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Johnston, Physical Atlas New Edit. Map of Distrib of marine life by E. Forbes 1854.

p. 100 "The faunas & floras, whether terrestrial or aquatic placed under similar physical, chiefly climatal, conditions bear a striking resemblance to each other, & exhibit a facies common to all enjoying an existence in the same medium"….. "In distal provinces it is oftenest dependent on analogy & exhibits what is called representation.". How false. Australia. C. Good of Hope. —

p 100. "Three marine provinces are included in this band. (N. circumpolar (not Polar) Belt) viz the Boreal, Sitchian & Ochotzian. They are strictly representative of each other, any elements of identity between the first & 2 others being derived from the Arctic Province" (N.B the Boreal province is mainly Scandinavia & does not include Grt. Britain)

(2

p. 101 "A genus may have more centres than one; in every such case the centres or areas are representative" Patina (a sub-genus of Patella) has centre in N. & S. hemisphere; & not found in Tropics viz according to Woodward's Book at C. Horn. C. Good Hope & Europe, but I see in Forbes it extends as far as Portugal.

Mitra has outlyer in Greenland; the great centre being Tropical but fd. in intermediate districts in fossil state

Cottoideæ — a group of Fishes with a centre in N. & S. disconnected.

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Table of Contents

p. 1. Alpine productions of Europe: Prof. E. Forbes' explanation.

4 of North America

7 N. range of the organisms in common to Europe & U States N. America

9 Passage by arctic land & shore, under former warmer climate, before Glacial Epoch

10 Colonisation of arctic islands; species all identical

12 Alps with more representative species

— Representative species of Europe, N. America & Japan or E. Asia

15 Extension of Forbes' theory to whole world: evidence of former "cold period"

20 Effects of "cold period" on migration of plants & on representative species — 23 applied to America 26 to Africa — 27 to India, 28 Australia, 29 N. Zealand

30 Effects of "cold period" on migration of animals, birds, insects

31 Fish—marine mollusca, 32 Crustacea 33 Sea-weeds

34 Difficulties on "cold period" migration-theory; viz. rapidity of travelling; non-modification of whole body of tropical productions; may erroneously attribute too many cases to modification — 37 More migration from N. to S. than in reverse

39 Specially difficult case of supposed migration, viz. in Antarctic isld Kerguelen Land: 40 Tristan d'Acunha

40 bis Probable transport by icebergs 43 New Zealand very difficult case.

45 Summary on migration during cold period.

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ordinary laws of