(1

Abstract. Oats — Tin-foil Cap.

exposed for 4°, sufficed to cause others to bend to ground

Abstract

p. 1.

(1) 9/12 high— cap .25 deep — vertical ✓

cap removed exposed for 4 1/2 h. & now curved to ground

(2) 8/12 high cap .2 deep considerably curved to light.

Pot reversed with cap still on & now points somewhat to light certainly acted on.

(3) 6/12 high          cap .22 deep vertical

cap removed — now curved to neary base to light

(4) 6 1/2 /12 cap .2 deep considerably curved to light

Pot reversed cap still on— slightly curved to light— Certainly acted on

All not abo about .7 High exposed 7 1/2 & 6°. 10'

p. 2. Most a little under 3/4 of inch in height

(5) cap .3 deep Vertical ✓

(6) — .3. vertical ✓

(7) — .24 deep a trace of bowing

(8) — .2 very slight bowing

 9) — .26 slightly bowed

(10) —          .25 a trace bowed (true case)

11) — .25. very considerably bowed — true case from been slight dry pot

(12) —          .25 vertical ✓

 13 — 25 vertical ✓

13 with caps, of which 6 had caps .25 deep & 2 caps .3 deep of these 8 5 remained vertical during whole time of exposure, 4 were very slight, one only just perceptibly bowed, & only one considerably bowed towards light.

Five other had caps fr .24 to .2 in depth, of the 1 remained vertical, & the 4 2 slightly & 2 considerably bowed to light. All these & seedling [presents] a very duller appear from those in the same pots without caps.—

25

46

Chap. 17 8 Mammals – Hair

some certain antelopes are furnished with a great fold of skin on the neck or dewlap which is of much less developed size in the female.

Now what ought must we to conclude with respect to these several last-mentioned sexual differences? No one will pretend that the beard of certain male goats, or the dewlap of the bull, or the crests of hair along the spine of certain male antelopes, are of any direct or ordinary service to them animals. It is possible that the immense beard of the male Pithecias and the large beard of the male Orang may serve to protect their throats when fighting; for the keepers in the zoological gardens inform me that many monkeys often attack each other by the throat; but it is not probable that the beard has been acquired for a different purpose from that for which the whiskers, moustache and other tufts of hair on the faces of monkeys have been developed; serve; and this can hardly serve as a cannot hardly be for the sake of protection. Must we attribute such all their hairy and other analogous masculine appendages in the male to mere useless variability? This is impossible may [ possibly] be the case; for with several of our various domesticated quadrupeds, certain characters, apparently not derived through reversion from any wild which they have not inherited from their parent-species form, have appeared in the males alone, or are more developed in them males than in the females,─ as with the hump on in the male zebra zebra, cattle of India─ the tail in fat-tailed rams, ─ the arched outline

[Descent 2: 284: "Now, what must we conclude with respect to such sexual differences as these? No one will pretend that the beards of certain male-goats, or the dewlap of the bull, or the crests of hair along the backs of certain male antelopes, are of any direct or ordinary use to them. It is possible that the immense beard of the male Pithecia, and the large beard of the male Orang, may protect their throats when fighting; for the keepers in the Zoological Gardens inform me that many monkeys attack each other by the throat: but it is not probable that the beard has been developed for a distinct purpose from that which the whiskers, moustache, and other tufts of hair on the face serve; and no one will suppose that these are useful as a protection. Must we attribute to mere purposeless variability in the male all these appendages of hair or skin? It cannot be denied that this is possible; for with many domesticated quadrupeds, certain characters, apparently not derived through reversion from any wild parent-form, have appeared in, and are confined to, the males, or are more largely developed in them than in the females,—for instance the hump in the male zebu-cattle of India, the tail in fat-tailed rams, the arched outline of the forehead in the males of several breeds of sheep, the mane in the ram of an African breed, and, lastly, the mane, long hairs on the hinder legs, and the dewlap in the male alone of the Berbura goat.18
18 See the chapters on these several animals in vol. i. of my 'Variation of Animals under Domestication;' also vol. ii. p. 73; also chap. xx."]

(2

Quills

Abstract

Quills uncoloured (p. 3), 5 quills; 3 as much curved as from ones 2 slightly curved

p. (4)

(1) Much bent close to ground

(2) fairly bent

(3) well bent

(4) fairy well, though not so much as some

(p 5) (5) 6 7 8) as much bowed as any   

13 plain quills — of which 11 became well curved & 2 slightly curved to light

Painted quills

p. 3 (1) cap .3 vertical

(2) — .3 vertical

(3) — .3 vertical

(4) — .3 slightly inclined, but not directly to light probably weight

p. 4. (5) .3 vertical

(6) .3 vertical, but bend slightly across light

(7) .3 bends away from or across light

(8) .3  a slight bent to light

8 seedlings — of these 7 vertical, but with respect to the lig not at all inclined to light, but 3 of them slightly inclining bent in some other direction — one alone slightly inclined to light.

p. 5) (9) caps .25 deep. — slightly bowed

(10) (9) .25. vertical

(11) .25. as much bowed as any

(12) .25. nearly as much bowed as any

12 seedlings with caps of which 8 had caps .3 deep & 4 caps .25 deep. of these 8 remained were not at all inclined to light, yet 3 of others from some cause became inclined slight bent in some other direction — 2 slightly bowed to light, & 2 (with cap .25) almost as much bowed as any—. This latter fact is a case very [illeg] one. We cannot explain this latter case

47

43

Chap. 18 Mammals, odour.

is in some very connected with the act of reproduction; but he gives only a conjectural and unsatisfactory explanation. of its use.) 12 *(35)

In most of the cases in which where the male alone emits a strong odour during the breeding season, it is probable that this serves to excite or allure the female. We must not judge on this head by our own taste; for it is well known that rats are enticed by certain essential oils and cats by valerian, substances which are far from agreeable to us; and the dog, though he will not eat carrion, sniffs and rolls in it. From the remarks made when discussing the voice of the stag we may reject the idea the idea that the odour serves to bring from a distance the females to the males, nor is it possible that it can have any relation, as in the case of the voice with the inherited effect of long-continued use use, as with the vocal organs of stags, cannot here come into play.

The odour emitted must be of considerable important to the males, in as much as large and in some cases complex glands, furnished with muscles for everting the sack, and for closing or opening the orifice, have been in some cases developed. , and their acquirements The process of development is intelligible by the aid of sexual selection if the more odoriferous males are have been the most successful in winning females & in leaving offspring to inherit their gradually perfected glands and odours.

(349)

[Descent 2: 280-1: "t is a singular fact that the matter secreted by this, latter gland does not, according to Pallas, change in consistence, or increase in quantity, during the rutting-season; nevertheless this naturalist admits that its presence is in some way connected with the act of repro- [281] duction. He gives, however, only a conjectural and unsatisfactory explanation of its use.12
In most cases, when during the breeding-season the male alone emits a strong odour, this probably serves to excite or allure the female. We must not judge on this head by our own taste, for it is well known that rats are enticed by certain essential oils, and cats by valerian, substances which are far from agreeable to us; and that dogs, though they will not eat carrion, sniff and roll in it. From the reasons given when discussing the voice of the stag, we may reject the idea that the odour serves to bring the females from a distance to the males. Active and long-continued use cannot here have come into play, as in the case of the vocal organs. The odour emitted must be of considerable importance to the male, inasmuch as large and complex glands, furnished with muscles for everting the sack, and for closing or opening the orifice, have in some cases been developed. The development of these organs is intelligible through sexual selection, if the more odoriferous males are the most successful in winning the females, and in leaving offspring to inherit their gradually-perfected glands and odours.
12 Pallas, 'Spicilegia Zoolog.' fasc. xiii. 1799, p. 24; Desmoulins. 'Dict. Class. d'Hist. Nat.' tom. iii. p. 586."]

(3

Gold-Beater skin

unpainted

Oats

p. 7 5 unpainted as much curved as any

p. 9 3 unpainted do. do. do

8 all curved to light.

3 unpainted & placed close to ground— became greatly curved

p. 8. 3 seedlings not painted at bases for .3 — as much bowed, as much bent as any.

Part grease & Black Painted Tips

(Abstract)

p. 7 3 (1 inch to 1.2 high) as much curved as any— Pan .25 to .3 (?)

2 (C .9-.85 high) vertical.

p. 8. 3 2 seedlings painted for .25

2 vertical; (1 bowed but perhaps accidental by paper of adjoining plant)

p. 9. 3 seedlings, painted to .3 1 vertical, 1 bowed transversely to light 1 fairly well bowed to light

Result 9 10 seedlings — 5 remained vertical one bowed turning to light, believe weight, may be excluded —

Caps. Pan .25 to .3 remain 9, — of which 5 vertical, 4 well bowed to light. It wd be [prodigious] to have 5 not affect by light.

Bases painted.

4 seedlings painted up from ground between .2 & .3

2 vertical, 1 very slightly & 1 as much inclined as any

4 seedlings to height of .3 from ground — as much bowed as any, but day dark & none greatly bowed

Result quite doubtful

5 well bowed— 1 slightly & 2 vertical.

[Fragment, Descent 2: 281-2: "We may feel almost certain that this is not the case, when a thin and narrow crest runs along the whole length of the back; for a crest of this kind would afford scarcely any protection, and the ridge of the back is not a likely place to be injured; nevertheless such crests are sometimes confined to the males, or are much more developed in them than in the females. Two antelopes, the Tragelaphus scriptus13 (see fig. 68, p. 300) and Portax picta, may be given as instances."]

(a) text)

that this [section torn] thin & narrow [section torn] nearly the whole [section torn] is a part [section torn] injured, & a [section torn] [hardly] any no protection; yet [section torn] confined to [illeg] than that [section torn] [an]telopes, called.

44

Chap. 18 Mammals – Develop. of Hair

Development of Hair and folds of Skin . — We have already seen, and many other additional instances could might have been added given, that male quadrupeds often have the hair on their on the necks & shoulders much more developed than in the females, and that This sometimes serves as a defence to those when fighting with others in their sexual contacts; during their battles males ; ; but whether in most cases primarily acquired for this purpose is very doubtful. We may feel almost sure (a) text that such crests of hair are of no service as a protection against the attacks of rival males when they run along nearly the whole spine, as in certain horned antelopes. (Tragelaphus scriptus 13 *(36) and Portax picta.); although they are about or much less developed in the females. In certain stags and in the wild male goat stand erect when the animal is enraged a terrified 14 *(37); but no one will it can hardly be supposed that such crests they have been specially acquired for the sake of exciting fear in their enemies. One of the above named antelopes, just mentioned, the Portax picta has a large defined brush of black hair on the throat which & this brush is much smaller in the female. In the male Ammotragus tragelaphus of N. Africa, a member of the sheep-family, and an inhabitant the front legs are almost concealed by an extraordinary growth of hair which dependsing from the neck and upper half halves

[Descent 2: 281-2: "Development of the Hair.—We have seen that male quadrupeds often have the hair on their necks and shoulders much more developed than in the females; and many additional instances could be given. This sometimes serves as a defence to the male during his battles; but whether the hair in most cases has been specially developed for this purpose is very doubtful. We may feel almost certain that this is not the case, [282] when a thin and narrow crest runs along the whole length of the back; for a crest of this kind would afford scarcely any protection, and the ridge of the back is not a likely place to be injured; nevertheless such crests are sometimes confined to the males, or are much more developed in them than in the females. Two antelopes, the Tragelaphus scriptus13 (see fig. 68, p. 300) and Portax picta, may be given as instances. The crests of certain stags and of the male wild goat stand erect, when these animals are enraged or terrified;14 but it can hardly be supposed that they have been acquired for the sake of exciting fear in their enemies. One of the above-named antelopes, the Portax picta, has a large well-defined brush of black hair on the throat, and this is much larger in the male than in the female. In the Ammotragus tragelaphus of North Africa, a member of the sheep-family, the front-legs are almost concealed by an extraordinary growth of hair, which depends from the neck and upper halves of the legs; but Mr. Bartlett does not believe that this mantle is of the least use to the male, in whom it is much more developed than in the female."]