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March 31 ─ 1863

Viola canina, true under net 8 flowers, not touched; black thread. I find that three flowers & three just below, & some in shrubbery near Azalia bed, which were then planted have not a grain of pollen. So these useless for experiment: but then of V. Hirta near the wild plant on Green Hull have plenty of pollen: (& those in Orchard 10 Plants flowers on April 4th covered with net in Orchard V. canina have plenty of pollen & marked black thread.)

do. open 8 8 flowers, not touched, black thread, in K. garden: with no pollen ─ anther open & empty in bud.)

(Near net in Orchard 10 uncovered flowers marked black thread.)

V. Hirta

(April 1' I watched 1000 of wild flowers; at last saw on Green Hill one Hive-Bee visiting & sucking several marked 6 flowers of V. hirsuta with black thread, which I saw sucked ─ Of these 6, 2 set fine pods & some of others seemed to have been injured.In second field, Green Hill,─ 70 yd beyond gap into, there is little than close to patch 1 & 2 yards beyond this, the marked flowers are a yard along on back whole group of flowers of V. hirsuta.─

Ap. 2d Boys saw very small quite Humble-bee sucking do. =) Hirsuta

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[in margin:] [Thread] 10-11/7000 V. Can [Thread] 13-14/7000 largish

Pollen of V. Canina from near net varies from 9 1/2 to 12/7000 of an inch ─ the extreme being unusual 10-14/7000 being commonest, in water with middle eye-piece tube 1.5 out.─ Stigma turned up ∠ angularly.─

2 great projection from stamens running into nectary ─ Spec. in spirits ─ for comparison of stigma ─ There are two species in Spirits!!!

April 13th I have now grown on daily watching both species of Viola. (V. Hirsuta ─ commonest) & never once again see Bee or Fly sucking ─ Possibly moths may.─

April 14. Pollen of true V. canina 13-14/7000 with middle eye-piece

[do] V. hirsuta 10-11/7000 do

Stigma differs in both kinds

Ap. 14 artificially fertilised 4 flowers (white thread) under net.─

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footstalk broader, ─ whole rather smaller

The papillæ on side of 4 petal-scales represent similar papillæ on edge of stamens

Viola Hirta, on "small flower". Petal-scales much larger than in V. canina, the lower lip ─ one more hood like. All 5 stamens are furnished with 2 cells with pollen ─ Stigma bent, almost rectangularly, but not doubled on self.─)

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May 15 1863 Imperfect flowers of Viola canina. ─ Pollen-grains when distended with water (& they seem to distend in unusual degree) are 8-10/7000 in diameter ─ in perfect flowers they are 13-14/7000, so that considerably smaller.─

No spur to lower abortive petals ─ no appendages to anther ─ only 3 developed & these contain extraordinary few grain of pollen ─ anther do not dehisce ─ pollen when removed from anther shrivel in remarkable manner.─ I suspect naturally never get dry ─ (May not [illeg] economy of pollen be final cause of imperfect anther) (use of nectary here well shown) & of coloured corolla)

In perfect flower style of some length; in the

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imperfect flower remarkably very much shorter, so that stigma lies under scales of anther.─ In perfect flowers the summit of straight blunt style is spinose & small truncate & not enlarged stigma projects on lower side at nearly ∟' but a little upturned from ovarium.─ In imperfect flowers the short style is hooked & so much curved that stigma faces the base of ovarium, towards & almost in contact with the 2 fertile anthers ─ the stigma is a little enlarged & surrounded by fringe of membrane so as to be saucer-shaped ─ there is no blunt point covered with spines, & for the stigma is terminal instead of lateral. An open passage, (along which I pressed a bubble of air) passes for stigma to ovarium.─

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(V. Hirta stigma bent at nearly ∟' all anthers have pollen, saw tubes [sketch] emitted from each grain within anther & now consisting of empty husks ─ about 9-10/7000 in length.─

Except in shortness of pistil not much difference from in perfect flowers; in latter, however, pistil narrowed in where it united to ovarium.)

July 10' I carefully compared seed of those that seeded outside of net & those artificially fertilised under net & same in number; 5 pods on average 10.8 seed. ─ Nine pods from little imperfect flowers produced on average 9.88 seed; so if any difference less fertile; but one of these pods produced 15 seed, which I have never seen equalled. Seed in appearance exactly alike.─

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Ap 15- 63 Viola canina (true)

Hanggrove ─ saw B. Hortorum sucking multitude of flowers; & biting holes in nectary in flowers not hanging hardly so position of flower & of nectary wd be [illeg] by natural selection─ whole ground beautiful blue in large patches from 2 species & few can be sucked.─ Nature does not care for waste.

Marked 6 fl. Hanggrove Wood sucked by black thread & each stand at twig end of layered Birch ─ tree, ─ where fl cut down flat wood, rises into wooded slope ─ 25 yards on sort of path from gap in hedge into grass-field.

It is near where Cephlalanthera grew.─

When so many primroses have grown this year spring.

Ap. 16 saw 2 or 3 Hive-Bees sucking many flowers of true V. canina, & I f. a multitude of flowers with nectaries bitten, no doubt by Humbles.

Ap. 17 saw B. lepidarius sucking every V. canina─

Ap 19' saw another distinct Humble sucking V. Canina

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& I found two other withered flowers so say 12 marked, I see now May 15 many imperfect flowers have produced good size pods; so I do not doubt that extra pods are all product of imperfect pods.─ I remember last year I could not distinguish; these must be imperfect flowers nearly or quite comel comely with perfect flowers.─ At least I may say 12 flowers under net did not set; & 3 out of 4 under net did set.─

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May 14' 1863 ─ Under net by Orchard of 4 flowers of V. canina, artificially fertilised 3 have set fine pods ─ Of 10 [insertion of note in 2v] left to themselves none have set:

But this is a doubt because there are very many fine pods (; yet I do not remember so many in flower) & if they be not imperfect flowers, some flowers do not; but I believe they must be produce of imperfect flower; if so these are produced very early.─

Of ten flowers outside net close by, left by themselves 4 have produced fine pods; 4 2 of the black threads could not be formed & probably dropped off

Of the 6 flowers in Hanggrove seen by me to

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be sucked by Humble 4 have produced x fine pods & the other 2 bitten off & probably set.─

May 15 marked with White Silk 8 imperfect flowers on plants which had been under net.─  All set pods ─

June 3d. The flowers which I artificially fertilised on April 14 have large pods, but they are scarcely larger than those produced on minute imperfect flowers marked May 15" !! so pods of latter grew much more quickly, & this explains perfectly my doubt about the pods under net not marked ─ I may safely say none set under net from which insect were excluded.─