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Cross Hill;  Lower part a white feldspathic lava very red hill, in plates, on surface, not very cellular.– great irregular stream of black lava – nature unknown – very slightly amygdoidal edge of stream 35-40 ft thick.– great valleys with numerous layers of all sizes sorted pumice pebbles.– Volcanic ashes, fragments & sandstone, leaves some ridge of the older compact white rocks, & the blank cellular common kinds uncovered.– Action of wind.–

These layers slope up to great central mass, yet doubtful whether they belong to that series.– Between 20-30 craters, slope to SE, perhaps the greater nucleus; action of trade wind & greater degradation on that side   shore southside cone being affected.–

Mem sandstone outside hardened, perhaps explaining Coquimbo if amygdoidal.– magnesium, limestone – no structure of shells.– X pink color.– —

Green Hill,  sharp point of small breccia of slightly decomposed scoriæ; surrounded by quaqua versal dip– (base seen on return cellular grey lava) high angle of sandstone scoriæ fragments – large fragment of compact grey lava.– Surrounded by flat, composed 100-200 ft deep of horizontal strata of dike many brown & blank sandstone like Galapagos, Cuidado; covered by thick mass of coarse angular fragments & these fine beds are brecciated white like Chiloe.– Wherever syn[illeg] by stone  :– Great Hollow  oval flat bottom. Walls perpendicular, prismatic structure, quite compact at base, but higher up mingled with scoriæ.– dip no sort of [rule] – yet not horizontal.– Enlargement of gorge, stopped

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dip, at mouth, would have been dug like 200 ft hard rock –another 200 the horizontal strata.– look as if whole land subsided, but not so for matter descends in curved slope, on valley head of hollow.– ∴ bottom filled up; originally much deeper.– matter of top thins on slopes  .  Precipitated from air although large fragments. ⸮ Pumice on NW side do??– White Hill & other Holy Head  appear to form a sort of mass or circle, in that part of Isld & to appear in other parts; surrounds Green Hill on N, NW & NE.– cannot say whether one great or many craters.– capped with rubbish.– No different rocks of hollow forms basal parts of all.

Also a white trachytic rock with brown specks; But these hills are mainly formed of white, from tufa, with occass. crystals of glassy felspar & few smaller fragments of scoriæ.– it is in places laminated; is traversed by sort of plates, frequently assuming a sphærical form (containing inside the softer matter), which plates is compact hard & resembles a lava; external appearance of these plates, like some very hard rocks. Its association (manner of) with the white trachytes I do not understand.– This rock has been subject to great faults, & some soft alternating beds which I believe belong to this age, with sedimentary dike – & inclined to nearly vertical towards crater.–

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Obsidian seated in band in hillocks at foot of great mountain, or Garden House .– Strata perhaps dip inwards structure not understood.– Wide open faults – To the westward termination shut up by stream of black lava (P).– to the eastward dips under ground.– Obsidian generally jet black, sometimes green.– Is capped by substance, which appears like an irregular carious (C) siliceous slate; but looks in parts just like petrified wood,– laminated laminæ slightly convoluted mostly vertical.– However unlike this may be to a melted rock contains bands of small angular (peas to bullets) balls of obsidian first thought pebbles, but afterwards found thin layers of long extent thus placed.– Obsidian appears in this rock at junctions, in large irregular balls or masses.– This rock is intimately mingled associated with other varieties, of compact, evenly laminated, grey hard rocks (& others convoluted) with brown rocks (D). & (a).– variety E occurred above this petrified wood substance, is closely connected but may possibly form passage to next kinds.– This slate is only few yards thick, is capped by soft white stone, then alternations of black white (B). laminated vertically & so convoluted in parts.– Although specimens grey – mass looked white is certainly allied to rock (N). These masses far thicker than the obsidian – [sketch?] alternations may be obscurely seen.– NB. Obsidian passes into pumice variety – What strange varieties altogether associated.– Rock (B) internally resembling white varieties near the white Trachyte of first day.–

Riding School Hill  – very curious.– Consists of white mass like that of White Hill, of which (N) is specimen with brown obscure crystals.– this is associated with a dark blackish green rock (O) of same structure, sometimes masses at other times connected by the green, forming a rounded breccia blending with the white.– Contains angular & small fragments of black scoriæ, & one or two semi rounded pebbles of more compact rocks.– A few scattered grand angular masses, of many tuns weight of a purplish

[94v]

trachyte (vesicular cavities bronzed mesotype) aspect aqueous deposition. These must have been pitched out of a volcano.– With white matter whole surface thickly strewed with brown (general aspect of Hill; white like base of Garden Hill) oddly curved plates, these brittle hard, most sonorous like clinkers of Galapagos.– These plates vary, as specimens show, from very thin to about inch thickness, constitution similar of all – frequently crystals of glassy feldspar – plates lie in all planes.– commonly affect curvilinear form on grand scale.– branch off in all irregular directions resist decomposition, hence Parasols.–   & superficial coating.– Plates project upwards some feet & several yards in length.– When struck noise of big drum & highly elastic like iron plate. Not visible in hand specimen.– Appears like volcanic rock, no dikes form like veins of segregation.– Occur in green equally on white kinds.– There is also in white rock honeycombed masses less hard & sonorous often more yellow &c reddish pieces like the spherico-honeycombed sandstone sometimes associated with volcanic rocks (L).– joins on to other plates but rather different.– Plates in vast numbers.– Hill not high.– Surmounted by circular depression filled up with same shaped strata &c – no crateriform strata, but from fragment & shape, cannot doubt is old crater, ¾ miles in diameter.– in greater part of crest & nearing whole base the white rocks can be traced.– The north side part is formed by lavas.– In the white fault, on one side, there occur vertical, slightly sinuous, irregular veins, or rather veins for it thins out & [dips] & again reappears of red sandstone looking stuff, containing thinner veins, more than one or two, of white, or pink jasper strikes fire – passes in agate apparently.– appear like veins of segregation – A few yards further This occurs in dark greenish rock which now is stained reddish.– This rock indeed in some

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parts has tendency to become red & jaspery.– further on.– [Patches] I could not make out connection of white or very pale. do. Jasper slightly carious (G).– On side where lava occur there is large hummocky hill, with irregular flattish top, may be old crater attached to border but scarcely appears so.– of cellular grey & compact lavas (some like those at base of Hollow).– associated with volcanic rock in streams, & connection with white crater not distinct.– These on face of crater, contain large patches of regular yellow jasper – & in some fine bright red.– Here lava compact stony finely slaty, with few crysts of feldspar.– associated with some reddish finely cellular, scoriaceous lava in igneous brecciated state; these contain veins angular patches & cavities with mamillated surface of do.– The yellow occurs too plentifully I should think to be posterior formation.– There is other hummock near border.–

Concave strata near margin dip ∠ 20-30° in centre horizontal outside part white friable bits of pumice.– brown more decomposed small fragment; white.– These finer grained decomposed finer volcanic ashes yellow. upper parts pink, rather more compact; whitish do – about 8 ft in centre of black glossy minute scoriæ.– Whole slopes   at very small angle to south.– from white external ring have upper parts removed, origin: some other crater

 (a)(a)  drainage from hardness.– Effect most singular.– in the yellowish light mass decomposed ashes.– Numerous balls of various sizes, concentric layers, sometimes united laterally – very nearly cylindrical.– Trough– chiefly in one particular stratum, a few above.– As matter not subaqueous ⸮aerial formation? if concentric layers differ probably so.– Curious – Volcanic hill.

m mon] ink nib tests.

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At base of Garden Hill, tough conglomerates are found nature doubtful, specimen (T), curious Brown & red Trachyte (latter rare). Hornstone Porphyry — D^r Webster small peak. Some of the dark Lava assume singular fluted & twisted forms. I saw but few. —

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From descent in crust: on the two [40] thick diameter of frond? – margin sinuous, crenated, like Hepetiæ, ⸮ purely calcareous? contains particles of shells.– glossy like Oliva– erenast

Compact & scoriaceous rock & pieces of shells within wash of violent surf on windward & leeward side of rock.– colour varies. black – to grey.– What is cause of colour? – is said soon to reappear if removed.– beach in front purely calcareous – in interstices formation may be seen to commence in aggregated particles, thaws like ice on limestone rocks.– & then redeposition which perhaps taking place from upon these [ridge] ( ) from the frond like surface.– These frondescent forms bear some relation of arborescent (like coral) salt of Copiapo waterfall, which tree in mountain, does to that same in forest.– This [glaze] same as what cement sandstones.–

At certain time of every year coating white compact calcareous matter on tidal rocks, but chiefly on this one side of Isd

Great gypsum stalactites on roof of caverns near sea, is selanite // Effect of sea, but little smooth lava, bring in no proof of river.–

Beaches broard & high of which calc sand, in much, no organic structure; tides remove parts & then in lower part this rock is found.– the less hard kinds will form in year generally quite pure, because in some parts with volcanic impure, [imbedded] pieces of Corallaria, shells & turtle egg, of course any thing used in freestone & limestone.– contains occassional pebbles of volcanic rocks – in few parts cement stained brown with do.– Generally cement glistening, coats each particles; & then central parts become removed. Mem. Coquimbo? examine specimens – some laminated kinds, very hard. V. specimens.– At St Helena drift by winds harmonizes with absence of shells.– Red particles have shells in coral.

            shifting sands– Harder when exposed.– / Trade wind.

pink – peculiar color only examined to one bodies.

St. Helena Paper shells, winnowed, only difference with Ascension.–

Mem. Galapagos. Volc. sand. Although trachyte there modern, generally before basalts, under higher pressure.

[sketch] 'St. Helena Paper shells, winnowed, only difference with Ascension.–', 'Trade wind'] ink.

[96v]

Ascension

In one great modern stream on SW and innumerable beds– whole surface whitish, great cavities become filled up with these layers like wood yellowish-brown.– irregular masses on fracture pungent smell – [surely] smell like Cocos Isd.= line of cryst matter.– Is like guano? neighboring volcanic rock coated [illeg] broken incrust frondescent. ⸮ I believe result also of dung? – V Specimen.–

Green hill in the black scoriæ, many fragments of white syenitic porph. of Andes.– Also a bluish coarse crystal rock.–

In another spot said to be soil ridge; two kinds of red granitic rocks.– I believe altered.– Trachyte &+ syenite

Great modern streams.– not really modern – consists of black cellular trachyte with few crysts. (–N.B. The cellular parts have at least as many crysts as compact), irregular (Specimen) conical hummock, at distance like Jorullo.– 20-30 ft high by ∠ 20-30 yards [illeg] where decomposed [time] has

has [proved] bed at its permanent – [only] structure kind of consolidation, has carved ten lines in mortar of stream, but no overlapping ( No) compact angular fragment of scoriæ = ribs sometimes leave these composed of angular concretionary lumps.– these streams appear of rather posterior origin.–  Lava darkens – Hummock singular effect.– A stream more modern than these SW. end.– near guano – wonderfully rough.– Margin almost wall, more than 30 ft high.– Surface fractured, hillocky. Wonderful.– lava, little fluidity V see specimens.–

A SW volcano. Quantities of bombs, size of double fist, to mans chest, [illeg] size boys head.– external encrusted.– Some irregular shapes   or elongated.– central reddish or black [high] by cellular, mixed irregularly with compact portions – a concretion – no case glassy –structure alone told story (forms)–

  A. finely cellular. (B) layer compact, C very cellular.–

This structure, although not very common, occurred too often to be

accidental (see specimen).– easily frangible sometimes layers. not flattened on part P.– yet now lying in part on hard lava must have been bed of ashes; wind removed.– hence wind may cause & rain in valleys of the ashes, great deposits.–

Add to St Helena paper, certain fact of great cliffs, caused by degredation.–

Ascension

Ascension] ink, written over other entries.

this page is dirty as if it was the outermost of the folded packet.