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Botanical Geography (Johnstons atlas) 16

Wheat, Oat, Rye, Rice, Wild origin states not known— It is only the very ancient & widely extended plants whose origin are lost. Such as Sea-Cotton are known.— It is not said whether origin of Holcus, Panicum & Buck-wheat are known —

I see a violet grows near summit of Teneriffe

A diagram from Oswd Heer, showing that the percentage of monocots. to Dicot. at different height, get less & less in going up mountains being 25/100 at 1500ft, & at about 7000 only 14-15/100. — Moreover the proportion is different — on the granitic & limestone Alps. At same height of about 7500, being on limestone 14/100 & on Granite 19/100 (ie for every (I suppose 100 Dicots. there are 19 monocots.)

LT 6 (5) 50

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Description of Map I. Botany. Actual size of plants decreases with cold, as trees, shrubs, then plants. So size is connected with amount of life (& amount of chemical change, as I estimate it)

In the Tropics "the mass of vegetation is found to be more limited in the plains than in the lower mountain regions". (I presume guess from Humboldt.)

Many Families which have their maximum in the Temperate zones, undergo but small change in proportion on mountains.— Great changes in proportion in the different families in ascending mountains. "Amongst the 327 genera to which the plants on the declivity of the Andes, at a height of 7000 ft or upwards, belong, 180 or more than half are common to the temperate zone." X

I see "Erica scoparia" is fd. S. Arabia, so Heaths of S. Africa not so far separated from those of Mediterranean if this be true. E. scoparia also grows in N. Mediterranean & Teneriffe

According to the map an immense space without any Heath. —

I see quoted "Humboldt de distributione Geographica Plantarum" 1817.—

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Map. I. Botany & Description. There is a table showing lines of maximum of 13 great Nat. Families, in Torrid, Temperate, & Frigid Zone of world. — The proportion say vary from less than 0/100 to 14/100. Tropics divided by The Tropic includes all within the astronomical Tropics.— As whole world is included, the proportion of land in torrid & temperate zones not so very different.— In these remark I neglect & omit Frigid Zone, as having so few; and there must always have been a frigid zone. — Number of species compared to all Phanerogams.

Maximum in Temperate

Gramineæ

Cruciferæ

Cyperaceæ

Junceæ

Amataceæ

Ericaceæ

Compositæ

Umbelliferæ

Labiatæ

9. Fam.

Maximum in Torrid

Leguminosæ

Rubiaceæ

Euphorbiaceæ

Malvaceæ

4 Fam.

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Zoology— Map. 3 (I feel sure very inaccurate)

Of Edentata there are 25 species in 5 6 genera. ie 4 on average. There are 91 American Monkeys in 9 genera. ie 10 on average.— Of old world monkeys, there are 79 species in 9 genera ie on average nearly 9.—

Pachydermata 10 genera & 39 species nearly 4.

Marsupialia by Waterhouse of Didelphys 21 species, (yet as far as America concerned a most aberrant genus). Marsupialia in old world (not counting Ornithorhynchus & Echidna) 87 species in 13 genera, on average 6-7 species There are 4 large genera Macropus 40, Hypsiprymnus 10 Phalangista 15 Petaurus 10, all, rest of genera small. —

Gives that Cercopithecus sabæus sabæus as found in Mauritius & C. de Verdes!

Petaurus sciureus Norfolk Isld! admits a (?).

A Macropus in Java! according to Le Brun.—

The beautiful Phalangista maculata fd in New Guinea, Ceram, Amboina, Banda & Timor. P. carf….. I see is found in New Zealand & Timor ⸮ transported by Natives? Celebes is outlyer as far as sounding concerned in Map. — Ceram & Timor being boundary to West & belongs to Australia.

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Do not all truly domestic ie land animals belong to larger genera mostly widely distributed Sus 11 9. Equus 9. Canis 41. Felis 51. Taurus Bos 13, Cervus 38 Camelus 2, Ancheria 3. — Ovis 21 Lepus Lepus 37 Capia 14.

Map. No. 4.

Range of the Cheiroptera show in most striking manner in contrast to other Mammalia, how powers of transportal are connected with dispersion of species: but I must find out which are peculiar or endemic species.

Pteropus vulgaris — confined to Mauritius & Bourbon― This Pt. ursinus is not in Fischer Synopsis ursinus do? Bouru Isd. Waterhouse says a good species.} This good

― [illeg] do? — Marianne Isd. (I infer from map that these certainly confined to their islds.)

Vespertilio tuberculatus do? New Zealand.—

Several genera are indicated loosely as extending to Friendly Isds. — Observe that this is very remarkable; chiefly in Malayan Peninsula)

(In "Oceanic Province" no less than 25 spec. of Cheiroptera. 1. Pacific genus, with 1 species.)

Carnivora. 514 species in 61. = 8.3 per genus. It is very marked how in Diagrams, the Carnivora of all orders increase in Tropics but Seals are not included. —

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will do to compare with Decandolle} [see p. 6]

and it might be argued that widely distributed species do not change much, else they wd. make new genera!  }— [see p. 6]

To speculate safely on these points genera ought to be of equal value, which is impossible

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p. 3. Map. 4.

Of the Carnivora, 17 genera common to old & new Worlds, & of remaining 44. 14 peculiar to new. & 30 to old.

Author remarks that those genera common to both are distinguished by the number of the species, that 17 genera containing 333 species, or nearly twice as many as the remaining 44 genera, which have only 181 species.

(This now looks to me, merely as if there had not been much alteration, for I daresay the American species sometimes offer sectional appearances, in the genera. How is this in Cats, Dogs,—)

p. 4. of Bears Europe, Asia & America has each its species & now one fd. in Abyssinia.— There is a var. in Pyrenees & Asturias, viz Ursus Pyrenaicus

― Mydaus "it is a true forester & ascends to 6400 ft) in old world represents the Skunks in the new, & is confined to Java & Sumatra. Is not this the Alpine animal mentioned by Lyell. Skunks range from Canada to Chile .—

Mustela erminea 4500 to 8250 on Alps.

(Salomon Müller constantly quoted for Malayan Arch.) —Dutch 1838 —But I think I have found paper in Wiegm Archif 1846.—

The Bear in Andes ranges up to 16000 ft. (Humboldt).

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p. 5. Map. 4.

"The Kamtchatka dates calculated that at the middle of the last century, their country did not contain one fifth of the number of Sables Sables that it at the commencement of it." When a dozen skins were exchanged for a Hatchet.— So the Whale Fishery off Greenland has decreased, & the Whales have retreated North: ie Balaena mysticetus —

Map 5. Rodentia Waterhouse. From Diagram the number of species culminate in S. America (I have now myself Text of New Edit.)

Ruminantia culminate in Africa, & in East Indies; these 2 regions being equal in them. Ruminantia —

(21 Muridae in Australia.) (Von Tschudi will tell much)

Arvicola œconomica W: Siberia, Iceland & 10,000 ft. Alps. Hystrix cristatus Sciurus …garis Lepus (2 or 3 quadrupeds pass St of Gibraltar.) — (A Sciurus inhabits Madagascar.) — (Mustela p. 6) X

Lepus variabilis 8000 5000—7000 ft Alps; its S. limit is in Middle of England & Baltic. —

Antilope rupicapra (Chamois) & Capra ibex (Steinbok). 7000—9000 ft. Alps. (Capra ibex fd. at L. Baikal & Kamtchatka) It is really curious to see brown patches on maps showing range of Chamois on Pyrenees, Alps, Carpathians, S. Turkey Greece Taurus, Circassian mountains.

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Text to Rodentia by Waterhouse.

p. 1. says "groups which are for the most part confined to the higher latitudes reappear again in low latitudes but at great elevations." as Arctomys Himalayanus & species of genera Arvicola & Lagomys occur on Himalaya. — {These mountains not good case on account of high land north of them, Thibet, &c.—

Note 6— "The most typical group of the Rodents has the greatest geographical range, (ie. he tells me, those with highest Brains.) & the most highly organised species of the different families have the next most extended range." But how know most highly organised? Typical [illeg]means according to by W., characters of whole group. — or "The characters, which are most common to the Rodentia are in this Family, (Muridae) most evenly balanced, & hence it may be regarded as the typical family of the order."— {May not typical in this sense be considered as the "parent stock" & ∴ oldest & most widely distributed.

In dividing the world according to its Rodentia. & excluding Polynesia as having none, we come first (1) to Australia, characterised by having only one Family. (2) S. America, which is characterise by having several sub-families to itself. (3) The arctic regions of both world would form a province

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Genera of Rodentia found in old world & in S. America, Mexico, & West Indies. —

Castor 2

Sciurus 91

Spermophilus 21

Mus 75

Lepus 37

[total] 226 [÷] 5 [=] 45.2

These the only genera & these have on average actually 50 45.2 species per genus. —

[calculations not transcribed]

Yet there are some large confined genera as Hesperomys with 46 species, only 1 of which N. American & rest S. American Arvicola has 36 species in N. American, Asian & Europæan Temperate provinces. —

Take genera with from 6 to 2 species inclusive & those with wide ranges, are as follows: all rest very confined.—

Castor Europe & N. America 2

Dipus, Europe, Asia. N. Africa 6

Neotoma U. States California 2

Rhizony China. Malayan Arch., Abyssinia 6

Lemmus, Europe, Siberia British N. America 5

Hystrix Europe, Malayan Arch Central Africa Cape Colony 2

Atheura, Sumatra, Guinea 2

Genera 7 [calculations] Ø

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There are 27 other genera, having from 2 to 6 species inclusive: & these have 79 species, so these more confined small genera have on an average 2.92 species

The more widely ranging small genera having 3.57 species.

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p. 4. Text on Ruminantia.—

148 species in 9 genera ie 16.44 on average antilope 48 species; Cervus 38. Bos 13, ovis 21. Capra 14. — Anchenia 3.

(Camel, strongest case of extinction of domesticated animal.)

(Now though antilope is the largest genus, yet probably will decrease under existing conditions, through mankind therefore my prophecy that large genera increasing will increase, must be modified.— Genera with many varieties as Bos., wd if wild, be more to the point. —

Anchenia said to inhabit Caraccas!

Cervus & antílopes the largest genera & are most widely distributed.

Bos 2 species in N. America

― 1 S. Africa.

There the Buffalo is included & Yak.—

20 Antelopes in Cape Colony

6 Bos India & Ceylon

4 ― in Nepaul

8 ovis in Tartary

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of low rank, from having several species in common. N. America generally might be linked with Europe & N. Asia, affinities becoming less as we go South in both, but having many analogies in common: Dipodomys representing the gerboas of old world: The Corias representing the Hares.— Poephagomys of Chile representing Bathyergus of the Cape &c

There are 604 species of Rodents & 95 genera giving an average of 6.35 to each genus.

By tables there are 3 species of Rodents common to N. America & Europe. These 3 are Muridae — 2 of them Mus, & one Lemmus.— Mus goes for nothing

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Ruminantia only 8 in S. America!

N. America 2 Bos 3 Cervus 1 Capra ovis 2.—

(Cervus Marianus in Mariana Isd.) But many animals I know before Anson's Voyage turned out.

Europe. Cervus 5. Antilope 2. Capra 2. ovis 4. Bos. 2.

Africa. Cervus 1. Antilope 34. Capra 4. ovis 3. Bos. 2.

N. & central Asia. Bos. 6. ovis 13. Capra 8.

East Indies. Bos. 8. ovis 5. Capra 4. The E. Indies include from the Himalaya & Eas Malayan Archipelago. No doubt some of these species are included in 6 of Bos in central Europe.—

(What northern genera Bos. ovis, Capra & Cervus are)

Apparently no Ruminant in Madagascar or Australia.—

Bos I presume includes Buffalo.— (Yes)

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Such facts as no woodpeckers or Vultures (?) in Australia, must make one very careful about arguing on isld as no crows or Swallows in New Zealand, that there has been no land of passage.— Preoccupation must tell, I think ie the aboriginals being well adapted & the young produced abundantly & at right times of year, & best protected from their enemies.—

Pl. 6. I see on Alps at about 8000-9000 ft X

Tetrao tetrix, urogallus, & bonaria & alpinus.

Text. Natatores increase to North: 40 Parrots in Tropical America, only 3 on opposite coast of Africa.—

Birds of Europe 490 492 species in 164 genera — ie (3 on average)

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Geology Map. No 9. E. Forbes Palæontological Map of Grt. Britain — In Pliocene Red Crag 260 species of which (?) now live in British seas, of these 41 are found in the Pleistocene beds, & of the 41, 19 are found in N. common to Europe & N. America

p 4. "Rarely do we find members of any genus preserved in formations widely apart, (in time?) without their being allied forms of the same group in the intermediate formations". In a table of gasteropods, given at p. 5. it is curious to see how truly this holds good, considering how little some of the older forms are really known, & considering that we have not in all the formations corresponding deep & shallow water deposits. This fact is very important for me, & harmonises with descent. Creationist might say that it depends on same conditions, but moreover trifling sectional characters can hardly have reference to conditions, but may to descent how rarely, how never, can same conditions throughout two enormous Geological Periods, & is the case as far as known over whole world. — In the table above referred to But according to me, structure (& it may be to Creationist) structure may must depend on co-existing organisms.—

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In the table of "principal" genera of Gasteropoda 108 are enumerated of these 10 show breaks in sequence but of these 11, no less than 6 has (?) indicating that Forbes doubts whether genera in some of the stages have been rightly identified. The 4 with breaks in the sequence are Metanopis Melanopsis, Volvaria, Harpe Haliotes, & Chiton. All these are littoral & shallow, & Melanopsis F. W. so likely to be not found. — Table divided into Upper & Lower Palæozoic. Secondary & Tertiary & Recent. ie 7 Stages

In another Table of Mollusca Acephala with 107 genera as many as 22 23 show breaks. & 6 7 of these have an (?) so that 16 show real breaks: 3 fresh water & some from shallows.

In Zoophytes apparently more breaks.— but less known

p. 4. Forbes remarks "The evidence afforded by modifications of forms, even in a single genus, having reference to epochs of time, indicates a much more valuable principle for the (Back) determination of the relation of fossiliferous beds, geographically far apart & disconnected, than that of their identification by identical species. Identical species in distant beds far apart, rather indicate that such beds are not synchronic; for every species must have time given for its diffusion."— (??)

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(B) It is wonderful that the mere sections of genera, as of ammonites shd have spread over world.— I know these sections are found in N. America, & I believe in India.—

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Ammonites are replaced in Trias by Ceralites & in Carboniferous Palæozoic strata by Gonialites, which here has maximum: so they extend only from Cretaceous to Lias inclusive. Are divided by Von Buch & d' Orbigny into 21 groups each most of which are confined to either one or two of the formations; or even to parts of single formation, as to upper or lower Cretaceous. These groups differ from each other in quite unimportant characters, such as whether the back of shell channelled, sharp, square rounded or crenated.—

p. 5. "Though the Silurian shells referred to Arca, Mucula & Pectunculus, appear beyond question to be Arcaceæ, they present peculiarities of form & structure which wd rather indicate that they are specific types linking those genera together, than true members of them."—

p. 5. In our carb: limestones, the Spirifers double their numbers, & the smooth section of this genus (Martinia McCoy.) becomes highly developed & characteristic.—

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p. 6. Brachyurus are recorded from Cretaceous strata in Europe & America.— Xiphosara are found in Musclechalk & Jurassic beds of Germany.—

p.7. In Echinidæ, there are 3 Oolitic genera with still living species, 4 genera Cretaceous with do, and the 3 Oolitic are found likewise in Cretaceous & Tertiary. And the above 4 Cretaceous likewise in Tertiary. Showing continuous succession without breaks in sequence. No true Echinidæ before Secondary epoch, though some have thought that some representative genera did really, in Palæozoic series, belong to the Echinidæ. 30 British Asteriadæ: Uraster an existing genus, found in Silurians.—

p.7. The Cystideæ, closely allied to Crinoids, appear "to form a great & rapidly metamorphosing group, diverging within itself, & conducting from the Crinoids to the Echinidæ & Asteriadæ by a metamorphosis at first apparently retrograde".

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p 7. speaks of the Silurian corals & recent being so similar, what a lesson of caution, M. Edwards discovery is, about these belonging to a distinct class.—

p.9. Speaking of the Foraminifera, says, "On the whole however we may fairly assert, that the greatest numbers development of these very low, but beautiful organisms is in the existing period, & that their members approached increased in successive epochs as we approached the present; in this respect contracting with the highly organised Cephalopoda, whose shells they simulate, & who were much more numerous & varied, during the earlier than during the later epochs of the earth's history".—

Map. No 14. 6 species of Ichthyosaurus in Lias at Lyme Regis curious cases of coexistence of many great-sized species in same region.— Paris Basin, best for very purpose to see Coexistence of great Mammalia:— S. Africa Rhinoceros.— S. African great Antilopes perhaps best of all.

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Map. no 7.

Ashes have fallen from Iceland to N. part of Scotland = 450 Miles

― from Coseguina ― Jamaica = 600

― Tumboro to Bencoolen in Sumatra = 900

The Coseguina case, I remember, is opposed to trade wide (I think cases described by Lyell). A hurricane whirlwind by raising seeds high in air, might then transport them to immense distances. Hookers fact about seeds of Compositae opposed to this. — Would not eggs of insects equally well get transported. Dryed eggs of mollusca or cray-fish or Batrachians.—

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Meteorology Map. No I. The "precise line of the limit of Antarctic Drifts of ice" extend N. of Kerguelen Land.— Ocasional, though very rare, drift of ice extend nearly to Lat. of C. of Good Hope & La Plata & therefore more no N. than to New Zealand & Tasmania, but not, known in the Longitude of the latter. Old Drifts must have reached St. Pauls; & in N. Hemisphere Bermuda.— Iceland almost joined to Greenland by ice in Spring, & this ice in Spring even include all Iceland.—

It is hard to limit the distance which seeds must be carried by Hurricanes. — W. Indies— Indian Isd Madagascar & Africa. Pampero, I think seeds sticking to Ships (??).

Borré's map of world monstrous, & absolutely untrustworthy.

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Map. 6. Hydrology. In N. America "During the Rainy season, natural communications are often found established between rivers which flow in opposite directions"— as in the case of the junction of the branches of the upper Mississippi with the S. tributaries of Lake Winnipeg"— At the time of floods it is possible to sail from the R. Illinois to Lake Michigan.

Hydrology Chart I. p. 3. The C. Horn Current flows from the Pacific [Isd] C. Horn & is supposed to communicate with the "S. connecting current, which latter flows from the Coast of Brazil round C. of Good Hope at about 150 miles outside the Cape Current, which latter is the first origin of the Gulf Stream & comes comes from between Madagascar & Africa (There is Rennels current from N. Spain to Ireland.)

The Current from C. Horn, even in glacier time wd probably not reach the C. of Good Hope.—

From the Gulf stream & Drift currents of Trade Wind, Africa ought to affect S. America with its plants or seeds—

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Bottles from C. de Verds. & between Canary & Madeira have landed at W. Indies. Hence probably some shells in common. Bermuda might get seeds from W. Indies from the action of the Drift or the Gulf stream N. of it. —

India American Bodies of men washed an Azores, & Bamboos.— Seeds & wrecks in W. Indies annually on W. shores of Ireland & Norway & Hebrides. —

The "Guinea Current" runs from Spain to Congo, enveloping surrounding Canary Isd, & part of C. de Verdes Isd.― From Davis Strait Bottles go to Orkneys, Ireland & Canary Isd.—

From some way off Newfoundland they go to Ireland, Spain, Bay of Biscay.

From middle of N. Atlantic go to Iceland.—

If When the Gulf is extra strong, all these later bottles wd have gone gone to Norway or Hebrides.—

There is a current flowing to E. South of Australia but seems little known.—

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Map. 3. Pacific. In whole middle a great current flowing West: along California to S.— The great Antarctic drift current is supposed to strike coast of S. America about Juan Fernandez, sending a stream downwards & then round C. Horn & another N. along Peruvian Peruvian coast to Galapagos where it joins the Equatorial current. FitzRoy believes from temperature, that the Californian & Panama current joins the Equatorial current also at Galapagos. There is a Japanese current running northward & which turns round, & comes back to Sandwich Isd., as shown by Canoes.—

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16

Berghaus'

The Physical Atlas by A. K. Johnston.

(Part 1841)

Part 10 1848.

[Berghaus, Heinrich Karl Wilhelm; Alexander Keith Johnston. The physical atlas; a series of maps illustrating the geographical distribution of natural phenomena.]

This includes Fischers Fischer's Mammalia

— & Vasey Delineations of the Ox.—

Includes Benson on Shells & Tomes on Bats