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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

the fazenda of the guarda m r, which stands on a projection, resembling at a distance a magnificent fort, and commands all the adjacent country. When we arrived in the spacious court-yard, the master of the house cordially bid us welcome; and, after he had shown us the beautiful prospect * Curamur , poema epico do descubrimento da Bahia, composta por Fr. Jos de S. Rita Dura . Lisboa, 1781. 8vo. T 4 [page] 28

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

bottom was found at a less depth than seven hundred feet, he judged it prudent to keep farther off the coast during the night. The small coasting vessels which sail backwards and forwards during the whole year between Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, do not always keep to the east of that dangerous chain of shallows and cliffs, but, when the wind is not favourable to carry them out to sea, often remain very near the coast I 4 [page] 12

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

Corografia Brasilica, printed at Rio, in two volumes; a work which, it is true, has many imperfections with respect to order precision, and correctness, especially in treating of subjects of natural history, but, as the first compendium of a general geography of Brazil, is of great use, and has been almost literally translated into English.* At present only two newspapers are published in the whole kingdom: in the capital, the Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro; and, in Bahia, a paper under the title of

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

mine; his serene highness the Prince of Neuwied was at that time travelling along the sea-coast from Rio to Bahia, with Messrs. Freyreiss and Sellow; Auguste de Saint Hilaire who had travelled a year before with Mr. Langsdorff to Villa Rica, after the latter had been obliged to return on account of business, and visited several other parts of the province of Minas, the Indian settlements of Passainha, Tejuco, and the Rio de S. Francisco, at Salgado, was just then on his return to the capital

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

ponaceous matter. There are here many species of still higher trees, which are used, for burning into charcoal. These manufactories are managed in exactly the same manner as in Europe, principally in the driest months from July to September, and are very profitable on account of the scarcity of firewood for the use of the city. They now begin to be carried on with activity, since Mr. Feldner has proved, by examining the coal mines near Bahia, that very little is to be expected from them. From

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

the ground by means of short pegs, a little salted and dried in the sun. The flesh cut into thin strips, rubbed with salt, and dried in the air, is an important article of exportation, from the harbours of S. Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, to the cities in the north, particularly to Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Pernambuco, and Maranh o, where, under the names of Carne seca do Sert o, Passoca or Carne charqueda, it constitutes an essential part of the subsistence of all the Brazilians, but especially

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

of every province. The price of these animals, which is from twelve to five and twenty piastres, is hereby doubled and tripled by the time they get from this place to the northern capitanias of Bahia, Pernambuco, and Ceara, to which droves are sometimes led through the interior of Minas, particularly along the Rio de S. Francisco. Mules from Spanish America, which are much handsomer, taller and stronger, are but seldom seen in Brazil, their importation being prohibited. A traveller who intends to

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

inferior sort of the stones fit for cutting, is sold at 320 rees; of the best, at 2000 rees. Remarkably large beautiful and brilliant stones are sold upon the spot from twenty to thirty piasters. The greater part of these topazes is exported from this place to Rio de Janeiro, a smaller portion to Bahia, and in both places so great a quantity has been accumulated within a few years, that the prices there are lower than at the mine itself. Together with the topaz, the euklase is also found [page] 16

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

the most abundant in this formation, and either in very small grains and crystals nidulating in the layers of clay and lithomarge, or as a coating on brown iron-stone, or embedded in it in folia. This formation is prevalent, not only here and in general in Minas Gera s, where they pretend that diamonds have been found in it*, but also occurs in several parts of the capitanias of S. Paulo, Goyaz, and Bahia, where it is everywhere supposed to contain gold. Below this iron-stone fl tz lies, in

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

subordinate in it. A similar modification of granite occurs also in Brazil, namely, in the Serra do Mar, in the province of S. Paulo (according to Varnbagen's observation in Eachwege's Journal, vol. ii. p.241.), and in several places of the capitania of Bahia. NOTE 5. The quartzy, granular mica-slate, elastic quartz, flexible sandstone, or quartz-slate of the Morro de Villa Rica, consists of a greyish and reddish white, not unfrequently smoky grey, fine and very fine-grained quartz; and of a

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

it now bears. The Praya-vermelha was formerly called for this reason, Porto de Martin Affonso. It is uncertain who it was that first visited this part of the coast of Brazil, but it appears that Joa de Solis was the first who put in here in 1515. When Fernando de Magalhaens, with his fellow-countryman Ruy Falleiro, sailed along the whole east coast of South America, he anchored here in December 1519, and gave to the bay the name of Bahia de St. Lucia. Martin Alfonso soon left the place again

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A560 Beagle Library: Spix, Johann Baptist von and Martius, Carl Friedrich Philipp von. 1824. Travels in Brazil, in the years 1817-1820. 2 vols. [Two volumes in one] London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green. Text

shoemakers, whose trades are in some respects considered as the meanest, are exempted form it. A sumptuary tax on every four or two wheeled carriage (in Maranh o it is 12,000 and 10,000 rees) is also destined for the bank. Another tax is livied on sugar-mills and distilleries; it varies in the different provinces.(In Maranh o they pay 3200 rees for every sugar-mill (engenho de moer canna), in Bahia 4000 rees for every alembic.) Decima; 10 per cent. on the annual revenue of houses and other real

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

sending the Portuguese troops to the mother country, and the extraordinary expenses incurred by the war of Bahia, and various military works erected for the defence of the capital, have easily absorbed the amount of revenue; but should Brazil remain in a state of quiet for a short time, and affairs be well conducted, the treasury will eventually be in a flourishing state. On the departure of the Portuguese troops, the country, with the exception of the militia, was without any organized force for

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

other provinces, was resisted by Bahia, and on a reference to the Cortes, the latter province was declared to have acted properly. Thus, on the principle of divide, et impera, Portugal endeavoured to prevent any union amongst her transatlantic possessions. The Portuguese troops remaining at Rio de Janeiro, having shewn a disposition to serve either party, as opportunities might present themselves, were embarked for Europe. This circumstance, and the reports of those who had made an attempt to be

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

entering farther into the disputes, and abundant causes of irritation between the two countries, I shall merely add that this wish appearing unanimous, and the enthusiasm of the people excited to the utmost, it was determined to proclaim the Prince Regent, Constitutional Emperor of Brazil. The acclamation was postponed until the 12th October, the anniversary of his Royal Highness's birth-day, which took place in all parts of the empire, excepting Bahia, which still groaned under the Portuguese

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

have been laid up ever since. Considering the quantity of excellent building materials abounding in the country, little upon the whole has been done; and Portugal, at some time or other, may deeply regret the sluggish apathy that has permitted the almost entire decay of her navy. At Bahia, some degrees to the northward, a few vessels have been built on slips, and among them one small frigate; another was constructed near the settlement of Goa; these are the only vessels completed of late years by

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

more than probable that the first specimens brought to Europe by Dombey were procured here, and not in Peru, according to the hitherto received opinion. In Lima I could never discover that this mineral was known there. It may not be in this place improper to mention the organic remains of a large animal found near the Rio das Contas, in the province of Bahia, while some workmen were employed in making a tank for cattle. The bones covered a space of seventy feet. The ribs were thirteen inches

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

in two or three provinces, the different captaincies allowing no returns to the capital; but since the surrender of Bahia the receipts have been again made to Rio de Janeiro. Taking into account every source of revenue, and reasoning from some certain data, and others supposititious, the true state of the revenue may be arrived at. The government, to its honour, has kept perfect faith with the public creditor for debts contracted by the old government, and this too at a time when, from a variety

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

the parent state. Brazil was fully alive to the importance of the King's visit to the western continent, and hailed his arrival with acclamations. Bahia, the first port visited by his Majesty, exerted every nerve to induce him to stay, offering to build a palace, and render the city in every way worthy of his residence. In spite, however, of these temptations, he entered Rio de Janeiro in 1808. What the actual state of Brazil would have been, if the inordinate ambition of Buonaparte had not

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

discontent prevailed in every quarter. In 1817, disturbances commenced in Lisbon, and extended themselves across the Atlantic to Pernambuco, Bahia, and other places; and but for the energy of the Conde dos Arcos, go [page] 10

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

vernor of Bahia, it is not improbable that Brazil would have been revolutionized. The rebellion was put down, but not without the loss of some of the best heads in these captaincies. After this revolt the state remained quiet, but not regardless of passing events; and when, in 1820, the Spanish revolution commenced, every one was convinced it would soon infect the neighbouring state, already borne down by circumstances and anxious for any change which might ameliorate her condition. Portugal

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

to Portugal, that he should be able to restore tranquillity, and continue to wield the sceptre of both empires. The ministry resolved therefore to temporise with the Cortes, and promising that the Prince should return to Lisbon, trusted at the same time that the residence of the King would maintain the existing order of things in Brazil. The year of 1821 commenced with a revolution at Par , effected by the soldiery in a similar manner to that of Oporto. Bahia and Pernambuco followed this

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A332.1 Beagle Library: Caldcleugh, Alexander. 1825. Travels in South America, during the years 1819 - 20 - 21: containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chile. 2 vols. London: John Murray. vol. 1. Text Image

Ayres had caused a brace of pistols and a blunderbuss to be made from it and presented to the President of the United States. I obtained some specimens with the iron crystalized in octaedra. It differs from that of Siberia in having no earthy mineral embedded in it; agreeing in this respect with the mass found near Bahia. The surface was not much tarnished, but very irregular. The workmen complained much of its toughness. Like all the other masses which have been discovered in various parts of

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A732.01 Beagle Library: Stevenson, William Bennet. 1825. A historical and descriptive narrative of twenty years' residence in South America: containing the travels in Arauco, Chile, Peru, and Colombia; with an account of the revolution, its rise, progress, and results. 3 vols. London: Hurst, Robinson & Co. Text

have been accustomed to the scorching sun and suffocating heat of Bahia, on the opposite side of the Continent, or to those of Carthagena, in the same latitude, are astonished at the mild and almost equable climate of Lima. The fol [page] 15

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A732.01 Beagle Library: Stevenson, William Bennet. 1825. A historical and descriptive narrative of twenty years' residence in South America: containing the travels in Arauco, Chile, Peru, and Colombia; with an account of the revolution, its rise, progress, and results. 3 vols. London: Hurst, Robinson & Co. Text

; he had preserved or obtained from the wreck a musket and some ammunition, with which he both terrified and pleased the indians, who called him Camaruru, the man of fire, and elected him their king. He taught them several things of which they were before ignorant (as did Manco Capac and Mama Oclle the Peruvians); he was alive at the conquest of the country, and was carried to Portugal, when Emanuel granted him a valley near to Bahia, independent of the crown. Don Santos is the brother of the

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A816 Beagle Library: Nuñez, Ignacio Benito. 1825. An account, historical, political, and statistical, of the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata: with an appendix concerning the usurpation of Monte Video by the Portuguese and Brazilian governments. London: R. Ackerman. Text

, that the rivalry alluded to was never carried to such an extent as the invaders have attempted to assert. Since the time of the Spaniards, there has been rivalry between Monte Video and Buenos Ayres, but merely the rivalry of locality, a rivalry similar to what has existed and still exists between Janeiro and Bahia, and between one town and another in the same country. It is said, that after the revolution, the rivalry was carried to such a pitch, as to cause hostilities to take place between the

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A892 Beagle Library: Weddell, James. 1825. A voyage towards the South Pole performed in the years 1822-24. Containing an examination of the Antarctic Sea, to the seventy-fourth degree of latitude: and a visit to Tierra del Fuego, with a particular account of the inhabitants. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. Text

. trade wind. On the 7th November in the longitude of 30 we crossed the equator. The trade wind being far southerly we passed Cape St. Augustine, on the coast of Brazil, within 100 miles. On the 14th, in latitude 14 S., we closed with a Portuguese schooner, having a cargo of slaves, bound to Bahia, and' I boarded her. My officers were seriously impressed with the idea of making her a prize; but I was aware that we could not legally do so. This inability I much regretted, as we were of sufficient

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