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F948
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.
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not here the case of a number of males becoming mature before the females, with the more beautiful males selected by the more vigorous females. If, indeed, brilliant colours were beneficial to a hermaphrodite animal in relation to its general habits of life, the more brightly-tinted individuals would succeed best and would increase in number; but this would be a case of natural and not of sexual selection. Sub-kingdom of the Vermes: Class, Annelida (or Sea-worms).—In this class, although the sexes
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F948
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1877. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. Twelfth thousand, revised and augmented. (final text). London: John Murray.
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been the result of ordinary or natural selection. Some animals extremely low in the scale have been modified for this same purpose; thus the males of certain parasitic worms, when fully grown, have the lower surface of the terminal part of their bodies roughened [page] 21
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CUL-DAR64.2.35-36
Note:
1877.06.10
A lime kiln was pulled down 35 years ago, known within a year, which stood
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outwards from 14 to 16 inches, so a good deal of earth must have been removed. The margin was considerably higher along the southern than along the northern margin. Earth beneath the stone as in last case — in most part fine, as worms had first to fill up cavities — quite damp. — but it is a stronger fact that in digging beneath the stone that a depth of 18 inches only 2 worms were seen, very few burrows, there was however one at the depth of 18 inches, — Beneath both these stones there were
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CUL-DAR64.2.35-36
Note:
1877.06.10
A lime kiln was pulled down 35 years ago, known within a year, which stood
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the stone was removed. In one part however, the margin consisted of live worms -lifted earth to a thickness of 7 inches. At first worms filled up spaces beneath the stone then raised surface of field round it — many castings round edges. At attenuated point A surface of field on a level with top of stone. — In another casting cd have been buried. [annotation to sketch:] Section after removal of stone / 9 inches / 5 or 6 inches beneath edge of [illeg] / 9 inches / level of field Section across the
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CUL-DAR64.2.35-36
Note:
1877.06.10
A lime kiln was pulled down 35 years ago, known within a year, which stood
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, thinking this they wd be of use wd then been left there for the 35 years (June 11 I have looked at stones; it is clear that ends must have been some height above ground when first laid down. —no doubt partly filled up by worms and partly subsidence of stones by burrows beneath. The 2 upper stones which rested chiefly on bricks stone rubbish cd have small but very little by mere pressure or weight — Lower earth sand fragments stone.) N.B in thickest part of mound are plenty of very large casting
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CUL-DAR64.2.42
Note:
1877.06.28
All the rubbish was removed some years ago & all the tiles had previously
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 42 Jun 28 /77/ Netley Abbey All the rubbish was removed some years ago all the tiles had previously been removed. In the Chapter House without any roofing well turfed — The worm mould was 4 1/2 inches thick but with the lower which or 2 containing bits of stones, tiles c. There were worms in the excavation. — In the aisles chancel — the mould not so deep. — old pavement everywhere removed
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CUL-DAR64.2.43-44
Note:
1877.08.21--1877.08.24
Roman Ruins / Worms / one worm at depth of 23 1/4 inches
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be brought up by the action of worms, of which many were seen. But as field slopes gently is ploughed has long been cultivated as earth light it is known that during heavy rain much is washed down, it is impossible to say how much due to this cause how much to worms. — Over a concrete pavement (through which however I could see no signs of holes for worms) that was in 43
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CUL-DAR64.2.43-44
Note:
1877.08.21--1877.08.24
Roman Ruins / Worms / one worm at depth of 23 1/4 inches
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above an inch square I saw worm holes though [illeg] of the tessellated [illeg] one was cut through in its hole. So that earth cd certainly be brought up from below In one place 11 inches over the tile in another place 16 inches. The layer of tiles not quite seen. Aug 23d I have found at least 6 or 8 points in the concrete surface, where worms have tried to come up, but were prevented making their castings by the boards on surface. I have gone counted found 25 holes !!! several of [them] small
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CUL-DAR64.2.43-44
Note:
1877.08.21--1877.08.24
Roman Ruins / Worms / one worm at depth of 23 1/4 inches
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This was the first trench dug on the lower side of ruins to the S. W, lower than could have been but little [wash] at early times from the field, until all was demolished levelled. here the depth was 6 1/2 + 34 before coming to undisturbed yellowish argillaceous compact sand. There is no difficulty in believing that a wide expanse of turf has subsided. Equally why shd be doubt about a paved floor if it can be penetrated by worms 4
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CUL-DAR64.2.41
Note:
1877.08.21
[annotated diagrams] / We must remember that earth brought up by worms
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Mortar Earth Very black humous 8 inches Foundation 30 inches from top Thickness of wall 23 inches Wall Foundation of wall (See p. 2 for greater thickness on west side of old house.—) Undisturbed solid yellowish argillaceous sand Trench dug Base of wall (The wall [mortar] have projected here at first above ground about 9 inches, but in other parts about 16 inches:) The tessalated floor stood some inches above level of ground. We must remember that earth brought up by worms will be washed away by
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CUL-DAR64.2.43-44
Note:
1877.08.21--1877.08.24
Roman Ruins / Worms / one worm at depth of 23 1/4 inches
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of floor that the many stones rubbish was accumulated thus worms filled up intestines after which I imagine which subsided but subside unequally, so that stones get separated by fine earth, some stones sinking more than others We now [find] that the concrete was covered with very small square tiles 5/8 of an inch thick (over) 44
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(4 The tesselated floor on a whole level, with some slight inequalities. — There is not the slightest trace of a break when the concrete on which the tesselated pavement was embedded joins the walls on 2 sides of the room. The wall wd subside slower owing to the foundation going to great depth, where the pavement concrete, wd resist until much decayed worms bringing up earth. — Upon the whole I incline to think pavement summit of broken walls were covered up by worm-earth with extreme slowness
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 47 3) Worms — Abinger 1877 Aug. 22d (next day) Many worms came out during night from bottom of trench outside wall which was 43 beneath level of field. I found 3 or 4 holes going right under foundation of old wall — See diagram. A worm found at 48 1/2 inch beneath surface. A worm hole at 51 1.2 — another hole 57 1/2 — another hole lined with black mould at 65 1/2 — This was a small hole, beneath this though careful search was made no holes nor worms
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CUL-DAR64.2.49
Note:
1877.08.23
Cirencester / (1) When the Roman pavement has been cleared & exposed do
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 49 Cirencester (1) When the Roman pavement has been cleared exposed, do the earth-worms bring up their castings or pellets of earth to the surface, so that the pavement has occasionally to have swept brushed? If so, has the pavement to be swept once, twice or oftener during the year? Can it be remembered whether such worm-castings were brought up to the surface soon after the pavements were found exposed? (2) Is the tesselated pavement quite level, or
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CUL-DAR64.2.52
Note:
[1877].08.24
What I found yesterday was bits of earth & concrete trodded firmly down
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 52 Abinger (Worms) 24th [August 1877] What I found yesterday was bits of earth concretetroddedfirmly down were slightly cracked rancid on picking off the earth — I found worm-holes — So that it is certain that the concrete tiles were penetrated by at least 25 holes, but there were only a few castings I now suspect that after the surface earth was removed, the day being hot, the air in the holes expanded and raised the crust not as I had imagined that
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CUL-DAR64.2.59-62
Note:
[1877.11.00]
Chedworth / Level pavement — 8 in concrete over hypocaust — tree makes
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as the 1st or 2nd. This wall is covered only by few inches grass mould. The worms are working in yellow clay soil with lumps of oolite in it. Found 3 big ones a few inches deeper than worm 2 but not under wall. Worms seem torpid Worm 3 small 2 feet below level 60
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CUL-DAR64.2.59-62
Note:
[1877.11.00]
Chedworth / Level pavement — 8 in concrete over hypocaust — tree makes
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of soil on ledge — close to side of wall — Went down 2' 6 from soil on ledge found no worms — except 1 or 2 near surface. About 5 in of black mould with few stones in it on top of old undisturbed 6
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CUL-DAR63.35
Note:
1877.11.10--1877.11.12
Worms / After very violent rain & strong wind the castings on lawn seemed
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 35 Nov. 10th 1877 Worms After very violent rain strong wind, the castings on lawn seemed blown over to leeward, but Horace suggests that part of appearance may be due to the windward side having been washed down. He suggests splashes with mud wd be carried to leeward, bits have soil I think too adhesive. On steep bank below Terrace walk the castings have I think certainly slided much down hill. Horace asks what wd be effects of subsidence of solid
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Chedworth D in plan. Worms at work on grass between stones the hypocaust. The hypocaust was hollow from what the woman says. Judging from pieces of detached tessarae with the concrete; worms could not get through it. 55
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 54 [annotation by Darwin:] Chedworth? Nov 14th. Barton Pavement Floor below level of ground 1'-10 1.7 } in two places The floor was damp no worms. It was arched in places, by the swelling of the vegetable fibre between tesserae I suppose. On the top of the mortar between the tesserae, a little sand in a few places evidently brought up by something from below the floor was very wavey 5
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Room marked P worms at work. In this room there was turf over the pink concrete turf was about 1 1/2 thick Found worm hole going right through pavement we measured it 2 1/2 below level of tessarae it went deeper. Worm made very few castings here. Found a worm coiled up 3 1/2' below about where the floor was in rotten concrete worm uncoiled. We found no tessarae 5
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CUL-DAR64.2.78-80
Note:
1877.11.15
Chedworth / Remains discovered in 1866 & I think excavated then
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2 At D is a hypocaust room which originally consisted of a floor supported on stone pillars arranged n rows. The flooring has all gone the bottom on which the pillars rest is grass grown, has worms now working in it. The woman says that the cavity of the hypocaust was empty when the remains were discovered: she says the rabbits get into the hypocausts. In the present kitchen garden at about the pen ink mark * is a Roman wall which the antiquarians think was the wall surrounding the villa
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CUL-DAR64.2.78-80
Note:
1877.11.15
Chedworth / Remains discovered in 1866 & I think excavated then
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3 as there were hardly any worms it was not worth while going deeper. There is a wall running along (about like the line S — S) on the very edge of the wood; the soil has been cleared away from the side of the wall nearest to the external wall of the rooms R c, but the side nearest the wood has not been exposed the soil on the top has evidently not been disturbed as hazel trees grow on it now. Moreover the men who dug for us said it not been disturbed much. There was about 5 inches of black
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CUL-DAR64.2.78-80
Note:
1877.11.15
Chedworth / Remains discovered in 1866 & I think excavated then
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cavity of the hypocaust is 8 in thick His pavement is protected by a roof: no worms come through as far as we saw. The pavement is level except for some bulgings which correspond with the position of a big tree which grew in the middle of the pavement The bath room B has a pavement over hypocaust: an old stump of a tree has been left growing on a low party wall to show the extent to which the remains were covered by soil. The vertical distance from the pavement to the bottom of the stump is 3'-4
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CUL-DAR64.1.12
Note:
1877.12.15--1877.12.18
Sandwalk pot of red argillaceous sand several worms at depth of 30 1/2
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 12 Dec 15 /77 Sandwalk pit of red argillaceous sand several worms at depth of 30 1/2 Dec 16 found some distinct worm holes slate going down at 44 1/2 inches Dec 17 3 fine worms at depth of 45 inches. Several roots some decayed running down this depth Dec 17 worms cut through in Hole 55 inches from surface — Bed of fine sand with much argillaceous ferruginous matter none disturbed — few roots (Worms) (over) 12
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CUL-DAR64.1.86
Abstract:
[1878--1880]
`Arch Zool Exper' 1878: 395 1878. p. 395 digestive fluid of earth worms digestive starch.
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 86 Arch Zoolog. Exper. 1878. p. 395 digestive fluid of earth worms digestive starch. (Quoted) [verso blank
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CUL-DAR252.5
Note:
[1878--1908]
Catalogue of Charles Robert Darwin's pamphlet collection: Quarto
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20A 1806 Halshed [illeg] 1547 Hansen Milk of Carica 1575 Hausten Protoplasm 1419 W. Harris Infant Development 1632 w Hartig Gasdruck 1635 w Haycraft Sensation 1774 Haycraft Sensation 1768 Hildebrand Zygomorphy 1791 Hildebrand Oxalis 1763 Hensen Worms 1362 Henslow G. Self-Fertilisation of Plants [45
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F1251
Book:
Darwin, C. R. 1878. The effects of cross and self fertilisation in the vegetable kingdom. 2d ed. London: John Murray.
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CONTRIVANCES BY WHICH ORCHIDS ARE FERTILIZED BY INSECTS. Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 9s. MOVEMENTS AND HABITS OF CLIMBING PLANTS. Woodcuts, Crown 8vo. 6s. INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS, Woodcuts, Crown 8vo. 14s. EFFECTS OF CROSS AND SELF-FERTILIZATION IN THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM. Crown 8vo. 12s. DIFFERENT FORMS OF FLOWERS ON PLANTS OF THE SAME SPECIES. Crown 8vo. 10s. 6d. POWER OF MOVEMENT IN PLANTS. Woodcuts. Cr. 8vo. 15s. THE FORMATION OF VEGETABLE MOULD THROUGH THE ACTION OF WORMS; with Observations on their Habits
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A4672
Book:
Huxley, Thomas Henry. 1878. Evolution in biology. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed. 8: 744-551. [Darwin Pamphlet Collection]
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alimentary canal; and the mesoblast gives rise to all the other tissues, except the central nervous system, which originates from an ingrowth of the epiblast. With more or less modification in detail, the embryo has been observed to pass through these successive evolutional stages in sundry Sponges, Cœlenterates, Worms, Echinoderms, Tunicates, Arthropods, Mollusks, and Vertebrates; and there are valid reasons for the belief that all animals of higher organisation than the Protozoa agree in the
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 63 [in margin:] (Worms) Proctor — Pleasant Ways in Science. 1879 p. 379 on accumulation of Dust, I must discuss — enormously exaggerated. Began with St Jago, then go on to Pampas. Finally tilled fields — bare mountains arid countries give rise to mush dust. I must allow [more] to dust, then I have. (old Ruin wd catch dust) — Also on Larvae of insects as well as ants
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F1319
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1879. Preliminary notice. In Krause, E., Erasmus Darwin. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. London: John Murray.
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those which serve the purpose of tanning-, varnishing, and the various medical purposes, do not seem, he says in a note on the madder plant,* essential to the life of the plant; but seem given it as a defence against insects or other animals, to whom these materials are nauseous or deleterious. The colours of insects and many smaller animals contribute to conceal them from the larger ones which prey upon them. Caterpillars which feed on leaves are generally green; earth-worms the colour of the
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F1319
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1879. Preliminary notice. In Krause, E., Erasmus Darwin. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. London: John Murray.
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probably observed the reciprocal generation of inferior animals, as snails and worms, was of opinion that mankind with all other animals Avere originally hermaphrodites during the infancy of the world, and were in process of time separated into male and female. The breasts and teats of all male quadrupeds, to which no use can be now assigned, adds perhaps some shadow of probability to this opinion. Linnasus excepts the horse from the male quadrupeds, who have teats; which might have shown the
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F1319
Book contribution:
Darwin, C. R. 1879. Preliminary notice. In Krause, E., Erasmus Darwin. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin. London: John Murray.
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ruped. But even the higher animals in their embryonic development in the egg or the body of the mother point towards this origin from humidity. Still Nature's births enclosed in egg or seed From the tall forest to the lowly weed, Her beaux and beauties, butterflies and worms, Eise from aquatic to aerial forms. Thus in the womb the nascent infant laves Its natant form in the circumfluent waves; With perforated heart unbreathing swims, Awakes and stretches all its recent limbs; With gills
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PC-Virginia-Erasmus-F1319
Printed:
1879--1880
Preliminary notice. In Krause, E., Erasmus Darwin. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin
London
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those which serve the purpose of tanning-, varnishing, and the various medical purposes, do not seem, he says in a note on the madder plant,* essential to the life of the plant; but seem given it as a defence against insects or other animals, to whom these materials are nauseous or deleterious. The colours of insects and many smaller animals contribute to conceal them from the larger ones which prey upon them. Caterpillars which feed on leaves are generally green; earth-worms the colour of the
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PC-Virginia-Erasmus-F1319
Printed:
1879--1880
Preliminary notice. In Krause, E., Erasmus Darwin. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin
London
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probably observed the reciprocal generation of inferior animals, as snails and worms, was of opinion that mankind with all other animals Avere originally hermaphrodites during the infancy of the world, and were in process of time separated into male and female. The breasts and teats of all male quadrupeds, to which no use can be now assigned, adds perhaps some shadow of probability to this opinion. Linnasus excepts the horse from the male quadrupeds, who have teats; which might have shown the
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PC-Virginia-Erasmus-F1319
Printed:
1879--1880
Preliminary notice. In Krause, E., Erasmus Darwin. Translated from the German by W. S. Dallas, with a preliminary notice by Charles Darwin
London
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ruped. But even the higher animals in their embryonic development in the egg or the body of the mother point towards this origin from humidity. Still Nature's births enclosed in egg or seed From the tall forest to the lowly weed, Her beaux and beauties, butterflies and worms, Eise from aquatic to aerial forms. Thus in the womb the nascent infant laves Its natant form in the circumfluent waves; With perforated heart unbreathing swims, Awakes and stretches all its recent limbs; With gills
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. Again p. 429, after describing a tangled bank clotted with planets, with birds singing in the bushes, insects flitting about, worms crawling through the damp earth, c., he says, There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers having been originally breathed by the Creator into a few forms or one, c. Now if there is a Creator in the Darwinian scheme, who impresses law upon matter, and breathes life with its several powers into one or more forms, why should we say he has turned God
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11 Chap. 9 Mollusca. viduals would succeed best, and would increase in number; but this would be a case of natural and not of sexual selection. Sub-kingdom of the Vermes or Annulosa. Class-Annelida (or Sea-worms)— In this the lowest class of the enormous sub-kingdom of the Annulosa, although the sexes, (when separate) sometimes differ so greatly from each other that they have been placed under distinct genera, or even families, yet the differences do not seem to be of the kind which can safely
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 60 May 1 1880 Geolog. Journal Sorby on Bearing on Worms Disintegration p 47 48 59. the most important 65
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CUL-DAR65.120
Note:
[1880]
Under digestion do not give case of 2 gizzards & moniliform gizzard
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even Hy. N. S. acid, diluted according to the Pharmacopœia, produced much less a effect than did the acids generated in the alimentary canals of the worms. [Draft of Earthworms, p. 241
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CUL-DAR64.2.92a-92b
Draft:
[Undated]
[of Earthworms] p.28 (a) text — lead on / I have been assured by a Volunteer that he has often seen many large earth-worms crawling quickly about the grass
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 92a p. 28 (a) text — lead on I have been assured by a volunteer that he has often seen many large earth-worms crawling quickly about the grass, a few minutes after his company had fired a volley with blank cartridges. The Peewit (Trigon Vanellus Linn.) seems to know instinctively that worms will emerge if the [line excised] 92
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CUL-DAR64.2.92a-92b
Draft:
[Undated]
[of Earthworms] p.28 (a) text — lead on / I have been assured by a Volunteer that he has often seen many large earth-worms crawling quickly about the grass
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hear from Mr. Moorhouse) that a young peewit kept in confinement need to stand on one leg beat the turf with the other until the worms crawled out of their burrows, where they were instantly doomed. Nevertheless, worms do not invariably leave their burrows when the ground is made to tremble; as I know by having beaten it with a spade but perhaps it was beaten too violently
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [96] (1 (Worms do not appear are to be less as so sensitive to moderate radiant heat than to me as to a bright light. ─ I judge of this from having held a double rod poker heated to a dull redness near to five worms, at such a distance which [illeg] that a very sensible degree of warmth was felt by to my hand, one of the five worms took no notice; a second withdrew into its burrow but not very quickly; the third fourth much more quickly the fifth with
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CUL-DAR64.2.107
Note:
[1880--1881]
Hensen of Kiel tells me that P.G Müller has published on the work of
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 1 Hensen of Kiel tells me that P. E. Müller has published on the work of worms in Tidsskrift for Skovbrug B III I LL Heft — Copenhagen 1878 in (I supposed name of article) Studier over Skovjord (Walderde) [Francis Darwin:] corrected in 7th [illeg] FD June 8/8
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CUL-DAR64.2.86-89
Note:
[1880--1881]
Frank / What is angle of a surface rising 14 ft in 120 yards?
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29 1/2 oz ejected on square yard in 40 years I assume the worms work for 1/2 year [calculations] Great Valley Calcareous castings [calculations] Amount ejected on square yard during 6 months (3) Multiply (3) by 4840 sq yards in acre reduce to tons Pounds 40593.08 pounds per acre = 18.12 tons = 18 tons 27 pound
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CUL-DAR64.1.14
Note:
[1880]
Smell — soaked cotton wool in strong tobacco juice & held close to 2
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 14 [1880] 1) (Smell — soaked cotton wool in strong tobacco juice held close to 2 worms no effect. generally concentrated acetic acid equally inefficient, but worm twice retracted, but this may well have been that skin affected by so pungent a vapour which (Perrier) is so astonishing a deadly a poison to them in so astonishing degree.) [Earthworms, p. 44, note: Perrier, 'Archives de Zoolog. expér. July, 1874, pp. 416, 419
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CUL-DAR65.126
Draft:
[Undated]
[of Earthworms] the worms their intestinal canal as Morren remarks (p 16)
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 126 [top of page excised] the worms their intestinal canal, as Morren remarks (p. 16) is impleta tenuissimâ terrâ veluti in pulverem redacta ; that which is voided is so well mixed with some secretion that it is rendered viscid when dried gets into hard little masses. [illeg pencil words in margin] not used C. F. Morren, De Lumbrici terrestris, 1829. [verso blank
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [1] * foot-note p. 47) This fact probably explains why common vegetable mould, which has all passed through the bodies of worms is not commonly acid, as far as I have observed. But in one part of my lawn, which part is not well drained when moss daisies chiefly grown grow, the mould was distinctly acid. I presume that decomposition of the humus acids had been here checked by air not having had free acces
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SCRC-UCL-Box1Folder2[.1]
Draft:
[1880--1881]
Draft of Earthworms, folio 11 (six-line fragment)`. Published pp. 26-7.
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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online [11] 11 Worms are not only destitute of the sense of sight, but also of that of hearing. Those which were kept in pots were indifferent to all noises, the shrillest whistle note on the bassoon as low as . Morren suspects (ibid 124) that they have the power of smell, but he advances no evidence. Those which I kept were not [bottom of page excised] [11v
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[verso in the hand of Emma Darwin with corrections by Darwin] 54 Ch IV embankment or tumulus 2000 years old would if none of it were not removed have passed would be brought to the sur about 200 times with the kind through the intestines of worms, thus have been brought to the surface. As on each set of occasion the castings in their soft condition would be eminently liable to be washed to a lower level, it is impossible to doubt that all ancient embankments and tumuli must in the course of
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