Search Results - The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online

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F380 Book: Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. Text Image PDF

. The subject well deserves to be discussed at great length, but I will here take only a single case, that of working or sterile ants. How the workers have been rendered sterile is a difficulty; but not much greater than that of any other striking modification of structure; for it can be shown that some insects and other articulate animals in a state of nature occasionally become sterile; and if such insects had been social, and it had been profitable to the community, that a number should have

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F380 Book: Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. Text Image PDF

liminary difficulty. The great difficulty lies in the working ants differing widely from both the males and the fertile females in structure, as in the shape of the thorax and in being destitute of wings and sometimes of eyes, and in instinct. As far as instinct alone is concerned, the prodigious difference in this respect between the workers and the perfect females, would have been far better exemplified by the hive-bee. If a working ant or other neuter insect had been an animal in the

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F380 Book: Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. Text Image PDF

several ants differ, not only from the fertile females and males, but from each other, sometimes to an almost incredible degree, and are thus divided into two or even three castes. The castes, moreover, do not generally graduate into each other, but are perfectly well defined; being as distinct from each other, as are any two species of the same genus, or rather as any two genera of the same family. Thus in Eciton, there are working and soldier neuters, with jaws and instincts extraordinarily

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F380 Book: Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. Text Image PDF

the same community of ants; but I have attempted to show how this difficulty can be mastered. With respect to the almost universal sterility of species when first crossed, which forms so remarkable a contrast with the almost universal fertility of varieties when crossed, I must refer the reader to the recapitulation of the facts given at the end of the eighth chapter, which seem to me conclusively to show that this sterility is no more a special endowment than is the incapacity of two trees to

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A19 Review: [Wilberforce, Samuel]. 1860. [Review of] On the Origin of Species, by means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. By Charles Darwin, M. A., F.R.S. London, 1860. Quarterly Review 108: 225-264. Text Image PDF

gration) and numerous pupæ. I traced a long file of ants burthened with this booty for about forty yards to a very thick clump of heath, whence I saw the last individual of F. sanguinea emerge, carrying a pupa, but I was not able to find the desolated nest in the thick heath. The nest, however, must have been close at hand, for two or three individuals of F. fusca were rushing about in the greatest agitation, and one was parched motionless with its own pupa in its mouth on the top of a spray

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A30 Review: [Owen, Richard]. 1860. [Review of Origin & other works]. Edinburgh Review, 111: 487-532. Text Image PDF

expressly states, their principal office is to search for aphides. Another day my attention was struck by about a score of the slave-makers haunting the same spot, and evidently not in search of food; they approached and were vigorously repulsed by an independent community of the slave species (F. fusca); sometimes as many as three of these ants clinging to the legs of the slave-making F. sanguinea. The latter ruthlessly killed their small opponents, and carried their dead bodies as food to

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F380 Book: Darwin, C. R. 1860. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. New York: D. Appleton. New edition, revised and augmented. Text Image PDF

young. 386. Horticulturists, selection applied by, 35. Huber on cells of bees, 205. P., on reason blended with instinct, 186. on habitual nature of instincts, 186. on slave-making ants, 195. on Melipona domestica, 200. Humble-bees, cells of, 200. Hunter, J., on secondary sexual characters, 136. Hutton, Captain, on crossed geese, 224. Huxley, Prof., on structure of hermaphrodites, 94. on embryological succession, 295. on homologous organs. 381. on the development of aphis, 384. Hybrids and mongrels

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CUL-DAR205.11.98 Note: 1860.01.27 F Smith showed me 2 workers ants with ridiculous difference of Heads Text Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [98] Jan 27th 1860/ F. Smith showed me 2 workers ants with ridiculous differences of Heads from Batchian, extreme case of differences in worker's ants.— Ch. 1

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A512 Review: [Church, W. R.] 1860. [Review of] On the origin of species. Guardian (London) (8 February): 134-135. Text Image PDF

one half of the book is devoted to their consideration. The mere mention of such topics as Instinct, Hybridism, the Geological Record, Geographical Distribution, will suggest at once a multitude of objections. Why, if species are but variations of a common type, are their hybrid offspring barren? What imaginable process of selection can have produced the migratory instinct of the swallow, the cell-building instinct of the bee, or the curious habit of some races of ants, which carry on their

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A58 Review: [Bowen, Francis]. 1860. [Review of] On the Origin of Species, by Means of Natural Selection. Charles Darwin. Littell's Living Age. 66, Issue 848, 1 (April): 474-506. Text Image PDF

conscious cause, wholly out of line with such as succeeded in founding a permanent family. But the large drafts which this theory makes upon our credulity may be more clearly shown by looking at its application to a special case, that of instinct. Mr. Darwin maintains that the most complex and wonderful instincts, such as that of the hive-bee in constructing its cells, and that of certain ants in becoming slaveholders, and thus having all their wants supplied by borrowed labor, have originated

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A58 Review: [Bowen, Francis]. 1860. [Review of] On the Origin of Species, by Means of Natural Selection. Charles Darwin. Littell's Living Age. 66, Issue 848, 1 (April): 474-506. Text Image PDF

most complex instincts are found in very low structural forms. For the most marvellous cases we must descend to the Articulata, to bees, ants, spiders, and the like. No instinct even comparable to theirs can be found in the two higher classes of Mollusks and Vertebrates; and even in this last class, few will dispute that the instincts of birds are more intricate, far-reaching, and wonderful than those of mammals. Dr. Holland was led to notice this fact when speaking of the inverse perfection of

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A46 Review: Carpenter, W. B. 1860. The Theory of Development in Nature. British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Review 25 (April): 367-404 Text Image PDF

difficulties presented on his theory by the existence of neuter insects, the parasitic instincts of birds and insects, the slave-making instincts of ants, c. His mode of disposing of these difficulties is very ingenious; but to us it appears unnecessarily elaborate. For what are called instincts are simply in our apprehension the expressions of the habitual modes of operation of the particular organization; and any modification or further development of the organization will necessarily involve

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A509 Review: [Dixon, Edmund Saul]. 1860. [Review of Origin]. Natural selection. All the Year Round 3: 63 (7 July): 293-299. Text Image PDF

view of instincts having been slowly acquired through Natural Selection, we need not marvel at some instincts being apparently not perfect, but liable to mistakes, as when blow-flies lay their eggs in the carrion-scented flowers of stapelias; nor at many instincts causing other animals to suffer, as when ants make slaves of their fellow-ants, when the larv of ichneumon flies feed within the live bodies of caterpillars, and when the nestling cuckoo ungratefully ejects his legitimate foster

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CUL-DAR49.57 Note: 1860.07.17 Lilium Martagon — common or Turks' Cap Petal reflexed spotted reddish Text Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [57] Hartfield. July 17th 1870 Lilium martagon common or Turks Cap. [sketch] Petals reflexed, spotted reddish purple with cream in middle of each, which ants visit also Hive Bee Hence fluid in nectar. Pistil in early open flower straight dependent. Stamens curl up. so does ultimately pistil into many right angles, slightly rotate in turning up so as to brush against at least one anther which shed their pollen laterally -Hence contrivance for self

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CUL-DAR205.11.99-102 Note: 1860.07.30--1860.08.11 Slave ants / Ch 10 / I remember seeing at Moor Park slavemakers haunting Text Image

The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (1 Hartfield July 30. 1860. Slave ants Ch. X. (1) I remember seeing at Moor Park, slave-makers haunting day after day old nests of F. nigra the slave.— Day before yesterday I saw slave-makers attacking a nest killing the slaves carrying off corpses.— Yet The slaves ran unconcernedly amongst the villains. The nest was a conjoined one of F. fusca F. flava— This day 30th 5 P.m (a) at 30 yds distance from nest of F. sanguinea— found great mound of F

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CUL-DAR205.11.99-102 Note: 1860.07.30--1860.08.11 Slave ants / Ch 10 / I remember seeing at Moor Park slavemakers haunting Text Image

Hartfield Slave ants. Dull lowering morning Wednesday Aug. 1. visited at 10° 35' nest of vis F. flava— all dead quiet all dead bodies which I saw last night removed. at 11° 5' a few 4 or 5 slave-makers were wandering near occasionally running over nest.— 11° 15' many more were coming up scattered along the road-- Aug 1'— (One of other nests, of F. flava mentioned yesterday, had at 10° 25' a score of slave makers rambling over it; these increased in number in 1/2 hour.— They ran about scratched

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CUL-DAR205.11.99-102 Note: 1860.07.30--1860.08.11 Slave ants / Ch 10 / I remember seeing at Moor Park slavemakers haunting Text Image

so that surface of nest presented different appearance Twice as is was They brought out many large fragments of earth carried them some way dropped them; they often carried them to a foolish distance. Twice they encountered little yellow ants in their passages (for none were outside nests) one they let go, the others they killed, but did not carry off, as they knew their work was sappers miners. The day before Yesterday 31' the ants which I saw must have been scouts.— The 1st on Battle nests

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CUL-DAR205.11.99-102 Note: 1860.07.30--1860.08.11 Slave ants / Ch 10 / I remember seeing at Moor Park slavemakers haunting Text Image

secured swarm of advantage carried him in under 10 minutes was dead.— I saw one another dead F. sanguinea carried him to own nest.— I found 2 other nests of F. flava being attacked, by a dozen or score: they were wandering about entering downways carried off a few of F. flava; but their nest presented a very different appearance did not swarm with ants F. flava— attack I presume much less serious.— 5.40 Battle over— no Red ants— a good many yellow wandering over nest. (

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CUL-DAR205.11.99-102 Note: 1860.07.30--1860.08.11 Slave ants / Ch 10 / I remember seeing at Moor Park slavemakers haunting Text Image

were on side fighting with the yellow ones; they seemed to be cruelly punished, often writhing writhing falling off the heath with their struggle with F. flava.— As soon as killed they were carried off by the scores, to the nest — whole 30 yd a file of returning ants — It was clear that they were rather beaten off as they did not reenter in center of nest, where there were hundreds of dead bodies. They got no pupæ. Whilst I watched the battle veered round rather to one side of nest F. flava

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F381 Book: Darwin, C. R. 1861. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 3d ed. Seventh thousand. Text Image PDF

attack other ants. In one instance I found to my surprise an independent community of F. flava under a stone beneath a nest of the slave-making F. sanguinea; and when I had accidentally disturbed both nests, the little ants attacked their big neighbours with surprising courage. Now I was curious to ascertain whether F. sanguinea [page] 24