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CUL-DAR112.A10-A12
Correspondence:
Butler Thomas to [Darwin Francis (Sir [1913])?]
1882.09.13
Butler Thomas to [Darwin Francis (Sir [1913])?]
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12 him. My lot was cast in Nottinghamshire I seldom came to Shrewsbury for more than two or three days at a time. I have read most of his books always with great interest, none more so than his account of the Beagle voyage was always struck with the patient labour ingenuity of his investigations especially in the fertilisation of plants thro' the medium of various insects. I think it was from some other source that I learnt to appreciate the manifold provisions to keep the ants away from the
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F1434
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1883. A posthumous essay on instinct. In Romanes, G. J., Mental evolution in animals. With a posthumous essay on instinct by Charles Darwin. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co., pp. 188-189, 196, 198-199, 355-384.
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has precisely the same habits with the Cuckoo; but parasitism is so common throughout nature that this coincidence is not very surprising. The parallelism in instinct between the White Ants, belonging to the Neuroptera, and ants belonging to the Hymenoptera, is a far more wonderful fact; but the parallelism seems to be very far from close. Perhaps as remarkable a case as any on record of the same instinct having been independently acquired in two animals very remote from each other in relationship
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A314
Pamphlet:
Miall, L. C. 1883. The life and work of Charles Darwin: a lecture delivered to the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, on February 6th, 1883. Leeds: Richard Jackson.
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insects were sent to Darwin. Ten of these had caught large insects, three had caught ants, and one a small fly. On an average the ten larger insects were nearly half as long as the leaves by which they were enclosed, and this striking result completely confirmed the inference. No man was ever less dejected by abuse or less elated by praise, than Charles Darwin. There is no note of triumph in his later works. He kept [page] 58 THE LIFE AND WOR
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A2648
Review:
Anon. 1883. [Review of the Essay on instinct]. Instinct. St. James's Gazette (7 December): 14.
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accumulation of facts narrated in Mr. Darwin's paper many such instances were noted, On every side we are faced by difficulties, if we try to draw a hard and fast line between instinct and reason, At the same time, there is no cause why we should not – temporarily, at least –agree with Mr. Darwin in regarding the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves the larvae of the ichneumidæ feeding within the live bodies of their prey, cats playing with mice, and otters and cormorants with
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F1434
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1883. A posthumous essay on instinct. In Romanes, G. J., Mental evolution in animals. With a posthumous essay on instinct by Charles Darwin. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co., pp. 188-189, 196, 198-199, 355-384.
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observed* that ants ceased their laborious task of daily moving their eggs to and from the surface according to the heat of the sun, when they had built their nest between the two cases of a bee-hive, where a proper and equable temperature was provided. Now let us suppose that the conditions of life favoured the extension of a bird of this Family, whose eggs were hatched by the solar rays alone, into a cooler, damper, and more wooded country: then those individuals which chanced to have the
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F1434
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1883. A posthumous essay on instinct. In Romanes, G. J., Mental evolution in animals. With a posthumous essay on instinct by Charles Darwin. London: Kegan Paul Trench & Co., pp. 188-189, 196, 198-199, 355-384.
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that far more numerous and flagrant cases could not be detected, if it were not that a species which has failed to become modified and so far perfected in its instincts that it could continue struggling with the co-inhabitants of the same region, would simply add one more to the myriads which have become extinct. It may not be logical, but to my imagination, it is far more satisfactory to look at the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves, the larvæ of the Ichneumidæ feeding
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A106
Periodical contribution:
Wallace, A. R. 1883. The Debt of Science to Darwin. Century Magazine 25, 3 January: 420-432.
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extent their mode of fertilization. This is well shown by the remarkable observations of the German botanist Kerner, who points out that a vast number of details in the structure of plants, hitherto inexplicable, are due to the necessity of keeping away unbidden guests, such as snails, slugs, ants, and many other kinds of animals, which would destroy the flowers or the pollen before the seeds were produced. When this evident principle is once grasped, it is seen that almost all the peculiarities
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logical, but to my imagination it is far more satisfactory, to look at the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves, the larvæ of the Ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies of their prey, cats playing with mice, otters and cormorants with living fish, not as instincts specially given by the Creator, but as very small parts of one general law leading to the advancement of all organic bodies- Multiply, Vary, let the strongest Live and the weakest Die
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A2649
Review:
Anon. 1883. [Review of the Essay on instinct]. A posthumous Darwinian essay. Bradford Daily Telegraph (8 December): 3.
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which has failed to become modified and so far perfected in its instincts that it could continue struggling with the co-inhabitants of the same region, would simply add one more to the myriads which have become extinct. It may not be logical, but to my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at the young cuckoo ejecting its foster brothers, ants making slaves, the larvæ of the ichneumidæ feeding within the live bodies of their prey, cats playing with mice, otters and cormorants with living
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F1804
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1883. The late Mr. Darwin on instinct. Nature. A Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science 29 (6 December): 128-129.
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logical, but to my imagination it is far more satisfactory, to look at the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves, the larvæ of the Ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies of their prey, cats playing with mice, otters and cormorants with living fish, not as instincts specially given by the Creator, but as very small parts of one general law leading to the advancement of all organic bodies—Multiply, Vary, let the strongest Live and the weakest Die
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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three sets of a dozen each; and these sets, as well as the three females, would differ from one another in their reproductive powers in exactly the same manner as do the distinct species of the same genus. But it is a still more remarkable fact that young ants raised from any one of the three female ants, illegitimately fertilised by a male of a different size, would resemble in a whole series of relations the hybrid offspring from a cross between two distinct species of ants. They would be dwarfed
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A1025
Periodical contribution:
Jordan, David Starr. 1884. [Recollection of Darwin]. Some gossip about Darwin. American Naturalist 18 (January): 108-10.
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and wore a long beard. Still, if you had met him on the street, perhaps, you would not have taken much notice of him unless you knew that he was a clever man. Sir John Lubbock (Darwin's friend and near neighbour) is a very clever man, too, but not so clever nor so remarkable-looking as Mr. Darwin. He is very fond of hants (ants) and plants and things. At Keston, three miles from Down, the landlady of the Greyhound had never heard of Mr. Darwin until after his death. There was then considerable
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F1281
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. 3d thousand. Preface by Francis Darwin. London: John Murray.
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reproductive powers. As far as structure is concerned, the two sexes of many animals and of some plants differ to an extreme degree; and in both kingdoms the same species may consist of males, females, and hermaphrodites. Certain hermaphrodite cirripedes are aided in their reproduction by a whole cluster of what I have called complemental males, which differ wonderfully from the ordinary hermaphrodite form. With ants we have males and females, and two or three castes of sterile females or workers
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A1778
Review:
"W. B. G.". 1884. [Review of] Darwin's Essay on instinct. Midlands Naturalist, 7: 18-19.
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the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves, the larvæ of the Ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies of their prey, cats playing with mice, otters and cormorants with living fish, not as instincts specially given by the Creator, but as very small parts of one general law leading to the advancement of all organic bodies—Multiply, Vary, let the Strongest Live and the Weakest Die. Though this doctrine may not be in accord with our usual lines of thought, there can be no
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A856
Book:
Walford Edward. 1884. Greater London: a narrative of its history, its people, and its places, vol. 2. London: Cassell
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, and crustacea, and made many discoveries concerning their habits and development, embodied in communications to various learned societies. These abstruse studies, however, are of course less known and appreciated by the public than his remarkable observations on the relations of insects and plants. His studies of bee life, habits, and development have contributed greatly to the more perfect understanding of that insect. More recently he has devoted his powers of observation to ants, and has
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F1911
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1884. [Extract from a 1881 letter of Darwin and his unpublished notes]. In Romanes, G. J., The Darwinian theory of instinct. The Nineteenth Century no. 91 (September): 434-450.
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Finally it may not be a logical deduction, but to my imagination it is far more satisfactory to look at such instincts as the young cuckoo ejecting its foster-brothers, ants making slaves, the larvæ of ichneumonidæ feeding within the live bodies of caterpillars, not as specially endowed or created instincts, but as small consequences of one general law leading to the advancement of all organic beings, namely, multiply, vary, let the strongest live, and the weakest die. This law may seem to
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butterflies], probably male and female, were chasing each other in an irregular course, they passed within a few yards of me; and I distinctly heard a clicking noise, similar to that produced by a toothed wheel passing under a spring catch.' In like manner he observed here the instincts of tropical ants, the habits of phosphorescent insects, and the horrid practice of that wasp-like creature, the sphex, which stuffs the clay cells of its larvæ full of half-dead spiders and writhing
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F1452.3
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 3. London: John Murray.
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, firstly, the newest points to me have been about the size of the brain in the three sexes, together with your suggestion that increase of mind-power may have led to the sterility of the workers. Secondly about the battles of the ants, and your curious account of the enraged ants being held by their comrades until they calmed down. Thirdly, the evidence of ants of the same community being the offspring of brothers and sisters. You admit, I think, that new communities will often be the product of a
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Darwin personally studying ants and bees in their social habits. The idea of ants making slaves is to him odious, which we can well understand after his references to slavery in South America. For three years, during June and July, he watched for many hours several ants' nests in Surrey and Sussex to see whether the slaves ever left the nest. One day he witnessed a migration of ants from one nest to another, the masters carefully carrying their slaves in their jaws. Again, he saw a party attempting
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F1452.2
Book:
Darwin, Francis ed. 1887. The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter. vol. 2. London: John Murray.
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to London on Tuesday to work on cocks and hens, and on Wednesday morning, about a quarter before ten, I will call on you (unless I hear to the contrary), for I long to see you. I congratulate you on your grand work. Ever yours, C. DARWIN. P.S. Tell Lady Lyell that I was unable to digest the funereal ceremonies of the ants, notwithstanding that Erasmus has often told me that I should find some day that they have their bishops. After a battle I have always seen the ants carry away the dead for
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