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Annales des Sc. Nat 3d Series Tom I. p. 65 (Zoolog)

"Consid. sur la Classification Nat. &c par M. Milne Edwards." — This is the most profound paper I have ever seen on Affinities

It is quite curious how such word as "zoological parentage" "descent from different types" are used metaphorically: in future ages such language will be a wonder —

p 66 Thinks Shows embryology best means for classification — gives examples in Crustacea Isopod (see his Treatise on Crust, 1st. Vol. for excellent remarks) the specific generic specific characters are not assumed till after the generic & these after those of the family — & that sometimes in Crust metamorphosis takes place in egg & sometimes in outer world

(p. 68 refers to Chevreul in Journal (read) des savants 1840 p. 527, who (see to this) shows I presume that variation is effect of anterior changes in earliest state)

p 72 compares metamorphoses of embryo in the animal kingdom to bundle, which subdivides at different heights

p 76 compares the classification

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as deduced from embryos to a tree — remarks that animals ought to arranged in space & not on a plane surface.

p 76. the character of superiority in any series is "l' empreinte plus profonde du cachet propre a cette même serie, et l'adaptation plus complete du plan organique ainsi constituè a la division du travail physiologique" says thus the most radiate animal with the greatest number of distinct organs is higher than the binary forms. (The idea of intellect & brain in man breeds much confusion: remember that Owen says that osseous fishes are most ichthitic, yet the cartilaginous fishes are higher, if we look to affinity to higher tribes: the cart: fishes are oldest)

p 77. remarks on the difficulty caused by development in some cases making organisms less complicated, as in Lernæa, (which I shd think was the strongest case

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known. Barnacles in some sense, eyes & locomotion, are lower, but these so much more complicated, that they may be considered as higher. (a) If we consider the number of changes as highness, then Lernæa a mere reproductive sack wd be higher; but this is too revolting to common sense.

What a fertile source of series are the Entomostraca, good to illustrate my theory; see his Treatise.

It is evidently most difficult to make out what is higher & so no wonder no little accordance with Geolog. History. (B)

p 77. considers Ornithorhyncus as obtaining its beak by retrograde "recurrent" development. (When we consider that Bird & Mammal have come from same original cell & that this is not altered in all the individuals of a whole series, it ceases to be less wonderful that under nearly similar circumstances, (compare Placental & Marsupial animals) shd be similarly or parallelly developed.

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(a) The case of female apterous moths which never leave case & glowworm— a curious case. — we there see that highness does not depend on perfection & number of organs, but on development.

B. All that we ought to expect is that if our fossils were perfect that embryonic forms were the oldest; & hence in this discussion, leave out the term higher & lower.— Embryonic crust. & fish. How is it in Radiata?

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p. 80 Shows, but I think most clearly in his Treatise, that there are two kinds of groups, the physiological, & the zoological or those in a series — of the former birds & mammals (if monotremata destroyed) are instances, fish & Batrachians form a series group. So in Crust the podophthalmous & Cirripedia are distinct groups & the others are serial groups. This is simply owing to intermediate forms having in one case & not in other descended.

p 80 Remarks that in two in serial groups that the resemblance is greatest between the lower forms

p. 81. A natural group may be defined "c'est la reunion de tous les dérivés d' un même type" (It may be a question when group A is related to B by one set of characters & to C. by another set & to D by another, whether it is exclusively that A, B, C. D have preserved these characters from the same parent form, or whether they have been similarly modified, owing to same parentage: the former more probable.—

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p. 75 remarks that on comparing the embryos of related though different animals, one the whole embryo does not begin to differ, but only certain portions or organs, the remaining ones remaining the same. (No series in Birds)

(Q) p. 89. Fish & Batrachians, continue for long to march walk in the same embryonic route: whereas, Mammals, Birds & Reptiles, at an earlier date begin to diverge or "la marche générique parallèle (in them) est de moins longue durée" (This is something odd: if you alter an organ considerably, you alter the embryo to up to a certain early age; if you alter it still more you alter it earlier still & so on.— (This does not hold good in Plants) see before. — I think it probable that in modifying the generation mean manner in which young are nourished, or length of pregnancy &c, you would perhaps most directly alter the more important embryonic organs; & therefore so far not indirectly.)

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[annotated diagrams]

Important physiological organs, as heart & lungs are altered only in consequence of much change in whole body & therefore not likely that variation wd be observable in such.

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p 89. The nature of the envelopes of the embryo, is the first visible change in embryo of the different classes. — Take Brain that can be slowly altered, & such alterations must be the effect of potential changes in the early form of the brain, which is the first part seen in the embryo.—

p. 349. Duvernoy sur le Develop. de la Pœcilia. —it appears that he & Rathke & others have given up the slits in neck of Birds & Mammals as Branchial arches.—

calls them pharyngean arches— I imagine developments of costal system.—

Tom 2. p. 193 Sars sur le Develop. des Asteriés calls the 2d state of development (1st state mere vibratile ball) the Crinoidal state, from having an apparatus for attachment, which appears to turn into the Madero positive plates

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(Q) Tom II. p. 273. Brullé Transformation des appendices dans les Articulés. "It est surtout fort remarquable qu' un appendice se montre d' autant plus tôt, q'il doit argulier un development plus complet"

p 283 repeats this most strongly & the reverse. This is (a) (a) most remarkable & accords with M. Edwards (p. 5 ante) statement respect to whole animales in same great class, ie the more changed from each other, earlier they separate in embryonic characters — It shows something which I do not understand: it seems that to mature an organ, a certain time is required, & that the earlier changes can alone be hurried. This at once nearly explain the gradual loss of embryonic characters; & with shortening time of development the loss of embryonic or larva characters in certain tribe in classes remarkable for embryonic metamorphoses, as we shall see presently in Diptera paper Hippoboscus &c

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(a) states that in Crust, antennæ & parts of mouth appear before legs — the mouth-parts appearing before antennæ — The former have assumed their forms, when the legs begin to appear.

V. Rathkes' paper & M. Edwards Treatise on Crustaceæ — It wd be important to show that in diff. families, parts did appear in different order, even if no rule cd be established. (Ask Huxley)

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Again we can see law of balance, holds good in milk & fat — oil & leaves of cabbage, but how much more it must hold good, when whole embryo shut up in egg; & as continued selection of changes causes the part in question to be developed first, so it will rob other organs; will rob those than can bear it.—

When the whole animal as Lernæa become degraded, then it must be want of use in parts, but even here generative system is much developed.

p 282. In Crust. it can be seen that morphology is true, ie that the different parts are all in the same state, if we trace their development (but I do not quite see that they are real legs, except in case quoted from M. Joly p. 365 on the Isaura in which, 2d legs in larva are natatory, manducatory & respiratory, do not in full state serve except for manducation "Voilà donc de veritables pieds changes, les uns en antennes, les autres en mandibules"). But to be quite satisfactory,

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this ought to have been observed in an embryo & not in a free-living larva? why so?

p 282 Brullé remarks. "On voit donc q'en realite les appendices sont formes d' elements identiques, qui se modifient par les progress de l'agè chez un même individu, comme ils semblent se modifier par les progress de l' organisation chez les individus d' espèce differente."

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(Q) Tom 3 p 176 In the Annelides, development goes on from the cephalic end, backward; whilst in the Mollusca the abdominal region is first formed & the Cephalic portion is not formed till long after. In the Vertebrata, that in which, the circulatory system are so important acquires such great perfection & importance (ie many times modified) the heart & vessels are formed at early period, long time before alimentary tube, & that before the young has acquired any characters of its class— with the Annelides, the alimentary canal acts functionally before any trace of circulatory apparatus

A. d' Orbigny sur la Distribution Geographique des Mollusques cotiers marins — Ep especes species of Payta & Guyaquil 67 with only 1 common to Callao.

p 220 Two neighbouring seas, separated only by a cape may have different faunas—

When the same species are found over an immense area, the currents are the cause.

Says Falkland 7 shell distinct species.—

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p 224. J. Goudot sur le Cutérèbre nuisible

The larva of this Dipterous insect is found rarely (& he had good opportunities of observation) on any d native quadruped, but it attracts in countless numbers & almost often destroys the cattle & dogs of New Grenada.— The pulex penetrans originally only appears to have attacked only man, but now sometimes dogs & pigs feet.— Milne Edwards "sur la Circulation" Ch. 8

p. 262. Nature seems to exhaust all the possible combinations in existing organs, before creating new ones.— thus the Branchiæ in the lower Crust. are made at the expense of appendicular system, whereas in higher crust, Branchiæ are created of a new type, not analogous to any part.

p. 263 "— physiological results of the same order can be obtained by the most varied means" it is false to assert "la function est inherente a l' organe" — in the lowest animals, one sees disappear the various special organs, & yet the functions must be performed; — thus no lungs, no circulatory system. &c—

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Tom 3 p. 7. Dujardin sur les Acariens. Ch. 3

Many acariens seem to be hermaphrodite.— are these aquatic or terrestrial? like Cypris in Crustaceæ.

p 20. Oribates produces "embryons vivants"— Oribates hermaphrodite, (but, like, perhaps land-snails they couple)

[in margin:] Crustacea blind in caves of United States

p. 49. L. Dufour sur les Pupipares — degraded apterous Diptera — almost blind, this must be want of use, for eyes once present in allied Hippobosca — Lernæa & cirripede blind — Birds not blind — p. 56 "Ces plis (on abdomen) sont donc les signes passageres &c". "un heritage illusoire de la segmentation abdominale des familles plue eleses"

Q p 79. The pupipares do not produce eggs — the ovarian vesicle assumes the shape ebranchè, in the ovary, of of the pupa p. 87 — at no time assume form of larva; has umbilical cord

This is all false J. Lubbock (Q)

p. 128. R. Owen sur la Classification &c The Machairodus by small number of premolars, presents the transitory character of the milk-teeth of existing Felidæ.—

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p. 146 M. Edwards Observ. sur le Development des Annélides

(Q) p. 146 Zoological affinities are in proportion to the endurance of similar embryonic state— so that : organisms cease to resemble each other so much the earlier, as they belong to more distinct groups — That Hence the dominating character resides not in characters in the adult, but in the existence, more or less prolonged, of a common primitive embryonic character — illustrates this by Batrachians & Fish resembling each until a later period in the embryo, than do the other vertebrate classes.

p. 154. The young terebella, resemble adult Annelides Errantes, they passed possess head, one the single antenna, eyes & feet armed with bristles, subulees, whilst the adult Tearebella are headless, without eyes & the antenna, & have hooked feet, — a metamorphosis analogous to Cirripedia. —

p. 159. In Terebella, as well as in most Annelides, the total number of rings of which the body is composed, varies in the same species, & seems to go on increasing with age.

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(Q) (p. 264) thus again, same cavity can act functionally as stomach, heart, sanguinary vessels & lungs —(one can see how the physiological division (a) of labour profits in such cases, for digestion can hardly go on so vigorously when mixed with water for aëration; aeration imperfect; & that circulation cannot be vigorous without disturbing digestion C.D)

(Q) p 274. To convince one, that digestive cavity canal can act as respiratory organ it is enough to study larva of Libellula, or read what Reaumur & Cuvier have said on the use & structure of the intestine in this animal; water being drawn in by rectum — (Q) The Loche, a fish, swallows air & expels it by anus — again in Ascidiæ & Amphioxus, the vestibule to œsophagus stomach serves as lungs

The alimentary cavity in Polyps & Acalephes effects transport of nutritive matter to the most distant parts of body, at same time that it serves for elaboration of food.—

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(a) Why few legs &c shd serve function better than many I do not see — Probably the complication of one or a few pairs, by compensation, causes only few to be perfected or created. Hence fewness is a consequence of perfection

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Tom 3. scored.

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Tom IV. Zoolog. Memoire sur les Ganoides &c M. J. Muller. —

p. 5. remarks on light which fossil fishes have thrown on classification (It is remarkable how the best naturalists, as Cuvier with Lepidosteus, have not dared to erect great divisions on single specimens species — show how hard to value differences, & how, though reluctantly, numbers come into play.)

p. 6. has shown that importance of scales in Ctenoid & Cycloides orders of Agassiz not important.

p 7. agrees with Ag. that immense proportion of Fish have not appeared with the chalk. (I suspect Tertiary an enormous period.) Did any parent Ctenoids & Cycloides live in fresh-water & so not preserved; a Lake Superior Fish is now intermediate & like Cretaceous forms or under equator

 p. 13. Ganoides are intermediate between osseous or Teleosteous & Selaciens (ie Placoids of Agassiz p 30 having some characters of both.

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p. 29. is uncertain about position of of Megalurus & Leptolepis from upper Jura.—

p. 30 disputes that Ganoids approach Reptiles Saurians more than other fish. Voight Vogt shows, I think that Müller is here erroneous.

p 31. Lepidosiren alone approaches Reptiles, it "is to fish, what Proteides F. W. are to Amphibians."

p 31. Vogt disputes that Lepidosiren is a fish & incidentally mentions (p. 32 note) that the embryos of Plagiostomous fishes have external branchiæ.

p 39. Heterocercie passes insensibly into homocercie

p 49. I see in Muller's class. Gymnotus & Torpedo belong to two quite distinct sub-classes, viz Teleosteous & Selachii (or Plagiostomus) & these classes are separated by sub-class Ganoids — & the Gymnotus belong to a class, which has been created within chalk period. Hence electrical organs great difficulty.—

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Vogt "sur la classification des Poissons"

p. 62. remarks that the Dominating characters in every type lose themselves insensibly towards the extremity of a series & quite disappear. I shd think this applied only to serial groups; in birds many characters hold good throughout. It is certainly very strange how seldom any one character holds throughout thus Wagner Wiegmann in 1835 (p 12 of Müller paper) prophecyed that Agassiz classification wd not hold, being founded on single character. Thus show amount of variability; but perhaps is as much owing to serial groups having descendants of parent types.

p. 62. Vogt distinguishes in the Ganoids 3 principal groups 1s cuirasses viz Esturgeons living Spatularia living Cephalopoides & Siluroides; the latter considered by Muller as Phycostemous Teleosteous fishes. — 2d Ganoides with rhomboïdal scales, viz Polypterus, Lepidosteus & many fossils. 3d

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Gan. with rounded scales, viz Celacanthes Sudis, Amia & perhaps Erythorus, these 3 last are in families of Phycostomus Teleosteous fishes according to Muller. — Hence if Vogt is right it is no wonder at all that Phycostomus Teleosteous fishes have appeared since chalk, for they must be most closely allied to Ganoids.

Muller makes in his sub-class of Teleostei, six orders. 1. Acanthopteri, Anocantheri, Pharyngognathis X, thyrostomi, Plectognathi X Lophobranchii — now Vogt will not admit the two with crosses to be good orders and we have seen that several Physostomi are according to Vogt real ganoids: So that there has not been quite so much creation as at first appears.

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Quatrefages sur l' Amphioxus —

p. 239 no true heart, but palpitating vessels— œsophagus, respiratory & abdominal cavity confounded together — has no vertebral column — no distinct brain, blood colourless. — abdominal pores serve for exist of respired water, eggs & sperm.

p. 244 thinks that it hardly belongs to the vertebrate class— Muller says it differs more from all other fish, than these do from Batrachians. It has strong affinities

p. 241, 2.— with Annelids & Mollusca, but with low types of these classes.— shown by taking food by ciliary currents (a)

p. 280. Dujardin Development des Méduses quotes from Decaisne, cases of Lichens which do not fructify, the Sticta aurata does not fructify, though common in the forest of Brique bec, but it does in Newfoundland. — 3 Hypnums 2. Minimums & a Conomitrium, fructify rarely or never near Paris — Decaisne, has never met

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p 225. The eye minute & rudimentary but with all the elements, such as we see it in the invertebrate animals — (I shd think great step between this eye & other fishes, yet no nat. wd dispute probability of series between this eye & that of other fishes

[annotated sketch] Dura mates, for eye lies within it!

Lysimachia nummularia no fruit, though he has specially observed it.—

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Tom. V. Leon Dufour sur les Insectes des Galles du Verbascum &c.

p. 1. The greater number of larvæ are decimated, it is certain, by other larvæ.

p. 7 A Eulophus Hymenoptera insect has instinct to lay its eggs, for its larvæ to feed on the stamens of a Scophularia, which have been converted into a gall by the eggs of a Cecidomyia. fly Here propagation an [illeg] insect depends on an insect, which depends on a certain plant.— A Gall is a pretty relation in itself, but how much prettier is this, though it causes death by starvation to the Cecidomya.

p 107. J. Müller de la Voix des Passereaux cannot unite Hirundo & Cypselus in same family but ought not be classed in distinct orders, for the Muscicapidæ of old & new worlds, differ as much as in structure of larynx.

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p. 162 Rathke — sur le Development des Chéloniens — Embryo of Emys, when limbs so developed that toes would be soon nearly apparent, have not ribs apparent, & resemble excessivement des embryons tres jeunes des Sauriens et des Mammiferes — in this state body not flattened not very broad — & body graduates into neck & tail.

p 256. P. Gervais Mammif. Fossiles du Midi

The greater number of cases contain same bones as at Kirkdale, but that of Lunel-Viel contains animals, remarkably analogous to those still living in Africa & those of Europe namely (p 267. P. Gervais & Marcel de Serres). Badger. Putors Genette, Otter Beaver, Lion (instead Felis spelæus) Panther, Hyæna, hardly distinguishable from H. ragee, & Rhinoceros, very little different from R. Africanus. instead of R. tichorhinus — fragment of Elephants. On the other hand (p. 256) cavern of Torquay is of age anterior to Depot Diluvian (see to Owen). This very curious

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I do not think terrestrial volcanos have been found of Secondary periods or lacustrians, so then these sources of bones may be obliterated in our speculation, as well as caverns — ⸮ caverns much older than Diluvian. — Lava streams only Miocene.

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Torquay oldest cavern? Why shd caverns have been filled at one time only — Is Lunel-Viel, the only record of a Fauna, which existed here in Europe?—

p. 276. E. Blanchard "sur le Systeme nerveux des insectes".— — In many orders we find the N. system graduating from most to least centralised; whilst in other we see one form dominating.

p. 278 In sects insects one groups generally allies itself in most evident manner to 4, 6 or 10 other groups.

p 278 Aberrant groups, though belonging clearly to their own great groups are aberrant only in one or several characters — (These perhaps are not simply fragments left by extinction between two great groups, but forms developed in an unusual line.

p 314 The configuration of alimentary canal is of very secondary importance in class. of insects; same remark applicable to male & female organs of generation

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p 318 If forms of Scarabaeus are extremely varied, they are very little in state of larva — not merely external for he has compared nervous system & found a complete likeness in several diverse genera.

p 330. The larva of Staphylinus offer example of an embryonic state in the Coleoptera much developed at leaving the egg, so that less change will have to be undergone in the larva pupa state.

p. 360 Curculionii, one of the most natural families & easily characterized, yet Bruchidæ depart from their external characters, whilst internal characters continue identical.

p 373 Nervous system, as Agassiz has also found in fish, of highest importance in classification — The shape or rather centralisation of nervous system not affected by length of body. —

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Tom VI. Z. p. 79. Vogt sur l' embryogénie des Mollusques gasteropods— In these locomotive & assimilating organs are developed before circulatory & nervous system; whereas in the Vertebrata, these two latter are amongst the first & always exist before organs of assimilation.—

(I observe Quatrefages speak of every low organism as a degraded, & never as developing organism.)

p. 311. "Agassiz et Desor Cat. Raisonné des Echinides." The Echinides mount up to Carboniferous period, whereas the Stellérides go to earlist epoch. (viz Encrinites)

p 312 In these fish is established "le rapport le plus intime entre la gradation zoologique des types et leur ordre de succession dans la serie des terrains"— ou — "le arrangement le plus naturel est le expression la plus generale de l'ordre geologique"

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p 313 The prototypes of the class Echinides, recall the peculiarities of several succeeding orders— this refers to the certain Encrinites, but I think Forbes has now found true Asterias in oldest rocks.— accordng to Agassiz they ought to have come after the Cystidea & Encrinites — Starfish undoubtedly inferior to Echinides, (I see he considers the most radiating forms as the lowest p. 313. & Spatangus, or bilateral ones & Holothuria as highest; just opposed to Milne Edwards.) — Remarks, however that under same point view, of the union of characters in the Crinoidea, they are the highest of the Stellarides, but he seems always to consider latter as beneath the bilateral groups —(good to show how hard to know what highest; we ought here to know embryonic parent form.)

p. 317 generally for all nature "non seulement les genres constituent des groupes de valeur inegale, et separes inegalement les uns des I' autres par les differences qui les distinguent, mais encores les especies d' un même genre sont loin d'avoir les mêmes affinities entre elles. Il est

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même peu de genres qui ne complent certaines especes tres voisines à côté d' autres especes plus nettement separees". (Good), we are often & almost par force misguided by talk of species & genera: it is not a set of f numbers with unequal numbers here & there left out; but that species themselves are, like 1, 2, 3 equally separated: the 'linear series of figures gives most false notion of affinities.

p. 318. the Clypeastroides, in the different species, vary much in contour in every way & as a consequence, deformities are common here in several genera which are rare in others ++ ie individual variations in character which vary in the species: it would seem that there is "une absence de precision dans le plan meme de leur organisation" (Q) Even in the same species the position of the anus varies, so as to found, sometimes above sometimes below & sometimes on border of the shell.

p 320 The Echinolampas, the Cassidules, the Nucleolites, (which I imagine, see succeeding Vol; are Cypeastroides) study the description of every species differ but vary

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I wonder whether the fossil Clypeastroides are equally variable — very good to make out law of variation. Study descriptions of all species & genera.—

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little in their principal traits of organisation — their forms even repeat themselves, which shows most evidently that the bizarre position of the anus in genera Clypeus, Nucleolites & Pygurus &c are secondary in this family, so that they hardly deserve to be taken in consideration in forming the genera.

p. 318 In this family of Clypeastroides the species are most difficult to distinguish from varying so extremely, whilst in the Cidarides it is difficult, on account of the differences between distinct species, being so small, though admirably constant, as to be hardly sensible. (Grand case of specific & individual correlation of variation.) Humbug, this is same thing

p 320 In the Clypeastroides the circular genera precede the elongated (I shd think that M. Edwards was wrong & bilateral forms the highest.)

p 322. I affirm that every attempt to arrange the species even in one genus linearly, however few must necessarily falsify their affinities.—

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p 13 Decaisne Lysimabria num

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Zoology Annal. des Sc. Nat. 3d. Series

Tom. 7. (1847). p. 81-85 E. Baudement sur les arcs Visceraux. Denies most strongly that Mammals, Birds & Reptiles have in embryo branchial arcs, states that what have been thought to be so are facial arcs.

p. 84. In Batrachian the branchial arcs appear at same period as in fishes, the lungs much later, & at same time, as lungs in the 3 higher orders.

p. 193. Robin Sur un appareil Electrique dans les Raies.— Is convinced it gives out electricity, but (p. 287) Matteuchi with most delicate tests cd detect none.

p. 288 The organ is a continuation of the sacro-lumbal muscle.

Tom 8. 1847. Milne Edwards sur Circulation chez les Mollusques.

p 37— says he has shown there is closest relation between on the age of a part in the organisation & its importance as a zoological character. The heart of a Mollusc is formed late & \ is less important

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the whole organisation than in the Vertebrata. Consequently Also when an organ loses its importance physiologique it also loses the fixity of structure, which is always found in very important organs.— And then he goes on to show that great variation difference in main [arter…] of Mollusca.— But the train of reasoning is false — later formed organs have varied more lately & are therefore still variable

Tom 8 p. 239. Dr. Sichel says he has observed for 20 years that cats perfectly white with blue or bluish-grey eyes are deaf. Knew of case in which cat which at end of 4 months began to have iris darker coloured & then began to hear.

Tom 8. p. 240. M. Heusinger Read (in Casper's Wochenschrift 1846 no' 18. extrait dans Schmidt Jahrbucher 1847 no 3. p. 281) has shown that of certain animals as sheep, pigs & horses, only those which were quite white or spotted white, were affected by certain venomous poisonous plants. On pied cows certain cutaneous diseases affected only the white parts. /over

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Sichel adds, that it is well known that blond & brunette brown ones some have their organic systems differently affected but in normal & abnormal circumstances.

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Tom 9. Zool Annal des Sc. 3d series (1848)

p. 104 Milne Edwards thinks that the dominant character (for classification) both in Bot. & Zoolog. shd be taken from the embryo rather than from the adult.— (As far as phys. importance goes why the process by which structure is reached shd be more important than the result— I can see that it shd. be of equal importance.)

p 111. He compares the arrangement of organic being to stars in Heaven in constellations (with satellite groups) how like Baltic & trees.—

p. 194. Coquerel shows that Madagascar has one genus Sorex in common with rest of world — it has much affinity with 2 species of Tuscany & Cape of Good Hope.

Tom. X. (1848) p. 1 Quatrefages speaks of modifications of a type carried to such an extreme as "masquer la filiation" & M. Edwards speaks of the paternity of a group.

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Tom. X. p. 119. Dureau de Malle states that the Black-bird has different songs in N. Italy — also states there the wild birds hatched in his garden, where a bird was kept which had been taught [illeg], learned parts of the tunes.—

p. 129. Quatrefages says the spicula in some naked sea-mollusc, are different in different species, & sometimes of very different form in different parts of body of same species. (means of transition)

p. 193 Quatrefages quotes M. Edwards law, as holding true in certain Annelids, "that the first character which appears is one of those which distinguish whole groups, & that the characters of the secondary groups appear in the order of the importance of these divisions."

p. 199. Q incidentally mentions that embryology embryology of terrestrial & aquatic pulmoniferous gasteropods is considerably different, so that closely allied animals may differ in this respect.

p. 207 P. Gervais states that recent Lion, Hyena raga & brun. Jackall, & Panther, & a Bear not spelæus, & a Rhinoceros very difficult to distinguish from Rh. Africanus & others now recent Europæan animals have been found in caves of France; all showing how close relation of 2 sides of Mediterranean. ⸮ come in by Græce???

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Vol XII 1849 Zoolog. 3rd series p. 318

M. Blanchard on the respiration of spiders

Certain kinds have both pulmonary sacks & trachæ & these are closely allied to kinds which have only pulmonary sacks.

p. 330 Segestria has two orifices in connection with sacks & two posterior orifices leading into trachæ.

p. 333. Phalangium has only two posterior orifices leading to trachæ whilst the higher spiders have only two anterior orifices leading into sacks; thus a form like Segestria might give rise by a little change to both.

p. 364. Lacaze Duthiers excellent paper states that the ovipositor of Ichenumon differs in no respect fundamentally from the sting of a wasp.

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Vol XIII 3rd Series 1850 p. 40.

Quatrefages on Annelids have true eyes & these are placed on other parts besides the head. Frequently on the tail & receive nerves from other centres besides the brain.

p. 123. Quatrefages on the astonishingly weak solution of corrosive sublimate & other poison kill spermatozooa, when they contain 1/400,000,000

Do. 127. The power number of fecundations is in direct relation to the vital energy of the Spermatozoa.

Do 127. With the Taretz the spermatozoa did not appear to be any way attracted towards the germ.

D 138. All the facts observed by him confirmed what he has elsewhere stated that the Spermatozoa & eggs are really "vivants"

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Vol XIII 3rd Series 1850—

p. 221 A. d' Orbigny shews that the number of orders is so much the greater the nearer to the present time.

p. 223. Shews that several orders had begun to decrease even in Paleozoic times.

There is decrease in orders even in high orders in the scale at all periods.

Vol 14 1850 Quatrefages shews that with annelids of the same family, or even in species of the same genus, some have highly developed Branchiæ, graduating away to a mere papilla, & in some (p. 297) the respiration is merely cutaneous. In Syllis (p. 299) resp: is aided by the alimentary canal, the animal swallowing water & ejecting it again.

p 329 "Quatrefages on the nervous system of Annelids" he remarks that there are groups of animals with a fixed type & other groups of a variable type

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Vol. 14

p. 331 With annelids the circulating respiratory, digestive & nervous systems are all wonderfully variable. He shews at great length how far this goes astonishing the diversity is in the nervous system, even in genera of the same family.

p. 348. Nereis Regia has a nervous system more specialized than that of any crustacean or insect.

p. 376 The concentration of the cerebral masses at farthest will only serve to characterize genera.

p. 391. With Annelids the form of the body & the fundamental structure of the feet alone possess a fixed type; all the rest of the organization changes in the most sudden & unexpected manner from genus to genus & sometimes from species to species.

Vol. 15 — 1851. p. 21 — Duvernoy remarks that cervical vertebræ of Cetacea always 7, more or less & soldered together; so that neck is extremely short & immoveable — What contrast with Giraffe.

Vol. 16. (nothing)—

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An. Sc. Nat. Zoolog. 3d series

Vol 17. 1852 p. 87. L. Dufour on the larvæ of libellula. In certain genera the branchiæ are "sumptuously developed" & are as is well know entirely enclosed within the rectum. In Agrion they are quite external & caudal & Dufour remarks with enthusiasm how beautifully Calopterix connects these two states, for its branchiæ are 2/3 free & one third enclosed in the rectum.

p. 96. He shews that the larvæ have true branchiæ for breathing the water & stigmata with trachæ for breathing air, though these latter are seldom used except during the act of metamorphosis, or when a pond happens to dry up —

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Vol 18 1852 p. 232 Dujardin some good observations on the intelligence of bees

p. 234 shows that they can communicate news to each other.

Vol 19 1853 Lucaze-Duthiers, p. 220 in summing up his excellent articles on the "Arnuse génitale femelle des insectes, shows that in all cases they are formed by the modification of the six pieces (with 4 appendages to the two lateral pairs) of an abdominal zoomite. [sketch]

The most diversified organs & unpleasant stings. ovicept — sawing instruments are all homologous like the mouth of insects or Crustaceans. —