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very red Hill

Cross Hill; Lower part a white feldspathic Lava, in plates, on surface, not very cellular. — great irregular stream of blank lava — nature unknown — very slightly amygdoidal edge of stream 35-40 ft thick. — great valleys with numerous layer of all sizes sorted pumice pebbles. Volcanic ashes — fragment — sandstone, leaves some ridge of the older compact white rocks, & the blank cellular common Kinds uncovered — action of wind.

these layers slope up to great central mass, yet doubtful whether they belong to that series. — Between 20-30 Craters, slope to SE, perhaps the greater nucleus; action of trade wind & greater degradation on that side [sketch] shore Southside case having affected.

Mem sandstone outside hardened, perhaps explaining Coquimbo if amygdoidal, magnesium, limestone — no structure of shells. — pink color. — —

Green Hill, sharp point of small breccia of slightly decomposed scoriae, (base seen on return cellular grey lava) surrounded by quaquaversal dip high angle of sandstone scoriae fragments — large fragment of compact grey lava, surrounded by flat composed 100-200 ft deep of horizontal strata of dike many brown & blank sandstone like Galapagos Cuidado; covered by thick mass of coarse angular fragments — these fine beds are brecciated white like Chiloe. — Wherever super [illeg] by stone [sketch]: — Great Hollow [oval] flat bottom. wells perpendicular prismatic structure, quite compact at base, but higher up mingled with scoriae. — dip no sort of [rule] — yet not horizontal. — Enlargement of gorge, stopped

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dip, at mouth, would have been dug like 200 ft hard rock —another 200 the horizontal strata — look as if whole land subsided, but not so for matter descends in curved slope, on valley head of hollow —

∴ bottom filled up; originally much deeper: — matter of top thins on slopes [sketch]. Precipitated from air although large fragments. ? Pumice on NW side do?? — White Hill & other Holy Head appear to form a sort of mass or circle, in that part of Isl^d & to appear in other parts; surrounds Green Hill on N, NW & NE. — cannot say whether one great or many craters. — capped with rubbish. — No different rocks of hollow forms basal parts of all.

also a white Trachytic rock with brown specks; But these hills are mainly formed of white, from tufa, with occass. crystals of glassy felspar. & few smaller fragments of scoriae — it is in places laminated; is traversed by sort of plates, frequently assuming a sphaerical form (containing inside the softer matter), which plates is compact hard & resembles a Lava; external appearance of these plates, like some very hard rocks. Its association (manner of) with the white Trachytes I do not understand. — This rock has been subject to great faults, & some soft alternating lands. Such I believe belong to this age, with sedimentary dike — & inclined to nearly vertical towards Crater. —

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Obsidian seated in band in hillocks at foot of great mountain, or Garden House — strata perhaps dip inwards structure not understood. — wide open faults — To the Westward [termination] shut up by stream of black lava (P) — to the Eastward dips under ground — Obsidian generally jet black, sometimes green. — Is capped by substance, which appear like an irregular carious, siliceous slate — but looks in parts just like petrified wood, — laminated laminae slightly convoluted mostly vertical, — however unlike this may be to a melted rock contains bands of small angular (peas to bullets) balls of obsidian first thought pebbles, but afterwards found thin layers of long extent thus placed. — Obsidian appears in this rock at junctions, in large irregular [balls] or masses. — This rock is intimately [mingled] associated with other varieties, of compact, evenly laminated grey hard rocks (& other convoluted) with brown rocks (D). [unknown symbol or sketch] (a). — variety E occurred above this petrified wood substance, is closely connected but may possibly form passage to next kinds. — This slate is only few yards thick, is capped by soft white stone, then alternation of black white (B). laminated vertically & soon convoluted in parts. — although specimens grey — mass looked white is certainly allied to rock (N). These masses far thicker than the obsidian — alternations may be obscurely seen. — NB. Obsidian passes into Pumice variety — What strange varieties altogether associated — Rock (B) internally resembling white varieties near the white Trachyte of first day —

Riding School. Hill — very curious — consists of white mass like that of White Hill, of which (N) is specimen with brown obscure crystals. — this is associated with a dark blackish green rock (O) of same structure, sometimes masses at other times connected by the green, forming a rounded breccia blending with the white — contains angular & small fragments of black scoriae, & one or two semi rounded pebbles of more compact rocks — a few scattered grand angular masses, of many tuns weight of a purplish

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trachyte (vesicular cavities bronzed mesotype) aspect aqueous deposition. These must have been pitched out of a Volcano. — with white matter whole surface thickly strewed with brown (general aspect of Hill; white like base of Garden Hill). oddly curved plates, these brittle hard, most sonorous like Clinkers of Galapagos. — These plates vary, as specimens show, from very thin to about inch thickness, constitution similar of all — frequently crystals of glassy feldspar — plates lie in all planes — commonly affect curvilinear form on grand scale — branch off in all irregular directions resist decomposition, hence Parasols. — [sketch] & superficial coating. Plates project upwards some feet & several yards in length. — when struck noise of big drum & highly elastic like iron plate not visible in hand specimen — appear like volcanic rock, no dikes form like veins of segregation. Occur in green equally on white kinds. — There is also in white rock honeycombed masses less hard sonorous [often] More yellow &c reddish pieces like the spherico-honeycombed sandstone sometimes associated with Volcanic rocks (L). — join on to other plates but rather different. — Plates in vast numbers — Hill not high — surmounted by circular depression filled up with same shaped strata &c — no crateriform strata, but from fragment & shape cannot doubt is old Crater, 3/4 miles in diameter. — in greater part of crest & nearing whole base the white rocks can be traced. — The north side part is formed by Lavas. — In the white fault, on one side, there occur vertical, slightly sinuous, irregular veins, or rather veins for it thins out & [dips] & again reappears of red sandstone looking stuff, containing thinner veins, more than one or two, of white, or pink Jasper strikes fire — passes in agate apparently. — appear like veins of segregation — A few yards further there occurs in dark greenish rock which near is stained reddish. — This rock indeed in some

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parts has tendency to become red & jaspery — further on. [Patches] I could not make out connection of white or very pale. do. Jasper slightly carious (G). — On se where lava occur there is large [hummocky] hill, with irregular flattish top, may be old crater attached to border but scarcely appears so — of cellular grey & compact Lavas (some like those at base of Hollow); associated with volcanic rock in streams, & connection with white Crater not distinct. — These on face of crater, contain large patches of regular yellow Jasper — & in some more fine bright red. — Here Lava compact stony finely slaty, with few cysts of Feldspar. — associated with some reddish finely cellular. scoriaceous Lava in igneous brecciated state; these contain veins angular patches & cavities with mamillated surface of do. — The yellow occurs too plentifully I should think to be posterior formation. — There is other [hummock] near Border. —

Concave strata near margin dip to 20-30° in centre horizontal outside part white friable bits of pumice. — brown more decomposed small fragment; white. — These finer grained decomposed finer volcanic ashes yellow. upper parts pink, rather more compact; whitish do — about 8 ft in centre, of black glossy minute scoriae. — white slopes [sketch] at very small angle to South. from white external ring have upper parts removed, origin: some other crater [sketch] (a) (a) drainage from hardness. — Effect most singular. — in the yellowish light mass decomposed ashes. — numerous balls of various sizes, concentric layers, sometimes united laterally — very nearlycylindrical. Trough— chiefly in one particular stratum, a few above — As matter not subaqueous ? aerial formation? if concentric layers differ probably so — curious — Volcanic [hail].

m mon] ink nib tests.

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At base of Garden Hill, tough conglomerates are found nature doubtful, specimen (T), curious Brown & red Trachyte (latter rare). Hornstone Porphyry — D^r Webster small peak. Some of the dark Lava assume singular fluted & twisted forms. I saw but few. —

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on the two

From descent in crust: < >/[40] thick diameter of frond? — margin sinuous, crenated, like Serpentine.

?purely calcareous? contain particles of shells. — glossy [illeg] encrust lilke Olivine

compact & scoriaceous rock & pieces of shells within wash of violent surf. on windward & leeward side of rock — colour varies. black — to grey. — what is cause of colour? — is said soon to reappear if removed. — beach in front purely calcareous — in interstices formation may be seen to commence in aggregated particles, thaws like ice on Limestone rocks. — then redeposition which perhaps taking place from upon these [ridge] [sketch] from the frond like surface. — These [frondescent] forms bear some relation of arborescent like coral salt of Copiapo waterfall, which tree in mountain, does to that same in forest. — This [glaze] same as what cement sandstones.

At certain times of every year coating white compact calcareous matter on tidal rocks, but chiefly on this one side of Is^d

Great Gypsum stalactites on roof of caverns near sea, is Selanite // Effect of sea, but little smooth Lava, bring in no proof of River. —

Beaches broad & high of which calc sand. in much, no organic structure; tides remove parts & then in lower part this rock is found. — the less hard kinds will form in year generally quite pure, because in some parts with volcanic impure, [imbedded] pieces of Corallaria, shells & turtle egg, of course anything used in freestone & Limestone. — contains occasional pebbles of volcanic rocks — in few parts cement stained from brown with do — Generally cement glistening, coats each particles; & then central parts become removed. Mem. Coquimbo? examine specimens — some laminated kinds, very hard, V. specimen. — At St Helena drift by winds harmonizes with absence of shells — Red particles have shells in coral. Harder when exported. —

[sketch] shifting sand

pink — peculiar colour only examined to one bodies.

St. Helena Paper shells, winnowed, only difference with Ascension.—

Mem. Galapagos Volc. sand. although Trachyte there modern, generally before basalts, under higher pressure.

Trade wind.

Trade wind] added ink.

St. Helena Paper shells, winnowed, only difference with Ascension.—] added ink.

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Ascension

In one great modern stream on SW and innumerable beds whole surface whitish. Great cavities become filled up with these layers like wood yellowish-[brown] irregular masses

on fracture pungent smell — [surely] smell like Cocos Is^d.=

line of coast matter. — like guano? neighbouring volcanic rock. coated [illeg] broken incrust frondescent, ? I believe result
also of dung? — V Specimen. —

Green hill in the [black] [scoriae] many fragments of white Syenite. Porph. of Andes — also a Bluish layer crystal rock. — In another spot said to be soil ridge; two kinds of hard granitic rocks — I believe altered.—

Trachyte & Syenite

Great modern streams, — not really modern consists of black cellular Trachyte with few cysts ( — N.B. The [cellular] parts have at least as many cysts as compact)

irregular (Specimen) conical hummock, at distance like [Juncalillo] 200 ft high

[4 words illeg] 20 - 30 yards where decomposed [illeg] has
has [illeg]

permanent — [only] structure kind of [illeg]

consolidation, has carved ten lines in motion of stream, but no overlapping [sketch?] compact angular fragment of scoriae [illeg] = ribs sometimes leave these composed of angular concretionary lumps — these streams appear of rather posterior origin. — Lava darkens — having
singular effect. — A stream more modern than there [NW] end. near Guano — wonderfully rough — margin almost wall more than 30 ft high — surface fractured hillock. Wonderful— lava, little fluidity, see specimen. —

A SW Volcano. Quantities of Bombs. size of double fist, to mans chest, [illeg] size boys head. external encrusted. — some irregular shapes [sketch] a elongated central reddish or black [high] by cellular, mixed irregularly with compact portions — a concretion structure — no case [glassy] — alone told story (forms)—

[sketch] A. finely cellular. (B) layer compact, (C) very cellular. —

This structure, although not very common, occurred too often to be

accidental (see specimen). — easily frangible sometimes layers. not flattened on part P. — yet now lying in part on hard layer

must have been bed of ashes; wind removed — hence wind may

cause & rain in valleys of the ashes. great deposits. —

Add to St Helena paper, certain fact of great cliffs, caused by degredation.

Ascension

Ascension] ink, written over other entries.

this page is dirty as if it was the outermost of the folded packet.