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Abstract. Par Bewegungen.— Pfeffer

p. 1. "Variation-bewegungen", are those which do not depend on growth.

p. 4. Phaseolus vulgaris — no growth for 6 days though movement goes on for a month.—

5. with young leaves of Phaseolus— there is both growth & alternate expansion of "joint"

7 & p. 12─ attributes movement in Mimosa to unequal rates of expansion or flaccidity of both upper & lower half of joint—

7 Darkness causes an increase of expansion: Light are X decrease of expansion or turgescence in joints

13 according to nature degree of previous light, so was degree to which leaflets of Acacia closed in darkness.

― Pfeffer first discovered that with flowers nutation due to growth.— & Batalin

(I must remember in my Tracings effect of Growth which on vertical glass wd raise them.)

14.— says with flower & leaves "Wesentlich" only in vertical direction.

― Plane of growth may be in mid-rib as well as petiole & rises higher up with age—

― Refers to Linnaeus on "folia conniventia" &c

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Pfeffer

p. 14. Movement of petiole due to hastened growth on one side does not whilst on other does not or only slightly grow — so it is with nutating leaves nevertheless light influences both sides, as in case of joints—

― leaves of Impatiens sink in darkness in 1/2˚ 70' This must be sleep; most leaves do not answer quickly to darkness

― With Impatiens darkness causes rapidly increased growth on upper surface & the lower surface does not grow, but contracts a little. The upper surface where leaf rises in light has no growth or even a contraction (N.B one kind of leaf rising & another falling shows how little direct action light can have.)

Impatiens noli-me-tangere— seen to sleep.—

Considers the shortening of opposite side as certainty due to compression.—

p. 20 He speaks distinctly as if that with joints it is vorübergende expansion",— "bei den nutirenden objecten wachsthum ist."

p. 20 All plants grow quicker in darkness, but this must be distinguished from the sudden increase in quickness on one side in alternating darkness

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p. 21. Impatiens kept in darkness during night did not open in morning.— refers again to very rapid increase of growth by darkness, no doubt on upper surface.—

p. 22 sinking nutirende (ie another part sleep leaves rare! Cassia—, Euphorbia, Impatiens. — Oxalis — Erythrna.— cannot be considered rare.

[insertion:] Does he refer to cases without joints

p. 24. The periodical movements are continued for a time in darkness, but with less amplitude

29. growth on both side in Nicotiana, but in higher degree on lower side at night

― several plants mentioned as nutating in day, — whether they deserve to be called sleepers I know not

30 Clearly proved by many observed that the daily periodical movement stand in relation to daily changes of light & darkness (They thus differ from simple heliotropic movement, but then may come into play at same time; & then are so far periodical. They move fr back again after bowing to light.—) But as the periodical movement go in on generally for some days after continued light or darkness they are not directly caused, like a true heliotropic movement.— [illeg] in this latter case shd there not be "Nachwirkung"

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The changes of light & darkness seem merely to serve to tell the plant the period when the proper movement shd occur to save it from radiation; & this movement may be up of down, forwards or backwards, or rotating. —

p. 31 several great authors consider light as "regulators" of the periodical movement & that this is inherited, & so it must be else all plants wd behave in same way. — Pfeffer denies this, & says exclusively through changes of light; & that thus they were distinguished by Sachs from the daily periodical circumnutating movements.

If not some inherited constitution all plants would sleep —

p. 31 Decandolle, Meyen &c refer reversed periods of movement in leaves & flowers by changing periods of illumination & darkness — plants resisted change in very various degrees

p. 34. amplitude of movement gradually decreased by continued bright light, but apparently always some slight movement left

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p 35 with Siegesbeckia Compositae took 5 days

― with various plants no autonomous movements (ie according to more circumnutation If this my view not true then no circumnutation!!! changed into a single periodical movement)

― Trifolium pratense — conspicuous autonomous movements — end-blatt 30°—120° in 1˚ 30' — to 4˚. — says these movements conceal the daily periodic one. — The autonomous [movements] [illeg] with Trifolium, whilst illuminated during 2 days

p. 35 has observed similar movements in end-leaf of Hedysarum gyrans in 10"—30"! & then continue whilst continually illuminated

p. 36 They continue in dark with Trifolium & so periodical movements obscured— argues that the 2 classes of movements quite distinct.—

― Plants rendered motionless by continued light sensitive to darkness.

Mimosa pudica does not shut in North, but as soon as sun sets begin proper movement.

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Pfeffer

p. 37 argues not inherited — see passage non flowers — Temperature causes movement of flowers

p. 39 Flower of Oxalis which open after plant kept for few days in darkness show no signs of periodical movement & open only half.— Yet here an inherited tendency all inherited structure he may say.— Yet sensitive to Light if brought into it.—

p. 39 end leaf of Hedysarum gyrans, Trifolium pratense go to sleep in fr 3/4 to 2˚ when placed in darkness; whilst those of Siegesbeckia flexuosa, sink only 10° to 30°.

p. 40 Siegesbeckia rendered motionless by continued light & then exposed to the normal alternation of light & darkness, amplitude of movements increases from day to day.

p. 42 & 43 see my note on this head extends his views to plants imported. Would be to summer & winter Barley & Wheat

p 43 plants taken from moderate or great brightness into darkness, close to different degrees, most when from bright light—

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p.  44 — important conclusion that leaves do not answer to the same stimulus with equal movement, & th & I can show that with same degree of light, they will move in opposite directions — see to passage.

p .44 darkness does not cause movement, but state of joint

p 45 speaks of the Rhyth of a plant for some time after being placed in darkness.

46. Period of sleep varies with time of year. (This will account in our climate for Plants awaking so easily.)

48. end leaves of Trifolium pratense it turn over in 1 1/2 2 minutes 180°. !!!! misprint??

48. Mimosa pudica— if opposite leaflets cut off curl right over, so must press together with considerable force.

52 & 53 circumnutation of Hedysarum — described carefully, of Trifolium pratense & Oxalis acetosella — T. incarnatum observed by Sachs— I must refer to all this.

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Pfeffer

p. 55 by [illeg] altering allowing periods light has altered period of sleeping & awakening entirely of Acacia lophantha, & these later periods continued for a time when plant kept in complete darkness.

p. 56 says cannot be doubted that growth & expansion of tissue was caused by changed periods of light — It is proved that periodical increased growth in length, which follows in darkness, alternating with light is periodical & is continued in darkness — consider this again as nachwirkung

58 with Impatiens length of exposure to light caused difference a greater angle of rising after having been kept in darkness, & subsequently a greater sinking of leaf when placed again darkness

59. Temperature cannot causes movement of Crocus & Tulips

― Intense light cause leaves of Oxalis to sink not due to Heat, — 60 says the 2 movements from intense light & darkness essentially different; I cannot understand differences & had better say nothing about it.— I shd think acts like Wiesner with Acacia to avoid too much light—

62. Autonomous movements of Ox. acetosella lessened by intense light

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Pfeffer

62. a great difference of light excites Mimosa, but think this cannot be cause with Oxalis

62. long known that leaflets of Leguminosæ move under intense light, & this occurs with leaflets which rise & sink at night— These leaflets if illuminated from below sink downwards— some will move laterally if joints strongly illuminated laterally

p.63 Heliotropism come under this head (I think not for in former case point their edges to light) & Heliotropes must be divided into 2 kinds with & without growth.— important for understanding Heliotropism & depends on unequal growth or unequal expansion of the 2 sides; the latter apparently confined to joints— But remarks that movement of one-celled organs must depend on some distinct cause. — says that hereafter may be shown all to be related or connected under common law. —

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Pfeffer

p. 64 only chlorophyll organ suffer from dunkel-rigor.

p. 65 so must stand in some relation to one another.—

p. 64 disputes Berts' notion of glucose I may ignore it — altogether.—

[Einer solchen Annahme huldigt Bert. Mém. d. l' Acad. d. Bordeaux 1871, p. 51]

66 continued light stops periodical movements but does not induce rigor.

68. continued darkness stops autonomous movements of Trifolium pratense, without killing plant & by Mimosa sensitiveness thus destroyed.—

69 The periodical movement affected by accidental changes of light.—

72 A sinking movement due to darkness is prolonged for short time after exposure to light

81. Mimosa pudica─ he knows of intermediate circumnutation between great morning fall & evening rise — says here are autonomous movements playing a small part — Millardet observed same fact.

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(If movements directly due to light or darkness would all be up or down — no plants might develop especially sensitive tissue on one see p. 122 or other side. — I cannot but think that it will hereafter be proved that light merely gives motion, as the senses of animals & growth or expansion of joints taking the place of [illeg] contraction of muscles. With Drosera such must be the case.

p. 113 Variation of turgescence as cause, as mentioned by Brucke & Sachs 4th Edit only an hypothesis

p 121. Mimosa retain periodical movements in darkness after it has lost sensibility; so is sensibility lost through ether-vapour before movements, or by repeated slight blows every 5"—15" on the irritable joint — Did Franks mimosa lose irritability by choking???

p. 122 Changes of temperature act on certain flowers on their growth, as do changes of light in analogous manner — see passage good abstract

Changes of temperature act little on leaves.— Also here p.1 23. explain theory — sole difference seems to be that acts quicker on one half & causes movement which compresses antagonistic half.—

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Pfeffer

p. 132 A fall of temp. increases growth on one both sides, but more on one side — but an increase of temperature does not cause a corresponding decrease of growth— So darkness cause excessive growth or expansion, whilst light does not cause an excessive check to growth

p. 133 darkness acts on Crocus & Tulips like a fall of temp. & causes flowers to close.

135 changes of temp. little effect on movement leaves, except on Oxalis — gives cases — note changes of ?) temperature no influence on growth of Roots Wurzburger Institut 1874 Heft IV. p. 578!

136 The above remarks on fall of temp. acting on flowers relates only to unequal growth of the halves, for actual growth quicker with high temperature.—

p. 138 all authors have attributed apogotrops in joints to growth, whereas it is due to alternate expansion, often followed by growth.—

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Pfeffer

p. 140. It is certain that there is apogotrops with & without growth.

expansion-force increases on the morphological upper side when plant turned upside, down.

p. 144 experiments which I cannot understand by turning plants upside down & daily motion reversed.

153. Autonomous movements occur with plants which exhibit "variation-movements" ie due to joints

154. Hedysarum-Oxalis How does he know these are not due to the joints — Trifolium pratense Phaseolus — Lonea (Hedysarum)) Acacia

None with Acacia, Impatiens & Siegesbeckia Listodon. — Does not doubt that with nutating blatt-organs autonomous movements occur.

Millardet observed autonomous movement in petiole of Mimosa pudica & Planchon with Medicago

155— Autonomous are Historical differ in the leaflets of same leaf of Oxalis — Movements with Oxalis yet flowers in dark, but lasted to 5 days

155. 156 attributes expressly the autonomous movements to reactions change in expansion-Kraft of joints — Clearly proved.

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Pfeffer

p. 157. — no anatomical difference in the 2 halves of joints, only a physiological one.

p. 159— nor any anatomical difference in the 2 Halves of nutating leaves.

159 remarks that with nutating organs only up & down movements, whereas leaves with joints — torsion on their own axes.— as with Acacia lophantha & Mimosa Phyllanthus niruri (Euphorbiaceæ) still more remarkable torsion. — apparently moves like Cassia — rows of cells on joint— parallel to action— of joints in night— not so in day.

Wistaria also according to Royer— old leaves do not lift so high, as young ones — same case as with Cotyledons.—

p. 161 extension of Periodical movement — I will give only new cases. — Portulaca — Metaleuca & Pimalia Bouché, — Meyen says Dionæa sleeps!!

Dassen first distinguished movements with & without joints — Batalin in Flora, he gives many cases —

p 162 think nutation — movements partly occur in most young leaves, though on very small scale.

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162. Stamens of Sparmannia (Morren) flower-stalk often take different position in night & day Linnaeus & Treviranus. Joints all confined as far as known to leaves.

164 De Candolle first showed relation of daily periodical movement to light & darkness — Sach first clearly distinguished the different kinds of movements—

167 Brucke showed that the periodical movements & that from a stimulus, though externally alike are thoroughly different. (This seems to show essentially different & not due to modified circumnutation — agrees with my result with Drosera.

168 Morlot & Dutrochet — have shown direction of movements caus cannot be explained anatomically

― Cohn discussed movements of oxalis in bright light

― Sachs first clearly distinguished autonomous, paratonal & periodical movements— thinks latter inherited regulated movement through changes of light — only to add modified circumnutation & it is my view.— My view explains odd distribution in diverse families.—

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Pfeffer

168 Hoffmeister first showed effect of temperature on tulip

169— movements of Mimosa do not agree with those of changes of light —

171. Definition of his Variations-bewegungen & Nutations-bewegungen.

172 In darkness & constant light the periodical movements are continued in normal times, but with less amplitude, until lost.— Therefore change of light not the regulator, but the cause of movements.— I am unable to see force of this reasoning

(In opposition to P. it seems to me that if circumnutation modified in relation to diurnal change from light to darkness, that we might expect that plant exposed either to continued light or darkness, wd continue for a time through habit to move at usual time in usual way with less & less amplitude, till movements ceased).

(The transmission of effects of light bring case into some resemblance with low animal—or spec which moves by quasi-muscles, or spin about moving by ciliæ to or from light. No doubt light & darkness affect growth, but this may not be ↘

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the efficient cause of Heliotropism & may be overpowered by apoheliotropism.─

Have I Impatiens in my list of sleeping Plant Pfeffer p 21