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Mr. Macnamara gives reasons in his paper above quoted gives reasons for believing that certain the inhabitants of Madeira districts subject to malaria are apt to be sterile; but this cannot be explanation apply in several of the cases the instances above given. Some writers have have speculated supposed that with the inhabitants of islands suggested that the aborigines of islands have suffered infertility & health longer continued interbreeding; has injured their health & productiveness; but the foregoing cases, these evils have supervened supervened too suddenly, for as is coincidentally coincidentally with the arrival of Europeans, for us to admit such an this explanation. Nor have we at present any reason to suppose to believe that man so is sensitive in so high a degree to the evil consequence effects of close interbreeding, especially in so such large islands, as those of New Zealand, & the Sandwich archipelago with their with a diversified stations. On the contrary it is known that most present inhabitants Norfolk Island are nearly all cousins or near relations, as are the Todas in India, & the inhabitants of some of the smaller Western islands on the west coast of Scotland; & yet they have in no way suffered.* (on the close relationship of the Norfolk Islander, see Sir W. Denison, Varieties of Vice-Regal Life, vol. 1, 1870 p. 410. For the Todas, see Col. Marshall's work 1873 p. 110. For the Western Islands of Scotland, Dr. Mitchell, Edinburgh Medical Journal ─ March to June 1865.)

[Descent 2d ed., pp. 188-9: "In the paper above quoted, Mr. Macnamara gives reasons for believing that the inhabitants of districts subject to malaria are apt to be sterile; but this cannot apply in several of the above cases. Some writers have suggested that the aborigines of islands have suffered in fertility and health from long continued inter-breeding; but in the above cases infertility has coincided too closely with the arrival of Europeans for us to admit this explanation. Nor have we at present any reason to believe that man is highly sensitive to the evil effects of inter-breeding, especially in areas so large as New Zealand, and the Sandwich archipelago with its diversified stations. On the contrary, it is known that the present inhabitants of Norfolk Island are nearly all cousins or near relations, as are the Todas in India, and the inhabitants of some of the Western Islands of Scotland; and yet they seem not to have suffered in fertility.45
45 On the close relationship of the Norfolk Islanders, see Sir W. Denison, 'Varieties of Vice-Regal Life,' vol. i. 1870, p. 410. For the Todas, see Col. Marshall's work, 1873, p. 110. For the Western Islands of Scotland, Dr. Mitchell, 'Edinburgh Medical Journal,' March to June, 1865."]

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the natives cannot have as yet recovered their fertility for those having a family of those children are excused freed from paying taxes.*

(*Garland, Das ………  der naturvölker 1868 p. 127.)

(Lastly Mr. Macnamara states * (* The Indian Medical Gazette Nov Novr 1, 1871, p. 240) state that the low & degraded inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, on the eastern side of the gulf of Bengal, are "evidently susceptible to any change of climate: in fact, take them away from their island homes & they are almost certain to die, & that independently of diet or extraneous influences."

He further states that the inhabitants of the valley of Nepal, [illeg] this is very which is extremely hot in summer, & the various hill-tribes of India, suffer much from dysentery & fever on the plains; & they die if they attempt to reside on the spend the whole year there.)

We thus clearly see that many of the wilder races of man, in a primordial condition, & especially their children, are are apt to suffer much in health, when subjected to changed various changes in their condition or habit of life. & not, not only when transported to a new climate, but when subjected to changed condition or habits of life, not appearing to be in themselves injurious; & it appears in several cases that the children are particularly liable to suffer.

[Descent 2d ed., p. 188: "Lastly, Mr. Macnamara states44 that the low and degraded inhabitants of the Andaman Islands, on the eastern side of the Gulf of Bengal, are "eminently susceptible to any change of "climate: in fact, take them away from their island homes, and they are almost certain to die, and that independently of diet or extraneous influences." He further states that the inhabitants of the Valley of Nepâl, which is extremely hot in summer, and also the various hill-tribes of India, suffer from dysentery and fever when on the plains; and they die if they attempt to pass the whole year there.

We thus see that many of the wilder races of man are apt to suffer much in health when subjected to changed conditions or habits of life, and not exclusively from being transported to a new climate. Mere alterations in habits, which do not appear injurious in themselves, seem to have this same effect; and in several cases the children are particularly liable to suffer.

44 'The Indian Medical Gazette,' Nov. 1, 1871, p. 240."]

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Jarves, who published his book History in 1843 says that "families who have three children are freed from all taxes; those having more are rewarded by gifts of same & other encouragements." [two words illeg]

This unparalleled enactment by the government well shows bother even to how infertile the race had become.

Of the children which are born, a large proportion as instance of New Zealand die ar an early age, as Mr Bishops formerly said, & as Bishop stating informs me is still the case; thus he has attributed to the request of the women, but it is probably is large part due to the innate weak constitution of the children in so in relation to the lessened fertility of their parents. Moreover there is, again in New Zealand a large excess of male over female births; again : the census of 1872 gives 31,650 males to 25,247 females of all ages; that is 125.36 males for every 100 females; whereas in all civilised countries the females exceed the males. No doubt the profligacy of the women may in part account for their small fertility; but is probable that their changed habits of life is a much probably cause cause, & which will at the same time account for their increased mortality, especially of the children. The islands visited by Cook in 1779, by Van… in 1794, & often subsequently

[Descent 2d ed., p. 187: "This is almost exactly the same average as with the Tasmanians at Oyster Cove. Jarves, who published his History in 1843, says that "families who have three children are freed from all taxes; those having more, are rewarded by gifts of land and other encouragements." This unparalleled enactment by the government well shews how infertile the race had become. The Rev. A. Bishop stated in the Hawaiian 'Spectator' in 1839, that a large proportion of the children die at early ages, and Bishop Staley informs me that this is still the case, just as in New Zealand. This has been attributed to the neglect of the children by the women, but it is probably in large part due to innate weakness of constitution in the children, in relation to the lessened fertility of their parents. There is, moreover, a further resemblance to the case of New Zealand, in the fact that there is a large excess of male over female births: the census of 1872 gives 31,650, males to 25,247 females of all ages, that is 125.36 males for every 100 females; whereas in all civilised countries the females exceed the males. No doubt the profligacy of the women may in part account for their small fertility; but their changed habits of life is a much more probable cause, and which will at the same time account for the increased mortality, especially of the children. The islands were visited by Cook in 1779, by Vancouver in 1794, and often subsequently by whalers."]