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preceded him, and who still surround him, it is in all that relates to the development by evolution, or by natural selection, of moral and intellectual faculties and emotions that he is manifestly feeblest. He does his best, but he rows against wind and tide. The instincts and hopes and faith of cultivated mankind are against him; and though he may call Mr. Herbert Spencer or any other clever theorist into his boat to take an oar with him, he must fail. An evolutionist of the Darwinian order is bound
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ethnological and anatomical inquiries in every direction; it has been largely adopted and followed out by naturalists in this country and America, but most of all in the great work-room of modern science, whence a complete literature on Darwinismus has sprung up, and there disciples have appeared who stand in the same relation to their master as Muntzer and the Anabaptists did to Luther. Like most great advances in knowledge, the theory of Evolution found everything ripe for it. This is shown by the
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extension of the theory of evolution is held by men so distinguished as Haeckel, and how keenly the question * In reviewing in these columns the contributions of the latter eminent writer, we took occasion to quote the estimate he expresses of Mr. Darwin's claims. Should anyone be disposed to overlook the original value of Mr. Wallace's work, he will be corrected by a somewhat similar passage in the present volume. See pp. 137, note, and 416. [page] 44
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A69
Review:
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1871. [Review of] The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex. Quarterly Review. 131 (July): 47-90.
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evolution, then it becomes highly probable a priori that man's body has been similarly evolved; but this, in such a case, becomes equally probable from the admitted fact that he is an animal at all. The evidence for such a process of evolution of man's body amounts, however, only to an a priori probability, and might be reconciled with another mode of origin if there were sufficient reason (of another kind) to justify a belief in such other mode of origin. Mr. Darwin says: 'It is only our
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A69
Review:
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1871. [Review of] The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex. Quarterly Review. 131 (July): 47-90.
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though the facts detailed by him are exceedingly suggestive of it. When we speak of this absence of progression we do not, of course, mean to deny that the dog is superior in mental activity to the fish, or the jackdaw to the toad. But we mean that, considering the vast period of time that must (on Mr. Darwin's theory) have elapsed for the evolution of an Orang from an Ascidian, and considering how beneficial increased intelligence must be to all in the struggle for life, it is inconceivable
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A69
Review:
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1871. [Review of] The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex. Quarterly Review. 131 (July): 47-90.
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and his nearest allies, which cannot be bridged over by any extinct or living species, is answered simply by an appeal 'to a belief in the general principle of evolution' (vol. i. p. 200), or by a confident statement that 'we have every reason to believe that breaks in the series are simply the result of many forms having become extinct' (vol. i. p. 187). So, in like manner, we are assured that 'the early progenitors of man were, no doubt, once covered with hair, both sexes having beards; their
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A69
Review:
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1871. [Review of] The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex. Quarterly Review. 131 (July): 47-90.
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rule in Mr. Darwin's speculations as to man's genealogy. He carries that genealogy back to some ancient form of animal life somewhat like an existing larval Ascidian; and he does this on the strength of the observations of Knowalevsky and Kuppfer. He assumes at once that the similarities of structure which those observers detected are due to descent instead of to independent similarity of evolution, though the latter mode of origin is at least possible,* and can hardly be considered improbable
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A69
Review:
Mivart, St. George Jackson. 1871. [Review of] The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex. Quarterly Review. 131 (July): 47-90.
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the less, however, ought we to feel grateful to Mr. Darwin for bringing forward that theory, and for forcing on men's minds, by his learning, acuteness, zeal, perseverance, firmness, and candour, a recognition of the probability, if not more, of evolution and of the certainty of the action of 'natural selection.' For though the 'survival of the fittest' is a truth which readily presents itself to any one who considers the subject, and though its converse, the destruction of the least fit, was
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F2091
Book contribution:
Youmans, Edward Livingston. [1871]. [Recollection of Darwin in his letter to his sister Catherine, 15 July 1871]. In Fiske, John. 1894. Edward Livingston Youmans: interpreter of science for the people. New York: Appleton, p. 276.
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material—no dregs of '68— and it went with a rush. I took Mrs. D. in to lunch. They were all curiosity about America. Mr. D. had just resolved to send two of his boys across the Atlantic, and they leave the last of August. I told him about my lecturing the Brooklyn clergymen on evolution. What! said he, clergymen of different denominations all together? How they would fight if you should get them together here! They were greatly amused with a spiritualistic paper they had received from Chicago
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F1755
Periodical contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1871. Fertilisation of Leschenaultia. Gardeners' Chronicle and Agricultural Gazette no. 36 (9 September): 1166.
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then be immediately enclosed in a specially contrived receptacle, from which it has afterwards to be removed, so as to be placed on the stigma. But he who believes in the principle of gradual evolution, and looks at each structure as the summing up of a long series of adaptations to past and changing conditions each successive modification being retained as far as that is possible through the force of inheritance will not feel surprise at the above complex and apparently superfluous arrangement
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F2103
Book contribution:
Butler, Samuel. [1872-1882]. [Recollections of Darwin]. In Breuer, Hans-Peter ed. 1984. The note-books of Samuel Butler. vol. 1 (1874-1883). Boston: University Press of America, pp. 122-3, 129-31, 168, 204, 237.
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DARWIN, CHARLES, AND THE ACCEPTATION OF EVOLUTION I remember hearing Charles Darwin say that when he began to write on evolution he did not find a single man who accepted it; he spoke emphatically: There was not one, he said, of my friends who accepted it. All I can say is that he must have been very unfortunate in his friends. With seven or eight editions of the Vestiges sold already, there were plenty of believers in Evolution if he had chosen to look for them. True, the doctrine was
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [page] 2 Mr. Darwin's long expected work on the expression of the emotions in man and animals has just been published. It is written in support of his theory of evolution, and in necessary corroboration of his Descent of Man. The present work is chiefly in opposition to Sir Charles Bell's view, that man had been created with certain muscles specially adapted for the expression of his feelings— a view which clashed with Mr. Darwin's own belief in the
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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that some did then believe in evolution, but they were either silent, or expressed themselves so ambiguously that it was not easy to understand their meaning. Now things are wholly changed, and almost every naturalist admits the great principle of evolution. There are, however, some who still think that species have suddenly given birth, through quite unexplained means, to new and totally different forms: but, as I have attempted to show, weighty evidence can be opposed to the admission of great
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A1604
Review:
Anon. 1872. [Review of Expression]. The doctrine of evolution. Carolina Watchman (12 December): 1. [From Richmond Whig].
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [page] 1 THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION. Mr. Darwin has published another book in which he gives some far-fetched, if ingenious, illustrations of his pet theory of evolution. His book is entitled The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Some of the illustrations by which he attempts to establish man's kinship to the brute creation are as follows: the bristling of the hair under the influence of extreme terror can only be explained, says Mr Darwin
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F391
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray. 6th ed.; with additions and corrections. Eleventh thousand.
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At the present day almost all naturalists admit evolution under some form. Mr. Mivart believes that species change through an internal force or tendency, about which it is not pretended that anything is known. That species have a capacity for change will be admitted by all evolutionists; but there is no need, as it seems to me, to invoke any internal force beyond the tendency to ordinary variability, which through the aid of selection by man has given rise to many well-adapted domestic races
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A643
Periodical contribution:
Gulick, John T. [1872]. [Recollection of Darwin] In Gulick. 1908. Isolation and selection in the evolution of species. The need of clear definitions. The American Naturalist vol. 42, no. 493 (January): 48-57.
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Gulick, John T. 1908. Isolation and selection in the evolution of species. The need of clear definitions. The American Naturalist vol. 42, no. 493 (January): 48-57. [page] 54 In March, 1868, Moritz Wagner read a paper before the Royal Academy of Sciences at Munich on The Law of the Migration of Organisms, and in 1873 an English translation of a fuller paper by him entitled The Darwinian Theory and the Law of the Migration of Organisms was published by Edward Stanford, of London. It was through
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F1142
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray. First edition.
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never to have reflected on the principle of evolution. He apparently looks at each species as a separate creation. So it is with the other writers on Expression. For instance, Dr. Duchenne, after speaking of the movements of the limbs, refers to those which give expression to the face, and remarks:16 Le créateur n'a donc pas eu à se préoccuper ici des besoins de la mécanique; il a pu, selon sa sagesse, ouque l'on me pardonne cette maniére de parler par une divine fantaisie, mettre en action tel ou
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F1142
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray. First edition.
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Finally, with respect to my own observations, I may state that they were commenced in the year 1838; and, from that time to the present day, I have occasionally attended to the subject. At the above date, I was already inclined to believe in the principle of evolution, or of the derivation of species from other and lower forms. Consequently, when I read Sir C. Bell's great work, his view, that man had been created with certain muscles specially adapted for the expression of his feelings
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F1142
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1872. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray. First edition.
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evolution, which is now so largely accepted; but it forms no part of my duty here to argue on the general question. Those who believe in design, will find it difficult to account for shyness being the most frequent and efficient of all the causes of blushing, as it makes the blusher to suffer and the beholder uncomfortable, without being of the least service to either of them. They will also find it difficult to account for negroes and other dark-coloured races blushing, in whom a change of colour
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A582
Pamphlet:
Spengel, Johann Wilhelm. 1872. Die Darwinsche Theorie: Verzeichniss der über dieselbe in Deutschland, England, Amerika, Frankreich, Italien, Holland, Belgien und den Skandinavischen Reichen erschienenen Schriften und Aufsätze. 2d enlarged ed. Berlin: Wiegandt und Hempel.
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. Darwinism in Germany. The Contemporary Review. 1868. August. Man in creation, by the Rev. C. J. d'Oyly. 1871. Mai. On variety as an aim in nature, by the Duke of Argyll. Philosophy and Mr. Darwin, by Sir A. Grant. November. Mr. Darwin's critics, by Prof. Th. H. Huxley. 1872. Januar. Evolution and its consequences: a reply to Prof. Huxley, by St. G. Mivart. The Dublin Review. 1872. New Series. No. 35. Prof. Huxley and Mr. Mivart. The Edinburgh Review. 1860. No. 226. April. Darwin's origin of species
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