The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online

Paper types used by Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle.

This work follows in the footsteps of Frank Sulloway and his pioneering work (Sulloway 1982, 1983) dating Darwin Beagle documents from differences in spelling and paper types. The work presented here was done not with the intention of publication on its own but as part of the research for Charles Darwin's geological diary and field notes from the voyage of the Beagle edited by John van Wyhe and Gordon Chancellor (Oxford University Press, forthcoming). However, it seems it would be helpful to share this so that others can use it and perhaps build on it.

This register of paper types and watermarks in the c.1,400 pages of Darwin manuscripts in the Geological diary and field notes and some other Beagle papers was compiled to help with dating Beagle documents and to find what further information this could provide. About twenty different types of paper were used by Darwin during the voyage.

This register of watermarks and paper types allows papers with incomplete watermarks (which is the vast majority) to be identified and some documents to be approximately dated. There is no claim to comprehensiveness here though probably all or almost all paper types Darwin used on the Beagle voyage are represented here. Clear or complete as possible examples of the watermarks have been selected here and digitally enhanced to make the contrast clearer.

A list of the DAR/archival numbers in the book and their paper types and images of the watermarks are provided below. At this stage the dates provided here include the time described in a document rather than a firm conclusion about when the document was written.

Darwin clearly preferred some paper types for different purposes. For example, he often used the rough paper watermarked 'F S' for hasty interim notes, possibly on the deck of the Beagle while observing cliffs or mountains and 'C WILMOT 1828' with its red margin line for geological and zoological diary entries as well as writing all of the Beagle diary.

It's important to be aware of the fact that watermarks on nineteenth-century paper are not the equivalent of modern 'branding'. Some watermarks were traditionally used to indicate a paper's type or purpose. For example, a postillion or postman's horn in a shield with three fleur-de-lis indicated a type of paper called Post. Most people today are familiar with the name Foolscap as a type of historic writing paper. Its watermark in this period was the figure of Britannia. (Stationer 1859) This is rare amongst Darwin's Beagle papers. However, the term Foolscap was used at the time in everyday language to mean a full sheet of writing paper.

One of the modern volumes in which the papers are kept in the Darwin Archive, Cambridge University Library, Manuscripts Reading Room.

'BE & <excised>' White chain-lined laid paper. 1 document Coloured section. Early 1832. CUL-DAR32.44ar (The number of documents using each is approximate as are the dates given below.)

'R BARNARD 1823' / 'RB' Watermark is a fleur-de-lis shield surmounted by a fleur-de-lis crown with spikes or horns. Cream-coloured chain-lined paper with very wide rules. 20 x 26 cm. April – June 1835. CUL-DAR 37.796-797 has a different variant watermark shield. 3 documents.

'R BARNARD 1823'

Top of the crown of 'RB' but different variant. CUL-DAR37.796-797.	Top of the crown of 'RB'. CUL-DAR37.676
Bottom of the 'RB' shield.	Bottom of the 'RB' shield.

CUL-DAR36.436-437. 'Chili (appendix)'. 1835. 'R BARNARD 1823'

CUL-DAR37.671-676. 27 April – 25 June 1835. 'R BARNARD 1823' / 'RB'.

CUL-DAR37.796-797. 'Appendix to P 212'. Oct. 1835. 'RB'. 'RB' but different variant than the other RBs

'COLLINS 1828' / 'C' Watermark is a postillion shield surmounted by three fleur-de-lis. Blue chain-lined laid paper with wide lines. Late July 1834 – October 1835. 20 x 25 cm. 30 documents.

'COLLINS 1828' CUL-DAR44.33

An unusually complete shield watermark of 'C'. CUL-DAR44.18

The crown and and top half of 'C'. CUL-DAR35.300

Bottom half of the shield of 'C' showing a postman's horn. CUL-DAR35.351

CUL-DAR33.228aar incomplete shield, apparently of 'C'/'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR35.220-225 Valparaiso, Chile. 24-29 July 1834. 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR35.227-229. Specimens 2230-2295. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.230. 'Valparaiso / Hills behind Town'. 29 July 1834. shield of 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.245B Watermarked 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.267. 'Huafo' Island. 16 Jan. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.307-309 Chiloe sections. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.328. Field notes: Chiloe. 22-28 Jan. 1835. shield incomplete 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR35.331-340. 'Lacuy Peninsula' Chiloe. 19-30 Jan. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.245A 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.347. 'Baldivia' [Valdivia], Chile. 10 Feb. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.348-349. 'Niebla Fort' Valdivia, Chile. 18 Feb. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.300 'C'

CUL-DAR35.351 'C'

CUL-DAR35.382A 'C' partial shield. Coloured section.

CUL-DAR35.783 'C' for 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR36.445-446. 'Douglass states...' . Nov.-Dec. 1834. 'C'

CUL-DAR36.473A 1835 St. Jago – Mendoza sketch. Incomplete watermark, apparently shield of 'C'

CUL-DAR36.475A 1835 St. Jago – Mendoza sketch 'C'

CUL-DAR36.481A 1835 St. Jago – Mendoza sketch, no watermark but also 'C'

CUL-DAR36.568-600.27 April – 25 June 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR37.611-632 'Copiapò', Chile. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828',

CUL-DAR37.692-697 'C', 698-703 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR37.781-783 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828',

CUL-DAR37.784-787 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'C',

CUL-DAR37.792-793 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'C'

CUL-DAR39.193 Coloured section. incomplete 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR39.195 Chiloe Horizontal section sketch. incomplete 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR42.97-99. 'The position of the bones of Mastodon'. Feb. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR42.143 Fossil remains locations. 1836? 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR44.17 colour section apparently 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR44.18 colour section 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR44.19 colour section 'R M 1831 1' (leftmost piece), 3 pieces 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR44.20 coloured Andes section. Blue chain-lined paper, apparently 'COLLINS 1828' c. 6x34cm.

CUL-DAR44.33 coloured sketch 'COLLINS 1828'.

'DEWDNEY &<excised> 18<excised>' John Dewdney, of Devon. Text only watermark. Cream-coloured wove paper. A coloured sketch only, CUL-DAR36.555A.

'W FINCHER 1835' Watermark is Britannia in a shield surmounted by a crown. Blue chain-lined with wide rules. 20 x 34 cm. April 1836 (Keeling). 6 documents. (CUL-DAR37.678B bears a similar Britannia shield but it is not identical, having a flat-topped crown.) Whereas 'W FINCHER 1836' is used in Darwin's Beagle animal notes post-voyage.

'W FINCHER 1835'

Brittania shield. 'W FINCHER 1835' CUL-DAR41.40-57.

CUL-DAR39.135 Coral islands. Partial shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.40-57 Keeling 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.53 with partial shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.54 with partial shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.56 with partial shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.57 shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

SMES-TN-5578a Sedgwick Museum specimen sheet. With thanks to Gordon Chancellor.

'W FINCHER 1836' Blue and chain-lined paper. Watermark is a bearded lion with staff and in outstretched right hand a mace(?) in shield surmounted by a crown. These are Beagle animal notes. Not in the Geological diary. For example, CUL-DAR29.1.A41 and A47. As Frank Sulloway wrote: "These lists, together with other notes on Darwin's Beagle specimens, are mostly on paper watermarked 'W. Fincher 1836.' From the uniformity of the watermark and the fact that some of the sheets refer to the recent taxonomic judgments of various specialists at the Zoological Society, these notes may be assigned to the period between March 6 and the end of June 1837, when Darwin had pretty well finished his Journal."

'W FINCHER 1836'. CUL-DAR29.1.A41

Lion shield of 'W FINCHER 1836'. CUL-DAR29.1.A47.

'F S' Text only watermark. A distinctive blue laid paper with deckle edge, wide chain lines and faint watermark with ornate 'F S' far apart from one another (c.9cm). Often only the S is visible. Two variants have been seen with the style of the 'F' differing most. Philip R. Sloan (Darwin's invertebrate program') mentioned this watermark in 1985 as a '£' rather than an 'F' and what looks like an inverted Greek final sigma. Indeed, the letters are so stylised it is difficult to decipher them. 'E S' would make sense as Edward Smith paper is also found on the Beagle. However the watermark of Edward Smith is a shield with an ornate 'S' and they appear at opposite ends of the voyage. 16 x 26 cm. December 1832 - December 1835. 26 documents

'F S' The rarer variant. CUL-DAR35.302.

'F S' seen from different perspectives as one would when looking through Darwin's Beagle papers. CUL-DAR34.77.

CUL-DAR1.73 'F S'. Falkland sketch.

CUL-DAR33.165 Sketch map of Berkeley Sound. March 1834. 'F S'

CUL-DAR34.7-9. St Mathias Bay / St Josephs Bay. 17-18 April 1833. 'F S'

CUL-DAR34.29-34. 'Port Desire'. 23 Dec. 1833 – 3 Jan. 1834. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR34.36-39. [geological specimens 1625-1692, descriptions]. 'F S'

CUL-DAR34.65-73. 'Falkland Islands.' March 1834. 'F S'

CUL-DAR34.74-75. 'Re-examination of the Transition' Falkland Islands. 1834.03.10-1834.04.06. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR34.77 'F S' blue chain lined, deckle edge. only 'S' is apparent.

CUL-DAR34.185a. 'Goree Sound'. Navarino Island. 16 January 1833. 'F S', cut down to 10x30cm.

CUL-DAR34.120-121. Santa Cruz calculations. 25 April – 3 May 1834. 120 'F S'.

CUL-DAR35.270-271. Geological notes. 25-29 December 1834. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR35.274-276. Anna Pink Harbor, Tres Montes, Chile. 1-7 Jan. 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR35.277-285. Anna Pink Harbor / Patch Cove, Chile. 31 December 1834 - 2 Jan. 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR35.286-287. 'Dark Harbor / Ynche' Tres Montes, Chile. 28-30 Dec. 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR35.302 'Archipel: of Chiloe'. Nov. 1834 - Feb. 1835. 'F S'. incomplete 'F'.

CUL-DAR35.319-327. 'Lowes Harbor'. 8-15 Jan. 1835. 'F S'

CUL-DAR35.350. Coast between Valdivia and Concepcion. c.1-4 March 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR37.704-708. San Lorenzo Island. Lima, Peru. 27 July 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR39.122. Hermit Island, Geological specimens 916-946. 25-28 December 1832. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR39.123-124. Wollaston Island. 25 February - 1 March 1833. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR39.125. 'North part of Wollaston Island'. 14 February 1833. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR39.152. Field or interim notes that inform f 657: 'F S'.

CUL-DAR39.99. colour section notes 'F S'.

CUL-DAR42.93-96, 148. 'Reflection on reading my Geological notes.' [3.1834]. 'F S'.

'HARRIS 1821' / 'H' Watermark is a postillion shield surmounted by three fleur-de-lis. Cream-coloured chain-lined paper, broadly ruled with red margin line. 20 x 26cm. 27 April – 25 June 1835. 1 document. CUL-DAR37.667-669 27 April – 25 June 1835. 'HARRIS 1821'

Shield watermark of 'H' / 'HARRIS 1821' with top and bottom half from different pages (a small area is not shown in between).

'LA' White chain-lined ruled laid paper watermarked incomplete shield over 'LA'. A unique paper type. Possibly post-voyage. 1 document Coloured geological section CUL-DAR32.41va

'LA'

'BENTO PICARDO 4' Blue chain-lined paper with wide rule. CUL-DAR 41.47 The '4' is presumably for 1834. Possibly acquired on Keeling. 1836. 1 document.

'BENTO PICARDO 4'

'RYE MILL 1830' Text only watermark. Produced in Rye Mill, on the river Wye in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. Cream-coloured unlined paper, rather poor quality in varying page sizes 21 x 30 cm, 16 x 20 cm or 12 x 20 cm. July 1832 – July 1835. 52 documents.

'RYE MILL 1830'. CUL-DAR39.155.

CUL-DAR29.3.47a CD's pencil sketch of 'Fernando Noronha', 'RYE MILL 1830'

CUL-DAR32.90A 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.1. 'Rat Island / The Mount.' Uruguay. Oct. 1832. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.2. 'Between Rio Lucia and Mount'. 28 July 1832. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.3-6. 'Monte Video'. Uruguay. 26 July – 19 Aug., 26-29 Oct. 1832. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.12-13. 'Scattered facts communicated to me by different people'. Nov. 1832. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.35-35a. Recalculation of Port Desire plains. Watermarked 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.61-64. 'Elevations on coast of Patagonia.' 16-31 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.87-92. 'Falkland Islands & St. Cruz'. April 1834 - Jan. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.93-98. 'Barometrical obser for measurement of valley of St Cruz & St.' Argentina. 25 April – 1 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.99, 104-111. 'Valley of S. Cruz'. After 25 April 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.100. Barometer. 3-5 May 1834. Watermark not seen but clearly 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.101-102. S Cruz 14 April – 11 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.113-114. Specimens 1948-1997. April - 1 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.118-119. Details of soundings taken. 12 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.120-121. Santa Cruz calculations. 25 April – 3 May 1834. 120 'F S', 121 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.122-124. 'Santa Cruz'. 14 April 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.125-128. 'Port Famine' Puerto del Hambre, Tierra del Fuego, Chile. 3-6 February 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.181-182. 'Bay. N. of Orange bay.' Feb. 1833. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.183. 'Gregory Bay'. 28-29 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.186-187. 'C. Virgins'. 26-30 January 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.190-191. 'East coast of T. del Fuego & Sts of Magellan'. 28-29 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.192. Cape Virgins. 1834.05.17. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.193. 'Most curiously convoluted & mingled'. [1834]. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.199-200. 'The general mass of stone / Chiloe'. 29-30 June 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.201-205. 'The promontory / Chiloe'. June-July 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.218-219 Valparaiso, Chile. 24-29 July 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.233-258. 'Chonos and Tres Montes'. Dec. 1834 - Jan. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.259-266. 'Port St Andrew – Cone Harbor...Tres Montes'. 21-23 Dec. 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.272-273. 'First of Chonos Islands (Midship Bay)'. 16 Dec. 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.341-342. 'Chiloe'. 1-? Feb. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.351-353. Quiriquina Island, Bay of Concepcion, Chile. 4 March 1835. 'C', 352-353 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.354-356. Fort Galvez, Talcahuano. Linguen, Concepcion. 4-6 March 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.357-370.'Concepcion' Chile. 4-7 March 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.360A 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.371-376. 'Valparaiso / Chili'. July - Nov. 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.377-419 'Valparaiso / Chili'. July - Nov. 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.420-422. 'Valparaiso (appendix to p. 47)'. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.428. 'Valparaiso. Elevation land'. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'?

CUL-DAR36.429-435. 'Chili'. Feb.-June 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.438 'Chili (appendix)'. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.452-461. 'Valleys.– Cordilleras. Chili'. Feb.-June 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.466-501.'St. Jago to Mendoza' Chile. 18 March – 10 April 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.502-549. 'Mendoza.– St. Jago: Uspallata Pass'. April 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830.'

CUL-DAR36.550-567. 27 April – 25 June 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'

CUL-DAR37.677-684. 'Iquique – Peru.' Chile & Peru. 13-14 July 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR37.688-691 'Lima' Peru. 21 July 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR37.711-715. 'San Lorenzo' Lima, Peru. 27 July 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'

CUL-DAR39.117 Speculations concerning Cleavage & stratification. 1833. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR39.118-119 Geology of Southern part of T. d. F. 118 watermarked 'RYE MILL 1830', 119 no watermark seen.

CUL-DAR39.120 Wollaston island. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR42.26-27. Notes on earthquakes. Valparaiso. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

'R M 1831 1' [Rye Mill] Watermark bearded lion holding a sceptre in a large oval shield surmounted by a crown. Cream-coloured wide chain-lined paper 39x26cm, folded once to give pages of 20x26cm. Mentioned by Sloan 1985 'Darwin's invertebrate program': this paper type used for "letter of Darwin to Susan Darwin from Sydney on 28 Jan. 1836". 27 April – 25 June 1835 - February 1836. 16 documents.

'R M 1831 1'.

Shield of 'R M 1831 1'. CUL-DAR38.842-843

An unusually clearly visible shield of 'R M 1831 1'. CUL-DAR37.659

CUL-DAR34.177-178. 'Appendix. p 94.– T: del Fuego'. November 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR37.659-666 'Copiapò', Chile. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'

CUL-DAR37.678A shield of 'R M 1831 1'

CUL-DAR37.716-725. Galapagos Islands. 15 Sept. - 20 Oct. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR37.726-745. Galapagos Islands. 10 Oct. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR37.746 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. shield of 'R M 1831'.

CUL-DAR37.798-801. 'Tahiti.' Nov. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR37.802-811. 'Bay of Islands. New Zealand'. Dec. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR38.813 'New South Wales' Australia. Jan. 1836. with lion in shield of 'R M 1831'.

CUL-DAR38.837-857. 'Hobart Town' Tasmania. Feb. 1836. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR40.97-101. Field notes. Hobart Town, Tasmania. Feb. 1836. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR41.1-12. 'Coral Islands'. essay December 1835. 'R M 1831 1'

CUL-DAR41.51 partial shield of 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR41.59-77 'Cleavage' essay 59-62: 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR44.19 coloured section 'R M 1831 1' (leftmost piece).

CUL-DAR44.21 coloured sketch 1835 Coquimbo. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR44.32 'R M 1831 1'.

'SLADE 1834' Watermark bearded lion holding a sceptre in a large oval shield surmounted by a crown, very like 'R M 1831 1'. Blue chain-lined paper. 21 x 29 cm. July – August 1836. 3 documents.

'SLADE 1834'

Full shield of 'SLADE 1834'. CUL-DAR40.94.

CUL-DAR38.954-956. 'Bahia Brazil Aug: 1836'. Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. 1-5 Aug. 1836. 'SLADE 1834'.

CUL-DAR40.93-96 Field notes: Ascension. 19-22 July 1836. 'SLADE 1834'.

CUL-DAR40.94 'SLADE 1834' CUL-DAR44.24 famous colour coral reef. Sect. 1. Sect II.

'EDWARD SMITH 1833' / 'S' Watermark is a fleur-de-lis shield surmounted by a fleur-de-lis crown with spikes or horns. (Almost identical to 'GW' for Wilmot.) Blue chain-lined paper, widely ruled. 20 x 26 cm. January 1836 in the New South Wales Geological diary – May/June in part of the 'Cleavage' essay (CUL-DAR 41.63-68) as dated by Frank Sulloway in 1982. 2 documents

'EDWARD SMITH 1833'. CUL-DAR41.66 ''Cleavage' essay'

Top of the crown and shield of 'S'. CUL-DAR38.812, 814-817

Bottom of the 'S' shield.

CUL-DAR38.812, 814-817 New South Wales 'EDWARD SMITH 1833'.

CUL-DAR41.59-77 'Cleavage' essay 63-68: 'EDWARD SMITH 1833'.

'W' Watermark is a postillion shield surmounted by three fleur-de-lis. Blue chain-lined laid paper with wide rules. 'W' could stand for Wilmot or Whatman or another paper manufacturer. 1835 (Copiapò). 2 documents.

Top of fleur-de-lis crown shield of 'W'. CUL-DAR44.30.

Top of fleur-de-lis crown shield of 'W'. CUL-DAR37.633-658.

Bottom of fleur-de-lis crown shield of 'W', seen reversed through back of the page.

Bottom of fleur-de-lis crown shield of 'W'.

CUL-DAR37.633-658 'Copiapò', Chile. 1835.

CUL-DAR44.30 elevations. Coquimbo / St Helena Model [single leaf].

'J WHATMAN 1828' White wove paper. Probably acquired from the officers on the Beagle from their draughting paper stock.

CUL-DAR29.3.45-46a [Darwin's pencil sketch of St Jago, 17 January - 8 February 1832. 1 sketch. 'J WHATMAN 1828'

'J WHATMAN 1834' Text only watermark. 20x31cm unfolded paper size. Darwin's specimen catalogues, as identified by Frank Sulloway: "Sometime after his arrival in Mauritius (on April 29, 1836) or Cape Town (on June 1), Darwin purchased nearly three hundred sheets of 'J. Whatman 1834' paper. Unlike most of his other voyage papers, these sheets were faintly ruled and ideal for listing, in clear and orderly fashion, numbered specimens in the different subdivisions of his voyage biological collections. It was this 'J. Whatman 1834' paper that Darwin used to draft all twelve of the specimen catalogues"
For example: CUL-DAR29.1.A1v and NHM-InsectRoom_Lists_vol.1.21 "Copy of Darwin's notes in reference to Insects collected by him."
However Darwin's August 1835 synthetic essay 'Recapitulation and concluding remarks' CUL-DAR41.23-39 was written on this paper before leaving South America.
The fair copy of Darwin's 'Coral Islands' essay by Syms Covington in CUL-DAR41.13-23 also uses this paper.

'J WHATMAN 1834'. CUL-DAR29.1.A1v.

'C WILMOT 1828' Text only watermark. Faintly lined cream-coloured laid paper with red margin line. 20 x 25 cm. Almost all of the Beagle diary (EH88202366) and the Zoological diary (CUL-DAR 30-31) and much of the Geological diary are written on this. The Zoological, as pointed out by Richard Keynes in Zoology notes, ran out by p. 315. Some of its Galapagos pages use 'COLLINS 1828' and 'HARRIS 1821'. 1831-1836. 34 documents

'C WILMOT 1828'. CUL-DAR33.278

'C WILMOT 1828'.

EH88202366 Beagle diary 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR30-31 Zoological diary 'C WILMOT 1828' In Zoology notes Richard Keynes observed that "the supply of paper with a red marginal line seems to have been exhausted at CD P. 315".

CUL-DAR32.1.19 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.123-132. 'East Falkland Island'. March 1833. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.133-150. East Falkland Island (Appendix). March 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.15-20. 'Quail Island' Cape Verde islands. 17-18 Jan. 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.21-36. 'St Jago' [Santiago] Cape Verde islands. 17 Jan. - 8 Feb. 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.37-38.'St. Pauls' Rocks. 16 Feb. 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.39-40. 'Fernando Noronha'. 20 Feb. 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.41-48.'Bahia' Brazil. 2 Feb.-17 March 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.49-50. 'Abrolhos Islands'. 29 March 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.51-60. 'Provinicia do Rio de Janeiro' Brazil. April-June 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.61-62. 'Coast of Patagonia'. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.63-72. 'Bahia Blanca...Patagonia' Brazil. 6 Sept. - 19 Oct. 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.73-74. Bahia Blanca (appendix). 29-31 Aug. 1833. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.75-76. 'Buenos Ayres' Argentina. 3-9 Nov. 1832. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.77-82. 'Monte Video' Uruguay. 4-18 Aug., 14-26 Nov.. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.83-84. 'Monte Video (appendix)'. 4-13 Nov. 1833. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.85-95. 'Tierra del Fuego'. 1 Jan. 1833 - 27 Feb. 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.96-97. 'Tierra del Fuego (appendix)'. 24-26 Feb. 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.98-122. 'Tierra del Fuego'. 1 Jan. 1833-27 Feb. 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.153-164. 'Maldonado' Uruguay. May-June 1833. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.223-226. 'St Josephs Bay' Patagonia. 17-18 April 1833. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.227-228. 'Coast of Patagonia – St Josephs Bay to Port Desire.' Dec. 1833. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.229-242. 'Port Desire'. Patagonia. 23 Dec. 1833 - 3 Jan. 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.243-244. 'Port Desire (appendix)' May 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.245-248. 'Port St Julian' Patagonia. 10-18 Jan. 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.249-278. 'The Pampas' Patagonia. 3 Aug. – 29 Nov. 1833. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR34.17-24. 'Rio Negro'. 3-16 Aug. 1833. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR34.131-150. 'S. Cruz'. April – May 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR34.151-152. 'S. Cruz / Transportal of Gravel'. April – May 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR34.157-176. 'E. coast of T. del Fuego'. May 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.206-217. 'Chiloe'. 29 June - 12 July 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.288-297. 'Archipel: of Chiloe'. November 1834. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.298-299, 301, 303-318 Chiloe January 1835. 'C WILMOT 1828'

CUL-DAR35.343-346. 'Valdivia' Chile. Feb. 1835. 'C WILMOT 1828'.

'G WILMOT 1834' / 'GW' Watermark is a fleur-de-lis shield surmounted by a fleur-de-lis crown with spikes or horns. (Very like 'EDWARD SMITH 1833' / 'S') Blue chain-lined paper, broadly ruled with red margin line. The width of the pages varies between 14-20.5 cm and the height ranges from 15.5-32 cm. October 1835 - August 1836. 14 documents.

A top and bottom part of the 'GW' watermark. CUL-DAR38.790.

A top and bottom part of the 'GW' watermark. CUL-DAR38.913.

CUL-DAR32.1-2. 'Brazil coast.' Bahia. 1-5 Aug. 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR32.3-8. 'Bahia'. Aug. 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR33.165A-216 Falkland Islands. 'GW' / 'G WILMOT 1834'. Some written 1835.

CUL-DAR33.217-222. Falkland Henslow's account . 'GW' / 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR37.788-789 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'G WILMOT 1834',

CUL-DAR37.794-795 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR38.858-863. 'King George's Sound' Australia. March 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'

CUL-DAR38.864-881. 'King George's Sound' Australia. March 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR38.882-901. 'Mauritius' Indian Ocean. May 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR38.902-919. 'Cape of Good Hope'. June 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR38.936-953. 'Ascension' Island. 19-22 July 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834.'

CUL-DAR38.957-960. 'Terceira Azores'. 20-24 Sept. 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR41.59-77 'Cleavage' essay 69- 77: 'G WILMOT 1834' / 'GW'.

CUL-DAR44.25 colour coral reefs "IV" "III" watermark incomplete shield of 'G WILMOT 1834'.

Other types

There are also a very few other types of paper found in the Beagle geological papers, mostly unwatermarked wove paper. There are also a small number of items that were given to Darwin such as several sheets of tracing paper. Some of the items provided by officers of the Beagle with their fine draughtsmanship are on wove paper, which seems to have also been in their stock of paper and not Darwin's. A sketch of a coastline by P. G. King (CUL-DAR35.344A) is watermarked differently than any of Darwin's known Beagle papers.

Watermark incomplete 'W<excised> / 18<excised>'. CUL-DAR35.344A.

Other pieces of paper that were provided to Darwin by others include CUL-DAR 35.403Av, 405A-405 and CUL-DAR 37.678B is watermarked with a Britannia shield similar to but not identical with 'W FINCHER 1835' of CUL-DAR41.40-57 Keeling, but with a flat crown top. Sheet was given to Darwin by Mr Bollaert.

Darwin's four geological specimen notebooks (CUL-DAR236) bear the watermark 'JOHN HALL 1831' (with thanks to Gordon Chancellor).

Darwin's Beagle field notebooks were shown to belong to six types in Beagle notebooks (2009):

Type 1: Cape de Verds, Rio, Buenos Ayres and B. Blanca (c. 130x80 mm) watermark 'J. Whatman 1830'.

Type 2: Falkland and Red notebook (164x100 mm) watermark 'T. Warren 1830'.

Type 3: St. Fe and Banda Oriental (155x100 mm) watermark 'W. Brookman 1828'.

Type 4: Port Desire (170x130 mm) incomplete watermarks which seem to read 'John Morbey 1830'.

Type 5: Valparaiso, Galapagos, Coquimbo, Copiapò, Despoblado and Sydney 90x75 to 120x100 mm "velvet paper" memorandum books no watermarks.

Type 6: Santiago 100x165 mm No watermarks have been found.

Other oddments include:

CUL-DAR29.3.46b Pencil sketch, Valley of Botofogo. White wove paper, no watermark, 26x11cm.

CUL-DAR32.93V Coloured section. Cream-coloured wove paper, 18x11cm.

CUL-DAR32.98A Coloured section. White wove paper, 17x9cm.

CUL-DAR33.165AB Sketch in black ink over pencil on thick paper, no watermark, 15x11.5cm.

CUL-DAR33.165AC Black ink on tracing paper on card 20x8cm.

CUL-DAR33.165AD Black ink on tracing paper on card, 20x10cm.

CUL-DAR33.228AA sketch in black ink by P. G. King.

CUL-DAR33.228AB sketch in black ink by King.

CUL-DAR33.232A Coloured section of dykes cutting dykes, Port Desire.

CUL-DAR33.246A Sketch in black ink on heavy white wove paper, 23x6cm, by P. G. King.

CUL-DAR33.273A Coloured coastal view. Cream-coloured wove paper, 27x5cm.

CUL-DAR34.18A Unique cream wove paper with blue fibres, c.27x4cm. Given to Darwin.

CUL-DAR34.51A Wove paper, 23x14.5cm.

CUL-DAR34.154A Leaf of cream-coloured wove paper.

CUL-DAR34.158A White wove paper, 15x14cm. Black ink over pencil section showing contorted strata, Gregory Bay, 2 June 1834.

CUL-DAR34.186-187. 'C. Virgins'. January 1834. Cream-coloured wove paper, deckle edge. 13x19cm.

CUL-DAR34.179-180. 'stratification & cleavage' mini essay. Cream-coloured unlined wove paper. No watermarks seen.

CUL-DAR35.306 Watercoloured geological map of Chiloe, wove paper, 30x44cm.

CUL-DAR35.312A Ink over pencil sketch of Tenuy Peninsula coastline. Wide chain-ruled wove paper with no watermark, 10x7cm. Apparently a unique paper type.

CUL-DAR35.403Av Watermarked P or P I ? paper given to Darwin.

CUL-DAR36.527A 1835 Uspallata Valley watercolour sketch. Cream-coloured wove paper 23x24cm.

CUL-DAR39.121. 'N of Orange Bay'. Hardy Peninsula. 10 February 1833. Cream-coloured wove paper.

CUL-DAR39.200 Coloured section, Rio gneiss diagram. Cream-coloured wove paper, c.19x21cm.

CUL-DAR44.22 Coloured section of Punta Alta, cream-coloured wove paper, 21x10cm.

CUL-DAR44.26 Tracing paper, with a green rule, affixed to white wove paper, 21x12.5cm.

CUL-DAR44.34 Coloured section. Cream-coloured wove paper, 26x18cm.

List of the above Beagle papers in archival order

CUL-DAR1.73. 'F S'. Falkland sketch.

CUL-DAR5.B73-B74. 'W FINCHER'.

CUL-DAR29.1.A1v 'J WHATMAN 1834' specimen catalogues. Sulloway noted as purchased after 29 April 1836 Mauritius

CUL-DAR29.1.A41 'W FINCHER 1836'

CUL-DAR29.1.A47 'W FINCHER 1836'

CUL-DAR29.1.A48 different lion shield, this near 'W FINCHER 1836' CUL-DAR29.1.A47

CUL-DAR29.3.45-46a Darwin's pencil sketch of St Jago, 'J WHATMAN 1828'.