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F1251
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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Francis has discovered, the large glands at the bases of the fronds, but only whilst young, excrete much sweetish fluid, which is eagerly sought by innumerable ants, chiefly belonging to Myrmica; and these ants certainly do not here serve as a protection against any enemy. In S. Brazil, however, ants attracted by the secretion to this plant, defend it, according to Fritz M ller,* against other leaf-devouring and highly destructive ants; so that, if this fern originated in tropical S. America
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* (3) page 86 I published a brief notice of this case in the Gard. Chronicle, 1855, July 21 p. 487, and afterwards made some further observations. Besides the hive-bee, another species of bee, a moth, ants and two kinds of flies sucked the drops of fluid on the stipules; the larger drops which when large tasted sweet. The hive-bees never even looked at the flowers which were open at the same time; whilst two species of humble-bees neglected the stipules and visited only the flowers. (
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F1251
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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bracte , or flower peduncles, or on the outside of their calyx, and these glands secrete minute drops of a sweet fluid, which is eagerly sought by sugar-loving insects, such as ants, hive-bees, and wasps. In the case of the glands on the stipules of Vicia sativa, the excretion manifestly depends on changes in the sap, consequent on the sun shining brightly; for I repeatedly observed that as soon as the sun was hidden behind clouds the secretion ceased, and the hive-bees left the field; but as
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F1251
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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of birds, 371; imperfectly developed male and female Termites, 381; on ferns and ants, 406; foodbodies in Cecropia, 406; on the glands on calyx of Malpighice , 407 M ller, Hermann, fertilisation of flowers by insects, 6, 7; on Digitalis purpurea, 82; Calceolaria, 87;Linaria vulgaris, 88; Verbascum nigrum, 89; the common cabbage, 98; Papaver dubium, 107; Viola tricolor, 123, 124; structure of Delphinium consolida, 129; of Lupinus luteus, 147; flowers of Pisum sativum, 160, 161; on Sarothamnus
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CUL-DAR209.14.81-84
Draft:
1878.06.26--1878.06.28
Oxalis bupleurifolia / Draft of Cross and self fertilisation, folio 698 & fragment.
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, and many many have been increased for this special purpose, I have not the least doubt from the observations of Delpino and more especially from those on the Acacia sphœrocephala and on passion-flowers by Mr. Belt. This acacia likewise produces as an additional attraction to ants small bodies containing much oil and protoplasm, and analogous bodies are developed by a Cecropia for the same purpose, as described by Fritz Müller.*(7) The excretion of a sweet fluid by glands seated [text excised
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CUL-DAR209.10.80
Draft:
1878.07.04--1878.07.05
Trifolium subterraneum [fig 159] / Draft of Cross and self fertilisation.
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Chap. E 10 glands on their leaves, petioles, phyllodia, stipules, bractiæ, flower-peduncles and or the outside of the calyx; and these glands secrete minute drops of a sweet fluid which is eagerly sought for m by sugar-loving insects, such as ants, hive-bees and wasps. In the case of the glands on the stipules of Vicia sativa, the secretion manifestly depends on changes in the sap consequent on the sun shining brightly; for I repeatedly observed that as soon as the sun was hidden behind clouds
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CUL-DAR202.83
Draft:
[1878].07.07
Draft letter to Spottiswoode / Draft of Cross and self fertilisation.
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(Ch X) *(7) page 87 Mr. Bell has given a most interesting account (The Naturalist in Nicaragua, 1874, p. 218) of the paramount importance of ants as defenders of the above acacia. With respect to the Cecropia see Nature 1876, p. 304. My son Francis has described the microscopical structure and development of these wonderful food-bodies in a paper read before the Linnæan Society. [Cross and self fertilisation, p. 404, n
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 63 [in margin:] (Worms) Proctor – Pleasant Ways in Science. 1879 p. 379 on accumulation of Dust, I must discuss – enormously exaggerated. Began with St Jago, then go on to Pampas. Finally tilled fields – bare mountains arid countries give rise to mush dust. I must allow [more] to dust, then I have. (old Ruin wd catch dust) – Also on Larvae of insects as well as ants
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F1319
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1879. Preliminary notice. In Krause, E., Erasmus Darwin. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. London: John Murray.
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ants as very ancient, seeing that it has become so perfectly developed. It must not, however, be supposed that the author regards these instincts as communicated solely by imitation; he accepts without hesitation the heritability of acquired corporeal peculiarities and mental faculties. Upon these points there is, in the section (xxxix.) which treats of generation, and is of the greatest importance to us, an introductory observation which contains, as in a nutshell, the explanation of the
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F1280
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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three sets of a dozen each; and these sets, as well as the three females, would differ from one another in their reproductive powers in exactly the same manner as do the distinct species of the same genus. But it is a still more remarkable fact that young ants raised from any one of the three female ants, illegitimately fertilised by a male of a different size, would resemble in a whole series of relations the hybrid offspring from a cross between two distinct species of ants. They would be dwarfed
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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of Austria (the only European species) fide Kraatz (Sharp). 28. *HOMALIUM RUGULIPENNE (Rye). Exceedingly marked form. Northern, western, and southern coasts; rare. PSELAPHIDæ. 29. BRYAXIS COTUS (Sharp). Coast. 30. WATERHOUSEI (Rye). Coast. 31. *BYTHINUS GLABRATUS (Rye). Sussex coast; a few specimens; very distinguishable; myrmecophilous (lives in ants' nests). TRICHOPTERYGIDæ. 32. PTINELLA MARIA (Matthews) 33. TRICHOPTERYX SARæ ( ) 34. POWERI ( ) 35. EDITHIA ( ) 36. CANTIANA ( ) 37. FUSCULA
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F1280
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. London: John Murray. 2s edition.
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reproductive powers. As far as structure is concerned, the two sexes of many animals and of some plants differ to an extreme degree; and in both kingdoms the same species may consist of males, females, and hermaphrodites. Certain hermaphrodite cirripedes are aided in their reproduction by a whole cluster of what I have called complemental males, which differ wonderfully from the ordinary hermaphrodite form. With ants we have males and females, and two or three castes of sterile females or workers
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A1016
Book:
Wallace, A. R. 1880. Island life: or, the phenomena and causes of insular faunas and floras, including a revision and attempted solution of the problem of geological climates. London: Macmillan & Co.
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species belonging to eight distinct orders. The only bettle was a small Elater, the Orthoptera were a Gryllus and a Blatta; and there were two flies, two ants, and two small moths, one a Diopæa which swarms everywhere in the eastern tropics in grassy places. All these insects were no doubt brought either by winds, by floating timber (which reaches the islands abundantly), or by clinging to the feathers of aquatic or wading birds; and we only require more time to introduce a greater variety of
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CUL-DAR226.1.228
Printed:
1880.07.30
Bei Charles Darwin `Frankfurter Zeitung': 1-2 [base of 8 cols] (Recollection of a visit to Down House)
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personal friends of the great scientist. Charles Darwin has been living for many years at his country house in Downe, a little place south-east of Chislehurst, in the county of Kent. His nearest neighbour is Sir John Lubbock, likewise a famous English natural scientist who is known in Germany mainly for his research on the life of ants. At Orpington station, close to Downe, we left the train at about 2 p. m. and got into the waiting chaises to drive on the fine road which passes through green
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F2553
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1880. [Words attributed to Darwin]. In E. von Hesse-Wartegg, Bei Charles Darwin. Frankfurter Zeitung und Handelsblatt (30 July): Feuilleton.
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Society had already submitted to Darwin the list of the names of the former, among whom were many personal friends of the great scientist. Charles Darwin has been living for many years at his country house in Downe, a little place south-east of Chislehurst, in the county of Kent. His nearest neighbour is Sir John Lubbock, likewise a famous English natural scientist who is known in Germany mainly for his research on the life of ants. At Orpington station, close to Downe, we left the train at about 2
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F1357
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1881. The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. London: John Murray.
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surprising that an animal so low in the scale as a worm should have the capacity for acting in this manner, as many higher animals have no such capacity. For instance, ants may be seen vainly trying to drag an object transversely to their course, which could be easily drawn longitudinally; though after a time they generally act in a wiser manner. M. Fabre states* that a Sphex an insect belonging to the same highly-endowed order with ants stocks its nest with paralysed * See his interesting work
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F1361
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1881. The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. fifth thousand (corrected), and with textual changes. London: John Murray.
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surprising that an animal so low in the scale as a worm should have the capacity for acting in this manner, as many higher animals have no such capacity. For instance, ants may be seen vainly trying to drag an object transversely to their course, which could be easily drawn longitudinally; though after a time they generally act in a wiser manner. M. Fabre states* that a Sphex an insect belonging to the same highly-endowed order with ants stocks its nest with paralysed * See his interesting work
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F1357
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1881. The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. London: John Murray.
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INDEX. Abinger, Roman villa at, 178 castings from Roman villa, with rounded particles, 253 Acids of humus, action on rocks, 240 Africa, dust from, 235 Air, currents of, worms sensitive to, 28 Amount of earth brought to the surface by worms, 129 Ants, intelligence of, 93 Archiac, D, criticisms on my views, 4 Artemisia, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33 Ash-tree, petioles of, 79 Beaulieu Abbey, burial of the old pavement, 193 castings from, with rounded particles, 255 Beaumont, lie de, on
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F1361
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1881. The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. fifth thousand (corrected), and with textual changes. London: John Murray.
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INDEX. Abinger, Roman villa at, 178 castings from Roman villa, with rounded particles, 253 Acids of humus, action on rocks, 240 Africa, dust from, 235 Air, currents of, worms sensitive to, 28 Amount of earth brought to the surface by worms, 129 Ants, intelligence of, 93 Archiac, D, criticisms on my views, 4 Artemisia, leaves of, not eaten by worms, 33 Ash-tree, petioles of, 79 Beaulieu Abbey, burial of the old pavement, 193 castings from, with rounded particles, 255 Beaumont, lie de, on
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F1357
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1881. The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with observations on their habits. London: John Murray.
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especially if we bear in mind that a good deal of the finest earth would have been washed by heavy rain from the castings ejected on the sloping border down to the level of the field. Some fresh castings were seen close to the stone. Nevertheless, on digging a large hole to a depth of 18 inches where the stone had lain, only two worms and a few burrows were seen, although the soil was damp and seemed favourable for worms. There were some large colonies of ants beneath the stone, and possibly since their
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