the difficulties will slowly disappear. C. Darwin to J. S. Henslow. Down, November 11th, 1859. MY DEAR HENSLOW, I have told Murray to send a copy of my book
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F1452.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 2. London: John Murray.
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really good judges have remarked to me how desirable it would be that this should be exemplified and worked out in some detail and with some single group of beings. Now every one will admit that no one in the world could do this better than you with Brachiopods. The result might turn out very unfavourable to the views which I hold; if so, so much the better for those who are opposed to me. But I am inclined to suspect that on the whole it would be favourable to the notion of descent with
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F1452.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 2. London: John Murray.
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paper on the subject. I can hardly doubt that many curious points would occur to any one thoroughly instructed in the subject, who would consider a group of beings under this point of view of descent with modification. All those forms which have come down from an ancient period very slightly modified ought, I think, to be omitted, and those forms alone considered which have undergone considerable change at each successive epoch. My fear is whether brachiopods have changed enough. The absolute
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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, i. 328. BRODERIP. Boulders on the Azores, ii. 112, 113. transported by floating ice, paper on, i. 302. Bournemouth, residence at, ii. 383. Bowen, Prof. F., hostile review by, in the 'Memoirs of the American Academy of Sciences,' ii. 349, 354; Asa Gray on the opinions of, ii. 359; on heredity, ii. 372. Brace, Mr. and Mrs. C. L., visit to Down, iii. 165. Brachiopoda, evidence from, of descent with modification, ii. 366. Brain, size of the, in the sexes of ants, iii. 191. Branch-climbers, iii. 317
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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DESCENT. 139; in the Times, iii. 139; in the Saturday Review, iii. 139; in the 'Quarterly Review,' iii. 146. Descent with modification, primary importance of the doctrine of, ii. 371. Descriptive work, blunting effect of, ii. 379. Design in Nature, i. 315, iii. 353, 373, 377, 378, 382; argument from, as to existence of God, i. 309. , evidence of, ii. 312. Devonian strata, insect with stridulating apparatus in the, iii. 97. Devonshire caverns, pre-glacial remains in, ii. 365. 'Dichogamy' of C
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A344
Periodical contribution:
Huxley, T. H. 1888. [Obituary notice: Charles Robert Darwin]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 44 (269): i-xxv.
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what I consider, after two deliberate readings, as a wretched book, and one from which (I well remember to my surprise) I gained nothing. But, adds Darwin with a little touch of banter, I know you rank it higher, which is curious, as it did not in the least shake your belief. (HI, p. 14; see also p. 16, to me it was an absolutely useless book. ) Unable to find any satisfactory theory of the process of descent with modification in the works of his predecessors, Darwin proceeded to lay the
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A336
Book:
Gray, Asa. 1888. Darwiniana: Essays and reviews pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton.
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remain anomalous, Mr. Darwin is equally bound to account for the formation of genera, families, orders, and even classes, by natural selection. He does not doubt that the theory of descent with modification embraces all the members of the same class, and he concedes that analogy would press the conclusion still further; while he admits that the more distinct the forms are, the more the arguments fall away in force. To command assent we naturally require decreasing probability to be overbalanced
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A336
Book:
Gray, Asa. 1888. Darwiniana: Essays and reviews pertaining to Darwinism. New York: D. Appleton.
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of any one species are the descendants of that species. Furthermore, I am convinced that Natural Selection has been the main, but not exclusive, means of modification. This is the kernel of the new theory, the Darwinian creed, as recited at the close of the introduction to the remarkable book under consideration. The questions, What will he do with it? and How far will he carry it? the author answers at the close of the volume: I cannot doubt that the theory of descent with modification embraces
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A105
Periodical contribution:
Richardson, R. 1888. Darwin's geological work. Transactions of the Edinburgh Geological Society 1-16.
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the interrupted succession of chapters, may represent the apparently abruptly changed forms of life contained in our consecutive but widely separated formations. On this view, the difficulties above discussed are, in his opinion, greatly diminished, or even disappear. In the next chapter Darwin discusses the geological succession of organic beings, and arrives at the conclusion that all the leading facts in pal ontology simply follow on the theory of descent with modification through natural
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A344
Periodical contribution:
Huxley, T. H. 1888. [Obituary notice: Charles Robert Darwin]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 44 (269): i-xxv.
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had occupied only a brief space of time. But even those, such as Lyell, who most strenuously argued in favour of the sufficiency of natural causes for the production of the phenomena of the inorganic world, held stoutly by the hypothesis of creation in the case of those of the world of life. For persons who were unable to feel satisfied with the fashionable doctrine, there remained only two alternatives—the hypothesis of spontaneous generation, and that of descent with modification. The former
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A1010
Periodical contribution:
Newton, Alfred. 1888. Early days of Darwinism. Macmillan's Magazine 57 (February): 241-249.
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fascination that was almost overpowering, the more so since the intricacy of the problems therein involved was, even if not answered, by no means shirked, but boldly faced, and the many proofs of the imperfection of the Geological Record were delightful; for to me, ignorant as I was (and am) of Geology, the strongest objection to the theory of Descent with Modification had seemed to be that which could be drawn from Palaeontology, and it was pleasant to see how the force of this objection was reduced when
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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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. Now evidence of evolution of these varied kinds is what we do find, and almost every fresh discovery adds to their number and cogency. In order, therefore, to show that the testimony given by geology is entirely in favour of the theory of descent with modification, some of the more striking of the facts will now be given. Geological Evidences of Evolution. In an article in Nature (vol. xiv. p. 275), Professor Judd calls attention to some recent discoveries in the Hungarian plains, of fossil
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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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a clear conception of Darwin's work, and to understand something of the power and range of his great principle. Darwin wrote for a generation which had not accepted evolution, and which poured contempt on those who upheld the derivation of species from species by any natural law of descent. He did his work so well that descent with modification is now universally accepted as the order of nature in the organic world; and the rising generation of naturalists can hardly realise the novelty of this
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A1015
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1889. Darwinism: an exposition of the theory of natural selection with some of its applications. London & New York: Macmillan & Co.
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by the wind Objections to the theory of wind-dispersal answered Explanation of north temperate plants in the southern hemisphere No proof of glaciation in the tropics Lower temperature not needed to explain the facts Concluding remarks. THE theory which we may now take as established that all the existing forms of life have been derived from other forms by a natural process of descent with modification, and that this same process has been in action during past geological time should enable us
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