The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online

Paper types used by Darwin during the voyage of the Beagle.

This work follows in the footsteps of Frank Sulloway and his pioneering work dating Darwin Beagle documents from differences in spelling and paper types. This was done not with the intention of publication on its own but as part of the research for Charles Darwin's geological diary and field notes from the voyage of the Beagle edited by John van Wyhe and Gordon Chancellor (Oxford University Press, forthcoming). However, it seems it would be helpful to share this so that others can use it.

This register of all paper types and watermarks in the 1,200 pages of Darwin manuscripts in the Geological diary and field notes and some other Beagle papers was compiled to help with dating documents and to find what further information this could provide. About twenty different types of paper were used by Darwin during the voyage. A register of watermarks allows papers with incomplete watermarks to be identified and some documents to be approximately dated. There is no claim to comprehensiveness here though probably all or almost all paper types Darwin used on the Beagle voyage are recorded here. A list of the DAR/archival numbers in the book and their paper types and images of the watermarks are provided below. At this stage the dates provided here include the time described in a document rather than a firm conclusion about when the document was written.

Some types were clearly preferred for different purposes. For example, Darwin often used the rough paper watermarked 'F S' for hasty interim notes, possibly on the deck of the Beagle while observing cliffs or mountains and 'G WILMOT 1828' with its red margin line for geological and zoological diary sections as well as writing all of the Beagle diary.

It's important to be aware of the fact that watermarks on nineteenth century paper are not the equivalent of modern 'branding'. Some watermarks were traditionally used to indicate a paper's type or purpose. For example, a postillion or postman's horn in a shield with three fleur de lis indicated a type of paper called Post. Most people today are familiar with the name Foolscap as a type of historic writing paper. Its watermark in this period was the figure of Britannia. (Stationer 1859) This is rare amongst Darwin's papers.

One of the modern volumes in which the papers are kept in the Darwin Archive, Cambridge University Library, Manuscripts Reading Room.

'R BARNARD 1823' / 'RB' Watermark is a fleur-de-lis shield surmounted by a fleur-de-lis crown with spikes or horns. Cream-coloured chain-lined paper with very wide rules. 20 x 26 cm. April – June 1835. CUL-DAR 37.796-797 has a different variant watermark shield. 3 documents. (The number of documents using each is approximate as are the dates given below.)

'R BARNARD 1828'

CUL-DAR37.796-797. 'RB' but different variant. Wide chain lines.	676 'R BARNARD 1823'
'RB'	'RB'

CUL-DAR36.436-437. 'Chili (appendix)'. 1835. 'R BARNARD 1823'

CUL-DAR37.671-676. 27 April – 25 June 1835. 'R BARNARD 1823' / 'RB'.

CUL-DAR37.796-797. 'Appendix to P 212'. Oct. 1835. 'RB'. 'RB' but different variant than the other RBs

'COLLINS 1828' / 'C' Watermark is a postillion shield surmounted by three fleur-de-lis. Blue chain-lined laid paper with wide lines. Late July 1834 – October 1835. 20 x 25 cm. 29 documents.

CUL-DAR44.33 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR44.18 'C'

CUL-DAR35.300 'C'

CUL-DAR35.351 'C'

CUL-DAR33.228aar incomplete shield, apparently of 'C'/'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR35.220-225 Valparaiso, Chile. 24-29 July 1834. 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR35.227-229. Specimens 2230-2295. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.230. 'Valparaiso / Hills behind Town'. 29 July 1834. shield of 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.245B Watermarked 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.267. 'Huafo' Island. 16 Jan. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.307-309 Chiloe sections. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.328. Field notes: Chiloe. 22-28 Jan. 1835. shield incomplete 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR35.331-340. 'Lacuy Peninsula' Chiloe. 19-30 Jan. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.245A 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.347. 'Baldivia' [Valdivia], Chile. 10 Feb. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.348-349. 'Niebla Fort' Valdivia, Chile. 18 Feb. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.300 'C'

CUL-DAR35.351 'C'

CUL-DAR35.382A 'C' partial shield. Coloured section.

CUL-DAR35.783 'C' for 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR36.445-446. 'Douglass states...' . Nov.-Dec. 1834. 'C'

CUL-DAR36.473A 1835 St. Jago – Mendoza sketch. Incomplete watermark, apparently shield of 'C'

CUL-DAR36.475A 1835 St. Jago – Mendoza sketch 'C'

CUL-DAR36.481A 1835 St. Jago – Mendoza sketch, no watermark but also 'C'

CUL-DAR36.568-600.27 April – 25 June 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR37.611-632 'Copiapò', Chile. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828',

CUL-DAR37.692-697 'C', 698-703 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR37.781-783 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828',

CUL-DAR37.784-787 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'C',

CUL-DAR37.792-793 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'C'

CUL-DAR39.195 Chiloe Horizontal section sketch. incomplete 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR42.97-99. 'The position of the bones of Mastodon'. Feb. 1835. 'COLLINS 1828'.

CUL-DAR44.17 colour section apparently 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR44.18 colour section 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR44.19 colour section 'R M 1831 1' (leftmost piece), 3 pieces 'COLLINS 1828'

CUL-DAR44.20 coloured Andes section. Blue chain-lined paper, apparently 'COLLINS 1828' c. 6x34cm.

CUL-DAR44.33 coloured sketch 'COLLINS 1828'.

'DEWDNEY &<excised> 18<excised>' Text only watermark. Cream-coloured wove paper. CUL-DAR36.555A coloured sketch only.

'W FINCHER 1835' Watermark is Britannia in a shield surmounted by a crown. Blue chain-lined with wide rules. 20 x 34 cm. April 1836 (Keeling). 5 documents. (CUL-DAR37.678B bears a similar Britannia shield it is not identical, having a flat-topped crown.) 'W FINCHER 1836' is used in Darwin's Beagle animal notes post-voyage.

'W FINCHER 1835' CUL-DAR41.40-57 Cocos/Keeling

CUL-DAR41.40-57 Keeling 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.53 with partial shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.54 with partial shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.56 with partial shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

CUL-DAR41.57 shield of 'W FINCHER 1835'.

SMES-TN-5578a Sedgwick Museum specimen sheet. With thanks to Gordon Chancellor.

'W FINCHER 1836' Blue and chain-lined paper. Watermark is a bearded lion with staff and in outstretched right hand a mace(?) in shield surmounted by a crown. These are Beagle animal notes. Not in the Geological diary. For example, CUL-DAR29.1.A41 and CUL-DAR29.1.A47. As Frank Sulloway wrote: "These lists, together with other notes on Darwin's Beagle specimens, are mostly on paper watermarked "W. Fincher 1836." From the uniformity of the watermark and the fact that some of the sheets refer to the recent taxonomic judgments of various specialists at the Zoological Society, these notes may be assigned to the period between March 6 and the end of June 1837, when Darwin had pretty well finished his Journal."

CUL-DAR29.1.A41 'W FINCHER 1836'

Shield of CUL-DAR29.1.A48 this is near 'W Fincher 1836' CUL-DAR29.1.A47

'F S' Text only watermark. A distinctive blue laid paper with deckel edge, wide chain lines and faint watermark with ornate 'F S' far apart from one another (c.9cm). Often only the S is visible. Two variants have been seen with the style of the 'F' differing most. Philip R. Sloan mentioned this watermark in 1985 as a '£' rather than an 'F' and what looks like an inverted Greek final sigma. Indeed, the letters are so stylised it is difficult to decipher them. 'E S' would make sense as Edward Smith paper is also found on the Beagle. However the watermark of Edward Smith is a shield with an ornate 'S' and they appear at opposite ends of the voyage. 16 x 26 cm. December 1832 - December 1835. 21 documents

CUL-DAR35.302 'F S' The rarer variant.

CUL-DAR34.77 'F S' seen from different perspectives.

CUL-DAR1.73 partial 'F S'. Falkland sketch.

CUL-DAR33.165 Sketch map of Berkeley Sound. March 1834. 'F S'

CUL-DAR34.7-9. St Mathias Bay / St Josephs Bay. 17-18 April 1833. 'F S'

CUL-DAR34.29-34. 'Port Desire'. 23 Dec. 1833 – 3 Jan. 1834. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR34.36-39. [geological specimens 1625-1692, descriptions]. 'F S'

CUL-DAR34.65-73. 'Falkland Islands.' March 1834. 'F S'

CUL-DAR34.74-75. 'Re-examination of the Transition' Falkland Islands. 1834.03.10-1834.04.06. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR34.77 'F S' blue chain lined, deckel edge. often only 'S' is apparent.

CUL-DAR35.274-276. Anna Pink Harbor, Tres Montes, Chile. 1-7 Jan. 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR35.277-285. Anna Pink Harbor / Patch Cove, Chile. 31 December 1834 - 2 Jan. 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR35.286-287. 'Dark Harbor / Ynche' Tres Montes, Chile. 28-30 Dec. 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR35.302 'Archipel: of Chiloe'. Nov. 1834 - Feb. 1835. 'F S'. incomplete 'F'.

CUL-DAR35.319-327. 'Lowes Harbor'. 8-15 Jan. 1835. 'F S'

CUL-DAR35.350. Coast between Valdivia and Concepcion. c.1-4 March 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR37.704-708. San Lorenzo Island. Lima, Peru. 27 July 1835. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR39.123-124. Wollaston Island. 25 February - 1 March 1833. 'F S'.

CUL-DAR39.152. Field or interim notes that inform f 657: 'F S'.

CUL-DAR39.99. colour section notes 'F S'.

CUL-DAR42.93-96, 148. 'Reflection on reading my Geological notes.' [3.1834]. 'F S'.

'HARRIS 1821' / 'H' Watermark is a postillion shield surmounted by three fleur-de-lis. Cream-coloured chain-lined paper, broadly ruled with red margin line. 20 x 26cm. 27 April – 25 June 1835. 1 document. CUL-DAR37.667-669 27 April – 25 June 1835. 'HARRIS 1821'

'BENTO PICARDO 4' Blue chain-lined paper with wide rule. CUL-DAR 41.47 The '4' is presumably for 1834. Possibly acquired on Keeling. 1836. 1 document.

'BENTO PICARDO 4'

'RYE MILL 1830' Text only watermark. Produced in Rye Mill, on the river Wye in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. Cream-coloured unlined paper, rather poor quality in varying page sizes 21 x 30 cm, 16 x 20 cm or 12 x 20 cm. July 1832 – July 1835. 38 documents.

CUL-DAR39.155 'RYE MILL 1830'

CUL-DAR29.3.47a CD's pencil sketch of 'Fernando Noronha', 'RYE MILL 1830'

CUL-DAR32.90A 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.1. 'Rat Island / The Mount.' Uruguay. Oct. 1832. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.12-13. 'Scattered facts communicated to me by different people'. Nov. 1832. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.35-35a. Recalculation of Port Desire plains. Watermarked 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.87-92. 'Falkland Islands & St. Cruz'. April 1834 - Jan. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.100. Barometer. 3-5 May 1834. Watermark not seen but clearly 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.101-102. S Cruz 14 April – 11 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.181-182. 'Bay. N. of Orange bay.' Feb. 1833. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.186-187. 'C. Virgins'. 26-30 January 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.190-191. 'East coast of T. del Fuego & Sts of Magellan'. 28-29 May 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.192. Cape Virgins. 1834.05.17. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.199-200. 'The general mass of stone / Chiloe'. 29-30 June 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.2. 'Between Rio Lucia and Mount'. 28 July 1832. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.201-205. 'The promontory / Chiloe'. June-July 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR34.3-6. 'Monte Video'. Uruguay. 26 July – 19 Aug., 26-29 Oct. 1832. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.218-219 Valparaiso, Chile. 24-29 July 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830',

CUL-DAR35.233-258. 'Chonos and Tres Montes'. Dec. 1834 - Jan. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.259-266. 'Port St Andrew – Cone Harbor...Tres Montes'. 21-23 Dec. 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.272-273. 'First of Chonos Islands (Midship Bay)'. 16 Dec. 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.341-342. 'Chiloe'. 1-? Feb. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.351-353. Quiriquina Island, Bay of Concepcion, Chile. 4 March 1835. 'C', 352-353 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.354-356. Fort Galvez, Talcahuano. Linguen, Concepcion. 4-6 March 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.357-370.'Concepcion' Chile. 4-7 March 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.360A 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.371-376. 'Valparaiso / Chili'. July - Nov. 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR35.377-419 'Valparaiso / Chili'. July - Nov. 1834. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.420-422. 'Valparaiso (appendix to p. 47)'. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.429-435. 'Chili'. Feb.-June 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.438 'Chili (appendix)'. 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.452-461. 'Valleys.– Cordilleras. Chili'. Feb.-June 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.466-501.'St. Jago to Mendoza' Chile. 18 March – 10 April 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR36.502-549. 'Mendoza.– St. Jago: Uspallata Pass'. April 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830.'

CUL-DAR36.550-567. 27 April – 25 June 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'

CUL-DAR37.677-684. 'Iquique – Peru.' Chile & Peru. 13-14 July 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'.

CUL-DAR37.688-691 'Lima' Peru. 21 July 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830',

CUL-DAR37.711-715. 'San Lorenzo' Lima, Peru. 27 July 1835. 'RYE MILL 1830'

CUL-DAR39.118-119 Geology of Southern part of T. d. F. date? 118 watermarked 'RYE MILL 1830', 119 no watermark seen.

'R M 1831 1' [Rye Mill] Watermark bearded lion holding a sceptre in a large oval shield surmounted by a crown. Cream-coloured wide chain-lined paper 20 x 26 cm. Mentioned by Sloan 1985 'Darwin's invertebrate program': this paper type used for "letter of Darwin to Susan Darwin from Sydney on 28 Jan. 1836". 27 April – 25 June 1835 - February 1836. 14 documents.

'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR38.842-843

CUL-DAR37.659

CUL-DAR37.659-666 'Copiapò', Chile. 1835. 'RM 1831 1'

CUL-DAR37.678A shield of 'R M 1831 1'

CUL-DAR37.716-725. Galapagos Islands. 15 Sept. - 20 Oct. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR37.726-745. Galapagos Islands. 10 Oct. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR37.746 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. shield of 'R M 1831'.

CUL-DAR37.798-801. 'Tahiti.' Nov. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR37.802-811. 'Bay of Islands. New Zealand'. Dec. 1835. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR38.813 'New South Wales' Australia. Jan. 1836. with lion in shield of 'R M 1831'.

CUL-DAR38.837-857. 'Hobart Town' Tasmania. Feb. 1836. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR40.97-101. Field notes. Hobart Town, Tasmania. Feb. 1836. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR41.51 partial shield of 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR41.59-77 Cleavage essay 'RM 1831'

CUL-DAR44.19 colour section 'R M 1831 1' (leftmost piece).

CUL-DAR44.21 coloured sketch 1835 Coquimbo. 'R M 1831 1'.

CUL-DAR44.32 shield of 'R M 1831 1'.

'SLADE 1834' Watermark bearded lion holding a sceptre in a large oval shield surmounted by a crown, very like 'R M 1831 1'. Blue chain-lined paper. 21 x 29 cm. July – August 1836. 3 documents.

'SLADE 1834'

CUL-DAR40.94

CUL-DAR38.954-956. 'Bahia Brazil Aug: 1836'. Salvador da Bahia, Brazil. 1-5 Aug. 1836. 'SLADE 1834'.

CUL-DAR40.93-96 Field notes: Ascension. 19-22 July 1836. 'SLADE 1834'.

CUL-DAR40.94 'SLADE 1834' CUL-DAR44.24 famous colour coral reef. Sect. 1. Sect II.

'EDWARD SMITH 1833' / 'S' Watermark is a fleur-de-lis shield surmounted by a fleur-de-lis crown with spikes or horns. (Almost identical to 'GW' for Wilmot.) Blue chain-lined paper, widely ruled. 20 x 26 cm. January 1836 in the New South Wales Geological diary – May/June in part of the Cleavage essay (CUL-DAR 41.63-68) as dated by Frank Sulloway in 1982. 3 documents

'EDWARD SMITH 1833' CUL-DAR41.66 'Cleavage essay'

CUL-DAR38.812, 814-817

'S'

CUL-DAR38.812, 814-817 New South Wales 'EDWARD SMITH 1833'. AND/OR 'EDWARD SMITH 1833' or 'S' shield.

CUL-DAR41.59-77 Cleavage essay "That the early portions of the "Cleavage" essay were written in May or June of 1836" Sulloway 1982.

CUL-DAR44.25 colour coral reefs "IV" "III" watermark shield with spiky crown, 'EDWARD SMITH 1833' / 'S' ?

'W' Watermark is a postillion shield surmounted by three fleur-de-lis. Blue chain-lined laid paper with wide rules. 'W' could stand for Wilmot or Whatman or another paper manufacturer. 1835 (Copiapò). 2 documents.

CUL-DAR44.30 partial shield of 'W' 3 fleur-de-lis on crown.

CUL-DAR37.633-658

'W' seen reversed through back of the page.

'W'

CUL-DAR37.633-658 'Copiapò', Chile. 1835.

CUL-DAR44.30 hand-drawn ink elevations and descriptive captions. Coquimbo / St Helena Model [single leaf].

'J WHATMAN 1828' White wove paper. Probably acquired from the officers on the Beagle from their draughting paper stock.

CUL-DAR29.3.45-46a [Darwin's pencil sketch of St Jago, 17 January - 8 February 1832. 1 sketch. 'J WHATMAN 1828'

'J WHATMAN 1834' Text only watermark. Darwin's specimen catalogues purchased after 29 April 1836 Mauritius as identified by Frank Sulloway: "Sometime after his arrival in Mauritius (on April 29, 1836) or Cape Town (on June 1), Darwin purchased nearly three hundred sheets of 'J. Whatman 1834' paper. Unlike most of his other voyage papers, these sheets were faintly ruled and ideal for listing, in clear and orderly fashion, numbered specimens in the different subdivisions of his voyage biological collections. It was this 'J. Whatman 1834' paper that Darwin used to draft all twelve of the specimen catalogues" For example: CUL-DAR29.1.A1v and NHM-InsectRoom_Lists_vol.1.21 "Copy of Darwin's notes in reference to Insects collected by him."

CUL-DAR29.1.A1v 'J WHATMAN 1834'

'G WILMOT 1828' Text only watermark. Faintly lined cream-coloured laid paper with red margin line. 20 x 25 cm. Almost all of the Beagle diary (EH88202366) and the Zoological diary (CUL-DAR 30-31) and much of the Geological diary are written on this. The Zoological, as pointed out by Richard Keynes in Zoology notes, ran out by p. 315. Some of its Galapagos pages use 'COLLINS 1828' and 'HARRIS 1821'. 1831-1836. 30 documents

'G WILMOT 1828' CUL-DAR33.278

'G WILMOT 1828'

EH88202366 Beagle diary 'G WILMOT 1828'

CUL-DAR30-31 Zoological diary 'G WILMOT 1828' In Zoology notes Richard Keynes observed that "the supply of paper with a red marginal line seems to have been exhausted at CD P. 315".

CUL-DAR32.1.19 'G WILMOT 1828'

CUL-DAR32.123-132. 'East Falkland Island'. March 1833. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.133-150. East Falkland Island (Appendix). March 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.15-20. 'Quail Island' Cape Verde islands. 17-18 Jan. 1832. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.21-36. 'St Jago' [Santiago] Cape Verde islands. 17 Jan. - 8 Feb. 1832. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.37-38.'St. Pauls' Rocks. 16 Feb. 1832. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.39-40. 'Fernando Noronha'. 20 Feb. 1832. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.41-48.'Bahia' Brazil. 2 Feb.-17 March 1832. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.51-60. 'Provinicia do Rio de Janeiro' Brazil. April-June 1832. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.61-62. 'Coast of Patagonia'. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.63-72. 'Bahia Blanca...Patagonia' Brazil. 6 Sept. - 19 Oct. 1832. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.73-74. Bahia Blanca (appendix). 29-31 Aug. 1833. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.75-76. 'Buenos Ayres' Argentina. 3-9 Nov. 1832. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.77-82. 'Monte Video' Uruguay. 4-18 Aug., 14-26 Nov.. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.83-84. 'Monte Video (appendix)'. 4-13 Nov. 1833. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.85-95. 'Tierra del Fuego'. 1 Jan. 1833 - 27 Feb. 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.96-97. 'Tierra del Fuego (appendix)'. 24-26 Feb. 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR32.98-122. 'Tierra del Fuego'. 1 Jan. 1833-27 Feb. 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.153-164. 'Maldonado' Uruguay. May-June 1833. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.223-226. 'St Josephs Bay' Patagonia. 17-18 April 1833. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.227-228. 'Coast of Patagonia – St Josephs Bay to Port Desire.' Dec. 1833. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.229-242. 'Port Desire'. Patagonia. 23 Dec. 1833 - 3 Jan. 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.243-244. 'Port Desire (appendix)' May 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.245-248. 'Port St Julian' Patagonia. 10-18 Jan. 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR33.249-278. 'The Pampas' Patagonia. 3 Aug. – 29 Nov. 1833. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR34.17-24. 'Rio Negro'. 3-16 Aug. 1833. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.206-217. 'Chiloe'. 29 June - 12 July 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.288-297. 'Archipel: of Chiloe'. November 1834. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

CUL-DAR35.298-299, 301, 303-318 Chiloe January 1835. 'G WILMOT 1828'

CUL-DAR35.343-346. 'Valdivia' Chile. Feb. 1835. 'G WILMOT 1828'.

'G WILMOT 1834' / 'GW' Watermark is a fleur-de-lis shield surmounted by a fleur-de-lis crown with spikes or horns. (Very like 'EDWARD SMITH 1833' / 'S') Blue chain-lined paper, broadly ruled with red margin line. The width of the pages varies between 14-20.5 cm and the height ranges from 15.5-32 cm. October 1835 - August 1836. 23 documents.

CUL-DAR38.790 'GW'

CUL-DAR38.913 'GW'

'GW' CUL-DAR33.217

CUL-DAR32.1-2. 'Brazil coast.' Bahia. 1-5 Aug. 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR32.3-8. 'Bahia'. Aug. 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR33.165A-216 Falkland Islands. 'GW' / 'G WILMOT 1834'. Some written 1835.

CUL-DAR33.217-222. Falkland Henslow's account . 'GW' / 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR37.788-789 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'G WILMOT 1834',

CUL-DAR37.794-795 'Galapagos Isds'. Oct. 1835. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR38.858-863. 'King George's Sound' Australia. March 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'

CUL-DAR38.864-881. 'King George's Sound' Australia. March 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR38.882-901. 'Mauritius' Indian Ocean. May 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR38.902-919. 'Cape of Good Hope'. June 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR38.936-953. 'Ascension' Island. 19-22 July 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834.'

CUL-DAR38.957-960. 'Terceira Azores'. 20-24 Sept. 1836. 'G WILMOT 1834'.

CUL-DAR41.59-77 Cleavage essay 'G WILMOT 1834' and 'GW'.

Other types

There are also a very few other types of paper found in the Beagle geological papers, mostly unwatermarked wove paper. There are also a small number of items that were given to Darwin such as the several sheets of tracing paper. Some of the items provided by officers of the Beagle with their fine draughtsmanship are on wove paper, which seems to have been in their stock of paper and not Darwin's. A sketch of a coastline by P. G. King (CUL-DAR35.344A) is watermarked differently than any of Darwin's known papers.

CUL-DAR35.344A. Watermark incomplete 'W<excised> / 18<excised>'.

Other pieces of paper that were provided to Darwin by others include CUL-DAR 35.403Av, 405A-405 and CUL-DAR 37.678B. CUL-DAR37.678B is watermarked with a Britannia shield similar to but not identical with 'W FINCHER 1835'of CUL-DAR41.40-57 Keeling. But with a flat crown top. Sheet was given to Darwin by Mr Bollaert.

Darwin's four geological specimen notebooks (CUL-DAR236) bear the watermark 'JOHN HALL 1831' (with thanks to Gordon Chancellor).

Darwin's Beagle field notebooks were shown to belong to six types in Beagle notebooks (2009):

Type 1: Cape de Verds, Rio, Buenos Ayres and B. Blanca (c. 130 X 80 mm) watermark 'J. Whatman 1830'.

Type 2: Falkland and Red notebook (164 X 100 mm) watermark 'T. Warren 1830'.

Type 3: St. Fe and Banda Oriental (155 X 100 mm) watermark 'W. Brookman 1828'.

Type 4: Port Desire (170 X 130 mm) incomplete watermarks which seem to read 'John Morbey 1830'.

Type 5: Valparaiso, Galapagos, Coquimbo, Copiapò, Despoblado and Sydney 90 X 75 to 120 X 100 mm "velvet paper" memorandum books no watermarks.

Type 6: Santiago 100 X 165 mm No watermarks have been found.

Other oddments include:

CUL-DAR34.51A Wove paper, 23x14.5cm.

CUL-DAR34.186-187. 'C. Virgins'. January 1834. Cream-coloured wove paper, deckel edge. 13x19cm.

CUL-DAR39.121. 'N of Orange Bay'. Hardy Peninsula. 10 February 1833. Cream-coloured wove paper.

CUL-DAR36.527A 1835 Uspallata Valley sketch. Cream-coloured wove paper 23x24cm.

CUL-DAR34.179-180. Cream-coloured unlined paper. No watermarks seen.

CUL-DAR44.22 coloured sketch cream-coloured wove paper.

CUL-DAR35.403Av Watermarked P or P I ? paper given to Darwin.

List of the above Beagle papers in archival order

CUL-DAR1.73 partial 'F S'. Falkland sketch.

CUL-DAR236 The geological specimen notebooks (CUL-DAR236) 'HALL 1830' (With thanks to Gordon Chancellor)

CUL-DAR29.1.A1v "J WHATMAN 1834" specimen catalogues Sulloway purchased after 29 April 1836 Mauritius

CUL-DAR29.1.A41 "W FINCHER 1836"

CUL-DAR29.1.A47 "W Fincher 1836"

CUL-DAR29.1.A48 different lion shield, this near "W Fincher 1836" CUL-DAR29.1.A47

CUL-DAR29.3.45-46a [Darwin's pencil sketch of St Jago, "J WHATMAN 1828"]

CUL-DAR29.3.45-46a. Darwin's sketch of St Jago… no watermark

CUL-DAR29.3.47a [CD's pencil sketch of 'Fernando Noronha', 'RYE MILL 1830']