(8

Chap. XIV

with man and of our domesticated animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements. which are often of an extremely complex nature. For instance, the obliquity of the eyebrows, the depression of the corners of the mouth frowning &c, are common to the young and old of most, probably of all the races of man.

We are so familiar with the fact of the young and the old animals displaying their emotions and sensations feelings in the same manner, that we hardly perceive how remarkable it is that a young puppy should wag its tail when pleased, depress its ears and uncover its canine teeth when pretending in play to fight to be savage, just like an old dog; or that a kitten should arch its little back and erect its hair when frightened and angry, like an old cat. When, however, we turn to less common gestures in ourselves, which we are accustomed to look at as artificial or conventional,—such as shrugging the shoulders, as a sign of impotence, or the raising the arms with open hands and extended fingers, as a sign of wonder,—we feel perhaps too much surprise at finding that they are innate. a